Military Ops in the Urban Littorals PME (160413)
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Transcript of Military Ops in the Urban Littorals PME (160413)
Military Operations in the
Urban Littorals
Mr. Scott Packard
18 April 2016
Overall Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASS//FOUO
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
Agenda
2
● Marine Corps Tactics & Operations Group (MCTOG)
● Urban Terrain
● Urban Operations and the Threat
● Urban Operations and the GCE/MAGTF
● What Must Be Done?
UNCLASS//FOUO
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UNCLASSIFIED
Marine Corps Tactics & Operations Group
Role, Mission, Initiatives
Provides training to Ground Combat Elements:
– At the battalion and regiment level
– Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) operations
– Combined arms training
Synchronizes doctrine and training standards IOT enhance
combat preparation and performance of ground combat element
units in MAGTF operations.
Serves as the Lead for the USMC Urban Operations Community of
Interest and chairs the NATO Urban Operations Training Working
Group.
4
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
The Four Elements
Urban Triad to
Urban Quad
● Manmade
physical terrain
● Population of
significant
density, and
varying socio-
economic groups
● Dynamic
infrastructure
(Flows)
● Information and
connectivity
6
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
Manmade Terrain
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• Airspace
• Supersurface
• Interior
• Exterior
• Surface
• Subsurface
• Space
• Cyperspace
• Maritime
• Land
• Air
• Information
Environment
UNCLASS//FOUO
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts Manmade Terrain – Finding Gaps & Seams
8
Suburbs Urban-Rural
Interface
Contiguous Urban
Corridors
Edgeless Cities
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
Manmade Terrain – Peri-urban areas
9
The Unstructured and
Informally Governed Urban
Space
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
Manmade Terrain – Isolating battlespace
10
Boundaries
- Political
- Ethnic
- Social
class
- Political
- Religious
- Economic
Do we isolate terrain or the battlespace? Do we isolate “the jungle” or the
battlespace within the jungle?
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
A Dense Population
11
The urban environment is unique largely due to the
presence of a sizeable, dense population.
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
Dynamic Infrastructure
12
Complex
Adaptive
System of
Systems
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Urban Terrain and the Impacts
Dynamic Infrastructure
13
Urban flows that react and adapt to the presence of the GCE
and in turn influence and impact GCE operations.
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UNCLASSIFIEDUrban Terrain and the Impacts
Information and Connectivity
14
City Information
Infrastructure Allow—
- Proliferation of mobile
devices
- Egalitarian access and
upload – a basic right
- Constant observation
of, and collection on,
GCE operations
- Instant, real-time
situational awareness
- Seams for mis- and
dis-information
- Room for ambiguity
- Worldwide connectivity
- Resiliency and
redundancy
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15http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pictures/artists-in-pakistan-target-drones-with-giant-posters-of-child-victims-9245831.html
Urban Terrain and the Impacts
Information and Connectivity
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Urban Operations and the Threat
● Technological Parity or Advantage
– Use of commercially driven innovation, out-cycling
DoD procurement process
● Ambiguous and Unrestricted Warfare
– Hybrid approach and methods
– Gerasimov Doctrine in Crimea
17
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Urban Operations and the Threat
● Mitigate U.S. Strengths
– Maximize ambiguity/anonymity
– Avoid mass and open maneuver
– Operate within the MAGTF kill chain
– Avoid information networks while exploiting urban and
subterranean lines of communication
Dig in fiber optic cables
Hide in commercial network “white noise” and encryption
Mission-type orders and prowords
– Conduct technological “hugging”
– Induce MAGTF mistakes in the employment of force
– Work in the seams (unit boundaries, kill chains, coalition
caveats, international law)
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Urban Operations and the Threat
● Exploit U.S. Weaknesses
– Choose fires over maneuver – target mass and static positions
– Generate area denial effects
– Target critical logistics nodes and lines of communication
– Master 21st Century combined arms (fires, maneuver, and
information operations)
– Operate to message
– Exploit Western behaviors (necessity, discrimination,
unnecessary suffering, proportionality)
– Exploit outsider ignorance of urban flows and cultures
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The Expectation of Precision and the Expectation of Restraint
UNCLASS//FOUO
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Command and Control
21
How do they gain intelligence, look “up and out,” maintain
situational awareness and connectivity, while maneuvering and
fighting?
