Millimeter-Wave Phased Array for 5G - IBM_5G... · 2018-06-19 · B. Sadhu et al., “A 28-GHz...

IBM Research

© 2018 IBM Corporation

Millimeter-Wave Phased Array for 5G

Alberto Valdes-Garcia

Research Staff Member, Manager

IBM T. J. Watson Research Center

Yorktown Heights, NY

1

IBM Research


Use case scenario for mmWave directional 5G

communications involving pico-cells with phased arrays:

mmWave-based 5G network concept:

Ericsson: E. Dahlman, et al., “5G Radio Access,” Ericsson Review, June, 2014

Samsung: W. Roh, et al., "Millimeter-wave beamforming as an enabling technology for 5G cellular communications:

theoretical feasibility and prototype results," in IEEE Comm. Magazine, Feb, 2014

2

IBM Research


4 in.

Discrete 60-GHz Radio World’s 1st monolithic mmWave RadioIBM Research. ISSCC 2006

Cost: $1,500

Size: 10’s of cm

Cost: ~$15

Size: <10 mm

Enabling technology #1: Silicon integration of mmWave

transceivers

Miniaturization and mass adoption of mmWave

applications

3

IBM Research


Beam steering acheived by varying delay in each

element

t

2t

3t

4t

With N element TX, if each element radiates P Watts,

Effective radiated power in target direction: N2.P Watts.

Enabling technology #2: Integrated phased arrays for

beam formingDelay

4t

4t

4t

4t

Lower interference

due to incoherent

addition of signals.

Higher power at

targeted receiver due to coherent addition

of signals.d=l / 2

=

l

t

c2sin 1

c.t = d.sinθ

A. Natarajan, et al., JSSC 2005

4

IBM Research


14+ Year History of mmWave Subsystem Research at IBM

94-GHz 64-element Phased

Array Transceiver60GHz 16-Element Phased Array

Transceiver Chip-Set

Leading-edge highly-integrated technology solutions to enable wireless communication and sensor

systems with less volume, weight and cost

World’s First Monolithic

mmWave (60 GHz) Radio

Low-power,

Switched Beam

60GHz CMOS IC

20112005 20132003 2007 2009 2015

60-GHz Low-Power Radio in 32nm SOI

60-GHz SiGe Single-Element and Phased Array Radios

94-GHz Scalable Phased Array

E-band Fixed-Beam Radio for Backhaul

5G

2017

28-GHz 64-element

Phased Array

Transceiver

IBM Research


This Presentation: 28-GHz Phased Array Antenna Module co-developed by IBM Research and Ericsson

TX H/TX V

IBM Research

© 2018 IBM Corporation7

Key mmWave 5G implementation challenges

Key mmWave 5G picocell challenges

Phased array IC design challengesAntenna and package design

challenges

Maximize TX range while minimizing form factor

Maximize TX output power, with TX/RX integration

Integrate multiple RFICs enabling array scalability

Ease of beam-forming and beam-control

Orthogonal phase and gain control at each front-end

Implement a wide-band antenna element with equal-length feed lines

High beam steering resolution over wide range scan range

Fine phase resolution in phase shifterBalance antenna gain and element pattern;

Maintain antenna uniformity

Support for simultaneous beams

Support for two polarizations at IC level Support dual-polarized antennas and configurable beams at module level

The performance requirements associated with mmWave 5G mobile communications

are significantly more challenging than those posed by prior indoor/WLAN mmWave

communication usage scenarios

IBM Research


Orthogonal Gain & Phase Control

• Transmit/receive frontend‐ Phase invariant gain control

‐ Loss invariant phase shift

.

IBM Research


Limited phase resolution produces a

periodic degradation in the sidelobe

suppression versus steering angle. While

attempting ∼20-dB sidelobe suppression

using a Taylor window tapering function

A phase resolution of 5° is an attractive target

as it results in beam pointing with <1° beam

steering resolution with sidelobe suppression

levels within ∼1 dB of an ideal phase shifter

when attempting 20 dB sidelobe suppression.

Effect of Phase Resolution on Beam Steering for an 8X8Array

.

