Millimeter wave technology for Advanced Energy …Millimeter Wave...Millimeter wave technology for...
Transcript of Millimeter wave technology for Advanced Energy …Millimeter Wave...Millimeter wave technology for...
Millimeter wave technology
for Advanced Energy
Conversion
Dec.22th 2014
Yasuhisa ODA
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Today’s topic
• Introduction of millimeter wave
• High power millimeter wave generator – High power 170GHz gyrotron development in JAEA
• Activity for ITER EC system
– TL, Launcher, Control system
• Application of high power MMW
• Microwave Rocket
Introduction of Millimeter wave
Electromagnetic Waves
• Millimeter wave (MMW)
– Character of radio wave and light
– High power generation by vacuum tube
– Quasi-Optical Beam
Radio waves Light X Ray MF/HF/VHF/UHF
(Com. / Broad Cast) Microwave
FIR
THz wave
Visible Light IR UV
Millimeter wave
3GHz 30GHz 300GHz 30MHz 300MHz 3THz ・・・・
10m 1m 10cm 1cm 1mm 0.1mm
High power millimeter wave generators
• Gyrotron – Oscillator tube
– Kinetic energy of electron beam is converted to electromagnetic wave through cyclotron resonance MEASER (CRM) effect
– The useful oscillator for high power millimeter wave
• Gyro-Klystron – Amplifier tube
– CRM effect
• Free Electron Laser (FEL) – Particle acceleration device
– Wide frequency range oscillator • Microwave ~ X-ray
– Periodic changing of B-field
– Ultra high power : >10MW
High power millimeter wave generator
High power 170GHz gyrotron
development at JAEA
History of gyrotron development
• 1958
– Discover of oscillation principle
(Cyclotron Resonance MEASER /
CRM) by Twiss
• 1964
– First gyrotron development in IAP
USSR
• 1976
– First experiment of electron
cyclotron resonance heating at
TM-3 / USSR
Introduction: Key components of
high power Gyrotrons
2/14
Main
Magnet
Gun
Magnet
SCM
e -
Cavity
25 kV DC break
converter
RF beam
MIG
Output diamond window
Electron beam
RF power profile
TE31,8 mode
Resonator Cavity
Diamond
Window
0
2p 20
225
21.5
0
r (m
m)
Internal mode converter
Inner surface of
dimpled wall mode converter
Electron gun (Cathode)
Anode
Body
Pitch factor a(=Vprep. / Vpararell.)
Magnetic field
e- beam
Electron Gun (Magnetron Injection Gun)
Activity for ITER EC system
JAEA tries to support the
integration of ITER EC system
TL, Launcher, and Control System
ITER EC H&CD system
Schematics of ITER’s
ECH/ECCD gyrotron,
transmission line, and
launchers.
JAEA 170GHz
1MW Gyrotron
EQ-Launcher with quasi
optical design
ITER EC H&CD major components
3 upper port launcher (8MW each)
1 equatorial port launcher (24MW)
24MW gyrotrons (8 tubes for each country)
RF transmission lines (125m - 24sets)
12 sets of main HVPS (HVPS for 2GYs)
JAEA EC system test facility
Gyrotron test stand
TL test stand
EL mock
up
Long range TL
Upper straight section (6 m)
Lower straight section (18m)
WG valve I
WG-SW-I
WG-SW-II
To EL mock up
Short range TL
Gyrotron
CCR dummy I
CCR dummy II
Vertical WG sections
WG valve II
MOU
JAEA ITER relevant TL test stand
General Atomics WG switch
WG size: 63.5 mm
Furukawa WG switch
WG size: 63.5 mm
40m length of 63.5 mm corrugated waveguides system with
5 miter bends, a polarizer, 2 waveguide switches, 2 dummy loads
TL transmission efficiency (170 GHz)
Upper straight section (6 m)
Lower straight section (18m)
WG valve I
WG-SW-I
WG-SW-II
To EL mock up
Gyrotron
Dummy load 1
Dummy load 2
WG valve II
PDL(longTL) = 390 kW
PDL(shortTL) = 411 kW
PMOUout = 416 kW
hDL(shortTL) = PDL(shortTL)/ Pwin
= 95.6 %
hDL (longTL) = PDL(longTL)/ Pwin