The Key Question –
“How do we increase
dispersion and make
smaller units more
capable without
overly burdening and
leaving them open to
defeat in detail?”
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UNCLASSIFIED
Urban Operations and the GCE –
Command and Control
● Command and Control Challenges– Training small unit leaders
– Trust and authority at lower levels
– Willingness to accept risk
– Ad hoc organizations, instride aggregation, and coalitions
– Battlespace organization within a “living urban system.”
– Dense electromagnetic spectrum
– Impacts of urban terrain on connectivity
– Impacts of dispersed forces from communications to fire support
coordination
– Exploiting existing city data and communication systems
– Competitive airspace (commercial and military drones)
22
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Intelligence
23
Does not give you
this...
How do we use commercial big
data and ubiquitous
“everything a sensor” networks
in the urban area?
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Intelligence
● What is the mission and what do we need to know?
● How do we get that information in a timely manner?
– The warm-start – pre-conflict sensing
– Build as you go; the role of discovery learning
● How do we build real-time, situational awareness?
– Augmented reality – What the squad leader needs to know, five minutes
before he or she needs it
– Intel sharing relationships at the city vs. national level
– Mapping and a common operating picture
● Operate to Know – Where do we employ limited combat forces?
– Reconnaissance
– Other ISR
● Identification of groups, allegiances, persons, vehicles, and
ability to collect biometric data
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Intelligence
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Mapping the Urban Space
- Can we GRG the entire
world’s urban spaces?
- Alternatives to the GRG
such as pixel-based
location systems?
- Can we use warm-start
and advanced, long-loiter
systems, to begin
mapping prior to the
introduction of forces?
- Can we field “ubiquitous”
sensors and find the
bandwidth to make such
technologies work?
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Intelligence
● Intelligence Challenges– Opening the aperture of analysis beyond the threat
– Limitations on sensors/subsystems and Persistent 360 ISR
– Stripping threat anonymity through comprehensive Identity
Operations, facial recognition, micro-expression analysis (A
“Manning Moment”)
– Reconnaissance
Remaining undetected
Canalization of movement
Interior reconnaissance
Small observation areas/short lines of sight/dead space
Signals communications and data transmission
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
27
The Key Question –
“How do we deliver rapid, precision
fires that maximize their utility to the
user and prevent the enemy from
operating within our kill chain?”
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
28
Georeferenced
images are used
by aerial sensors
to determine
target location...
BUT
...the use of those
images by a
ground-based
observer is very
difficult
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
29
In order to
properly depict
the ground-
observer’s
perspective 3D
modeled terrain is
necessary...
SO
...everyone can
identify the target
using the
observer’s
perspective.
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
30
This requires fire
support from the
same map...