IBM Research


Tunable Transmission Line as a Phase Shifter: Concept

Low Delay = 𝐿1𝐶1

High Delay = 𝐿2𝐶2

𝐿1𝐶1

=𝐿2𝐶2

= 𝑍𝑜

Constant characteristic

impedance:

Small L, small C

Large L, large C

.

ejωt

ej(ωt-kx)

Zo

L

C C

L L

C

W. H. Woods, A. Valdes-Garcia, H. Ding, and J.Rascoe, “CMOS Millimeter Wave Phase Shifter Based onTunable Transmission Lines”, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 1-4, September 2013.

IBM Research


Dual-polarized IC Architecture: Single Polarization Slice

5.2GHz LO

3GHz TX IF

3GHz RX IF

B. Sadhu, et al, "A 28GHz 32-Element Phased-Array Transceiver IC with Concurrent Dual Polarized Beams and 1.4 Degree Beam-Steering Resolution for 5G Communication", IEEE ISSCC, 2017.

.

IBM Research


Dual-polarized IC Architecture: Two Identical 16-Element

Slices

5.2GHz LO

3GHz H/V TX IF

3GHz H/V RX IF

.

IBM Research


5.2GHz LO

3GHz H/V TX IF

3GHz H/V RX IF

Dual-polarized IC Architecture: Two Identical 16-Element

Slices. 32 Elements Feed 16 Dual-Pol Antennas

.

IBM Research


IC Implemented in SiGe 130nm BiCMOS: fT/fMAX =

200GHz/280GHz

H & V pol TX & RX

IF-RF conversion

8 H & V pol. TRX FEs

15.8mm

10

.5m

m

Cen

tral

Dig

ital

8 H & V pol. TRX FEs

.

IBM Research


TRX Front-End H-Polarization

PA

LNA + T/R SW

TX Phase Invariant VGA and Phase

Inverter

RX Phase Invariant VGA and Phase

Inverter

TX/RX SW

T-line based 180o phase shifter

l/4 ESD

28-GHz Dual-polarized TRX Front-End Breakout 32 TX, 32 RX, 28-GHz Phased Array IC

Front-End: Physical Design

.

IBM Research


On-wafer Measurement Results Summary

Single TX Path in Full IC:27 Front-Ends Across 9 ICs

.

B. Sadhu et al., “A 28-GHz 32-Element TRX Phased-Array IC With Concurrent Dual-Polarized Operation and Orthogonal Phase and Gain Control for 5G Communications”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol, 52, pp. 3373-3391, December 2017.

IBM Research


Antenna-in-package Array with Air Cavity

X. Gu, D. Liu, C. Baks, O. Tageman, B. Sadhu, J. Hallin, L. Rexberg, and A. Valdes-Garcia, " A Multilayer Organic Package with 64 Dual-Polarized Antennas for 28GHz 5G Communication", IEEE IMS, June 2017.

• Aperture coupled patch

antenna

• Uniform air cavity between

antenna patch and feed

structure

• 14-layer base substrate

based on organic buildup

technology

Key Features:

17

IBM Research


Why We Need Air Cavity

No-cavity antennas (e.g., a probe-fed stacked patch antenna)

Limited bandwidth

Stronger surface waves, poor efficiency and radiation patterns due to more EM

energy trapped in substrate

D. Liu, et al. “Antenna-in-Package Design Considerations for Ka-band 5G Communication Applications”, IEEE T-AP, 2017.

0.7GHz Bandwidth @ -10dB

18

IBM Research


Scalability Approach

As compared to a single-polarized TX RX chipset implementation in Option 1, Option 4

achieves a 4× reduction in area of the package. This makes Option 4 a compact, practical

approach for a dual polarized millimeter-wave 5G phased-array solution.

19

IBM Research


Scalability Approach Tradeoffs

20

IBM Research


Fully-Assembled 4-chip Antenna Module

Package dimensions: 70mm x 70mm x 2.7mm

Flip-chip assembly for 4 ICs

• 655 BGA w/ 1.27mm pitch supporting multiple power domains, IF (TX & RX) and LO signals, Digital control and ref clock signals

Phased array IC and package scalability concept introduced and demonstrated at

94GHz in A. Valdes-Garcia, et al., RFIC 2013 and X. Gu, et al. ECTC 2014

21

IBM Research


5.2GHz LO signal

3GHz IF signals(TX H/V and RX H/V)

Over the Air Measurement Setup Using 4 IC Module

Evaluation board

Antenna chamber set-up22

IBM Research


Measured 64 Element Progressive Element Turn On Without

Calibration

Measu

red =

35dB

20lo

g(6

4) =

36dB

Measured saturated

EIRP in one

polarization = 54dBm

.