= 90.7 %
LP01 94.4 %
LP02 1.3 %
LP11odd 0.5 %
LP11even 0.1 %
LP01 94.4 %
LP02 0.3 %
LP11odd 1.5 %
LP11even 0.2 %
LP01 93.1 %
LP02 1.1 %
LP11odd 0.6 %
LP11even 1.3 %
RF beam profile at Long TL end RF beam profile at Middle of TL
RF beam profile at MOU output
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
Oscillation Time [s]
Ic = 26 A
Vak = 37.5 kV
Vbk = -72.5 kV
Pwin = 430 kW
Body voltage
Beam current
Anode voltage
Cathode voltage
RF signal
RF
RF
shield
Waveguide Focus mirror
Closure plate
Waveguide
Miter bend
Actuator for
steering
Steering mirror
Full scale - 1/3 unit
RF
Mirrors, waveguide lines, cooling lines and etc… were fabricated. • Manufacturability check : Structure, Interface, Cooling line management
• High power test : Estimate stray RF, Diffraction effect, etc…
• RH compatibility study of the mirrors and the waveguide components
EL prototype (based on design)
Closure plate Steering mirror
High power experiment
Duct
edge
RF
RF
Waveguide – M1 M1 – M2
Front side
Power-pulse : 160kW-10sec, HE11 : 86%
It was observed that
• temperature of the wall around the mirrors and waveguide outlet was increased.
• the side wall temperature increased.
• stray RF went behind the mirrors.
IR
IR
RF
Beam
duct
Beam
duct
Qualitative measurement will be done.
Controller architecture for JAEA EC
system test facility
GY-TS (short pulse) TL-TS EL mock up MHVPS
Host Slow Controller
S7-300 PLC
Slow Controller
S7-300 PLC
Slow Controller
S7-300 PLC
Fast Controller
NI PXI system
Mini CODAC
HMI & etc.
EC Plant Controller
(Main Controller)
SDN
ProfiNet
PON
TCN
Fast Controller Slow Controller
Millimeter wave transmission
technology for high power
system
EC transmission line system for
ITER project
Maxwell equation for traveling
wave
HE j
0 E 0 H
EH j
xyz HjE
y
E
yz
x Hjx
EE
zxy
Hjy
E
x
E
xyz EjH
y
H
yz
x Ejx
HH
zxy
Ejy
H
x
H
0
z
yx Ey
E
x
E
0
z
yx Hy
H
x
H
( z
zyx eEEE zyxE ( z
zyx eHHH zyxH
Wave equation in
waveguide
x
H
y
Ej
kH zz
c
x 2
1
y
H
x
Ej
kH zz
c
y 2
1
y
Hj
x
E
kE zz
c
x 2
1
x
Hj
y
E
kE zz
c
y 2
1
02
2
2
2
2
zc
zz Hky
H
x
H02
2
2
2
2
zc
zz Eky
E
x
E
TE mode TM mode
TM mode and TE mode
Et Et Et
Ez
E Ht Ht Ht
Hz
H
TE mode TM mode TEM mode
Hybrid wave HE mode / EH mode
Wave equation in
waveguide
01
2
2
1
2
Hk
x
Hx
xkAxkAH xx sincos 211
02
2
2
2
2
Hk
y
Hy
ykBykBH yy sincos 212
Rectangular waveguide
( z
z eyxHH ,0( ( ( yHxHyxH 210 ,
( ( 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
11ck
x
H
yHx
H
xH
( 0
0
0
xx
xyH ( 0
0
0
yy
xyH
( 00
axx
xyH ( 00
byy
xyH
0,0 22 BA
b
nk
a
mk yx
pp ,
ykxkCHHH yx coscos210
Boundary conditions
a
b
x
y
z
Wave equation in
waveguide
01 2
2
2
zc
zz Hkr
H
rr
H
( ( z
cmcmz emrkBNrkAJH cos
Circular waveguide
0
ar
z
r
H ( rZ
cmcz emrkJAk
r
H
cos
( 0 akJ cm
ak
nm
c
,
0,0
BHrz
( z
cmz emrkAJH cos
Boundary conditions a
r
z
Mode profile in circular WG
TE01 TE11
TM01 TM11
lc=2.613a lc=1.640a
lc=1.640a lc=3.412a
Waveguide for High power
MMW
Rectangular waveguide
D-band Corrugated waveguide
D: 63.5mm,
Hybrid mode in corrugated WG
TE01
TM01
HE11
( z
rmzi emrkBJH cos1
( z
rmzi emrkAJE sin1
HE11 mode is…
Profile is consisted from TEM mode contents
→ Radiated beam propagates as TEM beam
E and H field gets nearly 0 at waveguide wall
→ Very small surface loss
Combinations of TE,TM,HE EH modes
=
=
+
+
TE mode
TM mode
HE21 mode
HE21 mode Linear polarized profiles
Linearly Polarized mode (LP modes)
LP01 pattern LP11 pattern
(HE21+TE01/TM02)
LP21 pattern
LP12 pattern LP02 pattern
More than 2 modes (TE/TM/HE/EM modes) have same propagation constants.