BACKED UP BY
...fire support
agencies slaved
to the fire support
coordination
process
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
31
• Scalablility allows a single
munition to produce different
effects by modifying
detonation intensity, angles of
attack and heights of burst
• Trajectory independent of
delivery method
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
● Fires Challenges– Masking and dead space
– Static survivability and positioning
– Collateral damage limitations (expectations of precision and
restraint)
– Acquisition and arming ranges
– Type and number of indirect fire systems
– Positioning
– Mix of munitions
– Shortening the kill chain
– Understanding the observer’s perspective
– Achievable target location accuracies
– Scalable munitions
34
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
35
Our current approach to IO is incorrect and
will be exploited in the urban environment
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
● IO Challenges– Intense, rapid, real-time IO that is NOT restricted to propaganda
– Lack of authorities, capabilities, and capacities for Cyber, EW and
deception at the lowest tactical levels
– Media and other observers have no interest in “good news stories”
– The threat will both operate to message and seek to induce mistakes
36
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Fires
● Cyber Challenges– Authorities – Title 10 vs Title 50
– DCO and OCO
– Tactical access to cyber effects
– Temporal and spatial effects; e.g., neutralizing social
media in a given area for a given period to reduce
crowd-sourced threat reporting of friendly PLI and
operations
– Cyber support to lethal fires, and vice versa 2013 Metcalf Substation complex attack
37
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Maneuver
● Small and Dispersed
– Requires increases in
lethality, mobility, and
sustainability
● Lethality and Mobility
● Gaining and Maintaining
Access
– Edgeless cities and urban
infill
● Isolating the Battlespace
not the Terrain
38
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Maneuver
Troop-to-space issues - Seeking to solve traditional tactical
problems with less
39
The indirect method
utilizes strikes and
raids to degrade and
disrupt enemy forces
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Maneuver
40
The nodal or site-
specific method
requires some
physical occupation
and control of LOCs
Troop-to-space issues - Seeking to solve traditional tactical
problems with less
UNCLASS//FOUO
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UNCLASSIFIED
Urban Operations and the GCE –
Maneuver
Troop-to-space issues - Seeking to solve traditional tactical
problems with less
41
The sector or zone
method allows small
numbers of forces to
mass their effects on
one area at a time
UNCLASS//FOUO
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UNCLASSIFIED
Urban Operations and the GCE –
Maneuver
Troop-to-space issues - Seeking to solve traditional tactical
problems with less
42
The siege method
utilizes alternative
means and methods
to invest and isolate a
city and conduct
actions in it
UNCLASS//FOUO
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Maneuver
● Maneuver Challenges– Solving traditional and new tactical problems with less Marines and
equipment
– Gaining access
– Dispersing and massing
– Relative tactical mobility
– Physical fitness challenge for infantry and assigned enablers
– The need to operate across the entire range of operations and conflict
continuum
– Understanding the nature of the target, the area around it, and how to
generate effects (population, building composition, etc.)
– Adequate urban training
43
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Logistics
The Single Biggest Challenge
At Sea, Ashore, or Both?
44
UNCLASS//FOUO
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Logistics
● Challenges
– Avoiding the “Iron Mountain” target
– Mitigating enemy threats to LOCs; surface, aerial, or ground
– Supporting greater dispersion in the battlespace
– MEDEVAC versus CASEVAC
– Unmanned systems and urban navigability/vulnerability
– Organic ability of the receiving unit to do more than distribute
– Accommodate increased consumption rates
– “Maneuver to sustain”
– Mobile and renewable power generation
45
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Logistics
46
What Can We Do
From the
Seabase?
- Sortie rates for
both air and
surface
connectors
- Units of issue
- Receiving unit
capabilities
- Evacuation of
equipment and
personnel
- Security of the
seabase
UNCLASS//FOUO
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Urban Operations and the GCE –
Logistics
47
What Can We Do
Ashore?
- Greater
capacity and
availability
- More services
- Vulnerability of
the “Iron
Mountain”
- Dispersing,
camouflaging,
and moving
UNCLASS//FOUO
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UNCLASSIFIED
What is to Be Done?
Experiment
Acquire
Innovate
48
• Pre-Conflict Sensing
• Dynamic Urban Mapping
• City Data System
Exploitation/Manipulation
• Counter-Unmanned Vehicle Tactics and
Technology
• Unmanned/Autonomous Systems
• Non-Lethal and Variable Lethality Systems
• Mobile Renewable Power Generation
• Medical Evacuation and Stasis
• Radio Relay and Non-Grid
Communications
• Urban Training
• A Soldier’s Load
• Flattened Kill Chain
• Tactical Access to IO and Cyber Effects