IBM Research


Measurements of 16 Element Beams from 1 IC

2 simultaneous beams in RX mode

2 simultaneous beams in TX mode

Results

obtained

without

requiring array

calibration

Measured radiation patterns

Ideal radiation patterns calculated with the same angular resolution available in the measurement setup

.

IBM Research


Beam steering + gain control

Measured Beam Steering Control

Beam steering Gain control

Pointing error

Results

obtained

without

requiring array

calibration

.

IBM Research



Gain controlBeam steering

Pointing error

Measured Beam Steering Control

Results

obtained

without

requiring array

calibration

.

IBM Research


Beam steering

Pointing error


Gain control

Measured Beam Power Control

Results

obtained

without

requiring array

calibration

.

IBM Research


Beam-Forming Options in TX/RX

Total TRX elements per module (4 ICs) = 128

8 16-

element

beams

2 64-element

beams

.

IBM Research


Measurements of Reconfigurable Beams from a Module

(4 ICs)

IC 1-4 RX H/RX V

IC1-V

IC1-H

IC2-V

IC2-H

IC3-H

IC3-V

IC4-H

IC4-V

TX H/TX V

8 16-element beams 2 64-element beams

Results

obtained

without

requiring array

calibration

.

IBM Research


Measurement of 64-element Beam Steering Patterns

Hpol Hplane Hpol Eplane

Lower than 10dB side lobe level (over ±40°) without tapering and calibration

30

IBM Research


Hpol Hplane

64-element Beam Pattern: Model-to-Hardware Correlation

- - - Measurement___ Simulation

• Identical PA bias setting for all front-

ends in measurement

• 12° half-power beam width; < -12dB

side lobe level; over 20dB notch

(without amplitude calibration or

tapering)

31

IBM Research


Hpol Eplane

64-element Beam Pattern: Model-to-Hardware Correlation

- - - Measurement___ Simulation

• Full-wave EM simulation on a

complete package

• Simulation excitation assumes

an ideal IC output

• Measurements match

accurately with simulations - a

nearly ideal beam pattern and

predictability of the design

32

IBM Research


E-plane H-plane

Measured 64-element Beam Steering (H-pol, ±50°)

33

IBM Research


Measured 64-element Beam Steering (V-pol, ±50°)

E-plane H-plane

34

IBM Research


Tapering Measurement Results

Measurement is performed in RX mode with 64 elements in H pol

Tapering uses VGA control and Taylor window

35

IBM Research


Measured Beam Switching Speed

Beam switching

speed is <4ns4ns 4ns

Ou

tput

sig

nal envelo

p (

V)

Ou

tput

sig

nal envelo

p (

V)

.

IBM Research


Measured TXRX Switching Speed

TXRX switching

speed is <100ns90ns 100ns

.

IBM Research


Performance Summary and Comparison for Published 28GHz

Si-based Packaged Phased-Array TRXReference UCSD, RFIC 17’ UCSD, IMS 17’ LG, RFIC 17’ This work [ISSCC, IMS 17’]

Frequency (GHz) 29 29 28 28

Elements per chip 4TRX 4TRX 8TRX 32TRX

Elements in package 32TRX 4TRX 8TRX 128TRX

Concurrent TX/RX polarizations 1 1 1 2

Phase resolution () 5.6 5.6 45 5

RMS phase error () 6 6 7 0.8

TX Psat (dBm) per element 13 __ 10.5 16

TX Op1dB (dBm) per element 11.7 10.5 __ 13.5

Peak TX efficiency (total chip output power /

dissipated power) (%)7.4 5.6 13.2 13.8

TX EIRP per package per pol. @Psat (dBm) 41 __ 31.5 54

Die area (mm2) 11.7 11.7 7.3 166

Technology (nm)180nm

SiGe180nm SiGe

28nm

CMOS130nm SiGe

Integration level Antenna on PCB Antenna on PCB AiP AiP

.