Those modes are coupled as combination mode which has linear polarization.
Application of high power millimeter
wave
A disk of FeO was radiated by short pulse RF from 170GHz gyrotron.
Fast Heating (Example: FeO)
W.G.
FeO disk
Mirror
RF Temp. Monitor
170GHz/0.2MW(~16kW/cm2) 2msec input : 400degree of increment
Collaboration with NIFS and JAEA(Iron making by microwave)
Beamed Energy Propulsion
• High payload ratio – Propulsive energy is
provided from the ground.
– Atmospheric air is utilized as propellant.
• Energy supply from ground – The beam station is used
for many launches.
Low Cost Launch System Illustration of BEP launch image.
Microwave Rocket
How can high power microwave
launch new “moon” into orbit?
Microwave Rocket Test in JAEA
φ100
L300
109g
(Al)
RF beam
Launcher
Thruster
RF beam Thrust
force
High pressure
Shock wave
Open end tube
Atmospheric plasma
using 170GHz high power beam
– The ionization front propagates towards in supersonic velocity.
RF
55sec
Photograph of plasma on the beam channel
Photographs by High
framing speed camera
18,000FPS
RF Condition
RF Power
P = 730kW
(S = 50kW/cm2)
RF Pulse duration
t = 0.5msec
570m/sec
450mm
Ignition
reflector
RF Power P=930kW, Pulse duration t=0.2msec,
RF
2D parabola
reflector
Microwave Shock Wave
driven by atmospheric breakdown
• Visualization of shock wave generated by millimeter wave plasma.
High speed movie by HPV-1 (Shimadzu co.ltd.)
Visualization of shock wave generated in 2D-reflector and ignition rod.
(Visualized by shadow graph method.)
mm-Wave
Ignition pin
Reflector
Microwave Supported Shock Wave Model
• Energy conversion model by combination of normal shock wave and isobaric heating.
• Analogy of slow combustion with shock wave.
( 11
21 2
1
1
2
Mp
p
( ( (
2
1
2
12
1
1
2
1
121
1
21
M
MM
T
T
Normal shock wave
Plasma
Energy absorption
Rarefaction wave
u1
p1, T1
u2
p2, T2
u3
p3, T3,
u4=0
p4, T4
Normal shock wave relation
Pressure
Temperature
32 pp
11
2
22
23
h
h
uc
ST
uc
STT
pp
1
2
3
1
3
1
4
2
11
CM
p
p
p
p
3
13
3a
uuM C
Plasma region (Heat addition)
Rarefaction wave relation
Energy input hq
Shadow graph view of 1D Microwave
shock wave propagation in a tube
#1 (t = 325 s) #2 (t = 350 s) #3 (t = 375 s)
#1 (t = 467 s) #4 (t = 553 s) #7 (t = 600 s)
Case 1: I=95 kW/cm2, Camera frame rate 80kFPS, (Ushock = 480 m/s, Uioniz = 453 m/s)
Case 2: I=41 kW/cm2, Camera frame rate 15kFPS, (Ushock = 401 m/s, Uioniz = 175 m/s)
Shock wave
Shock wave
Ionization
front
Ionization
front
Summary
• High power millimeter wave generator – Achievement of three frequency gyrotron
• Activity for ITER EC System – RF power transmission in corrugated waveguide
– Full scale launcher mockup
– Control system
• Application of high power MMW – Material production, High resolution radar
– Material heating, Space propulsion
• Microwave Rocket – Thrust generation and atmospheric plasma research