IBM Research


.

Initial Link Test

IBM Research


Outdoor Link Measurements at IBM T.J.W. Research Center

1

23

50m

28-GHz 64-Element Phased Array + Test Equipment:

• Verizon pre-5G spec (5G TF)

• URL: http://www.5gtf.org

• 8 x 100MHz channels, 64 QAM, 0.2ms per sub-frame

40

http://www.5gtf.org/

IBM Research


Measured RMS EVM as a function of active TX/RX elements

50m LOS link

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 20 40 60 80

EV

M [

%]

Number of Active TX Elements

Measured Min/Max link RMS EVM across 8 100MHz carriers

RX active elements = 64

Min EVM

Max EVM

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

EV

M [

%]

Number of Active RX Elements


TX active elements = 64

Min EVM

Max EVM

EVM ~11% or better is maintained across all carriers with either 16TX Elements and 64 RX

elements or 8 RX elements and 64 TX elements

41

IBM Research


Measured RMS EVM as a function of active TX/RX elements

19m LOS link through glass

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 20 40 60 80

EV

M [

%]

Number of Active RX Elements


TX active elements = 64

Min EVM

Max EVM

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 20 40 60 80

EV

M [

%]

Number of Active TX Elements


RX active elements = 64

Min EVM

Max EVM

EVM ~11% or better is maintained across all carriers with either 8TX Elements and 64 RX

elements or 8 RX elements and 64 TX elements

42

IBM Research


Summary and Conclusions

• First reported mmWave 5G base-station IC in a multi-IC antenna-in-package

• Orthogonal phase and amplitude control for efficient beam control

• High resolution beam steering with low side-lobes based on fine phase shift resolution

• Introduced novel built-in air cavity to optimize antenna array performance

• Demonstrated an organic multilayer package with 4 transceiver ICs and 64 dual polarized antenna elements for 28GHz communication

• Wireless links demonstrated with Verizon pre-5G spec

.

NEXT: “A Software-Defined Phased Array Radio with mmWave to Software

Vertical Stack Integration for 5G Experimentation”, IEEE IMS 2018, June 14th

IBM Research


Acknowledgments

B. Sadhu1, Y. Tousi1, J. Hallin2, S. Sahl2, S. Reynolds1, Ö. Renström2,

K. Sjögren2, O. Haapalahti2, N. Mazor1, B. Bokinge2, G. Weibull2, H.

Bengtsson2, A. Carlinger2, E. Westesson2, J.-E. Thillberg2, L.

Rexberg2, M. Yeck1, D, Friedman1, A. Valdes-Garcia1, M. Soyuer1, C.

Baks1, D. Liu1, Y. Kwark1, M. Wahlen2, A. Ladjemi2, A. Malmcrona2, P.

Parida1, Y. Kwark1, M. Ferriss1, N. Boyer1, E. Giguere1, S.

Vecchiattini2, R. Lindman2, A. Ljungbro2, E. Pucci2

1IBM2Ericsson

.

IBM Research


Ultimately though, we should expect mmWave systems to become as inexpensive and ubiquitous as 2.4-and 5-GHz WLAN systems are today. Some of the early companies developing products in the mmWave

space will succeed and become profitable, and some will fail. But the end result will be“millimeter-waves for the masses” - Advanced Millimeter Wave Technologies: Antenna, Packagingand Circuits, Wiley Press, 2009

45

IBM Research


References1. B. Sadhu, Y. Tousi, J. Hallin, S. Sahl, S. K. Reynolds, Ö. Renström, K. Sjögren, O. Haapalahti, N. Mazor, B. Bokinge, G. Weibull, H.

Bengtsson, A. Carlinger, E. Westesson, J.-E. Thillberg, L. Rexberg, M. Yeck, X. Gu, M. Ferriss, D. Liu, D. Friedman, and A. Valdes-

Garcia, “A 28-GHz 32-Element TRX Phased-Array IC With Concurrent Dual-Polarized Operation and Orthogonal Phase and Gain

Control for 5G Communications”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol, 52, pp. 3373-3391, December 2017.

2. D. Liu, X. Gu, C. W. Baks, and A. Valdes-Garcia, “Antenna-in-Package Design Considerations for Ka-band 5G Communication

Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, No. 12, pp. 6372-6379, December 2017.

3. X. Gu, D. Liu, C. Baks, O. Tageman, B. Sadhu, J. Hallin, L. Rexberg, and A. Valdes-Garcia, " A Multilayer Organic Package with 64

Dual-Polarized Antennas for 28GHz 5G Communication", IEEE International Microwave Symposium, pp/ 1899-1901, June 2017.

4. B. Sadhu, Y. Tousi, J. Hallin, S. Sahl, S. Reynolds, O. Renstrom, K. Sjorgren, O.Haapalahti, N. Mazor, B. Bokinge, G. Weibull, H.

Bengttson, A. Carlinger, E. Westesson5, J.-E. Thillberg, L. Rexberg, X. Gu, Daniel Friedman, and A. Valdes-Garcia, "A 28GHz 32-

Element Phased-Array Transceiver IC with Concurrent Dual Polarized Beams and 1.4 Degree Beam-Steering Resolution for 5G

Communication", IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, February 2017.

5. Y. Tousi and A. Valdes-Garcia, “A Ka-band Digitally-Controlled Phase Shifter with sub-degree Phase Precision”, IEEE Radio Frequency

Integrated Circuits Symposium, pp. 356-359, May 2016.

6. B. Sadhu, J. Bulzzachelli, and A. Valdes-Garcia, “A 28GHz SiGe BiCMOS phase invariant VGA”, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated

Circuits Symposium, pp. 319-322, May 2016.

7. W. H. Woods, A. Valdes-Garcia, H. Ding, and J.Rascoe, “CMOS Millimeter Wave Phase Shifter Based onTunable Transmission Lines”,

IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, pp. 1-4, September 2013.

8. A. Valdes-Garcia, A. Natarajan, D. Liu, M. Sanduleanu, X. Gu, M. Ferriss, B. Parker, C. Baks, J.-O. Plouchart, H. Ainspan, B. Sadhu, Md.

R. Islam, and S. Reynolds, ”A Fully-Integrated Dual-Polarization 16-Element W-band Phased-Array Transceiver in SiGe BiCMOS", IEEE

Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, pp. 375-378, June 2013.

46

IBM Research


28-GHz Tunable T-line Phase Shifter Implementation

>180 deg. phase range

Small phase steps: 4.7 deg.

Uniform phase steps: <1

deg. RMS phase error

Fast switching: <5 ns

.

L SC L

L

L

SC L

Y. Tousi and A. Valdes-Garcia, “A Ka-band Digitally-Controlled Phase Shifter with sub-degree Phase Precision”, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, pp. 356-359, May 2016.

Key Features:Low

delay

High

delay

IBM Research


Phase Invariant Gain Control

Gain

control

Used for phase

invariance𝑅𝑒0 =

𝑐𝜋𝑔𝑚𝑐𝑗𝑒

=𝜏𝑏𝑐𝑗𝑒 < ±2

8dB

B. Sadhu, J. Bulzzachelli, and A. Valdes-Garcia, “A 28GHz SiGe BiCMOS phase invariant VGA”, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, pp. 319-322, May 2016.

.

IBM Research


Air Cavity Based Dual-polarized Antenna

X. Gu, D. Liu, C. Baks, O. Tageman, B. Sadhu, J. Hallin, L. Rexberg, and A. Valdes-Garcia, " A Multilayer Organic Package with 64 Dual-Polarized Antennas for 28GHz 5G Communication", IEEE IMS, June 2017.

• Aperture coupled patch

antenna

• Uniform air cavity between

antenna patch and feed

structure

• 14-layer base substrate

based on organic buildup

technology

49

Millimeter-Wave Phased Array for 5G - IBM_5G... · 2018-06-19 · B. Sadhu et al., “A 28-GHz...

Documents

Transcript of Millimeter-Wave Phased Array for 5G - IBM_5G... · 2018-06-19 · B. Sadhu et al., “A 28-GHz...