Milestones Review Foldable Fill in your foldable as we review information we’ve learned throughout...

Milestones Review Foldable

Fill in your foldable as we review information we’ve learned throughout the year. This is a great way to prepare for the

Milestones Test

G=Government

• Unitary –central government holds all power.– China, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kenya, N. Korea, S.

Korea, Saudi Arabia, S. Africa, Turkey, Vietnam • Confederation –local governments hold all

power.• Federal – power is shared among different

levels of government. Power is divided into national and state governments.– India, Nigeria

G= Government

Citizen Participation• Autocratic – ruler has unlimited power/citizen -none– Saudi Arabia, Sudan, N. Korea

• Oligarchic – “government by few”/citizen-limited– Vietnam, China, Iran

• Democratic – the people have supreme power./People are equal– India, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, S. Africa, S. Korea,

Turkey

G= Government

• Parliamentary Democracy:– The legislative representatives (elected by the people) makes and

carries out the laws .– This is called a Parliament– The party that wins the majority of representatives in the legislature

chooses the leader .– This person is called the Prime Minister or Premier and is recognized

as the head of government.– There is usually another person, “Head of State,” who acts as a

more ceremonial leader.– Example: Jordan is a constitutional monarchy where they have a

King and Prime Minister. India and Japan– Example: Israel and Turkey

G= Government

• Presidential Democracy:– President, chief executive, is elected separately

from legislature. – Legislature passes the laws– President sees that the laws are enforced– President is a separate branch of government

from the legislature– President serves for a set term

G= Government

• Absolute (Hereditary) Monarchy- government is led by a king who comes from a family that has ruled the country for several generations.– Example: Saudi Arabia

• Theocratic Republic – The country’s religious leaders serve as the political leaders (Ayatollah).– Example: Iran

G=Geography

• Use the map provided to label the following:– Jordan River– Euphrates River– Tigris River– Suez Canal– Persian Gulf– Strait of Hormuz– Arabian Sea– Red Sea– Gaza Strip

• Use the map provided to label the countries:– Afghanistan– Iran– Iraq– Israel – Saudi Arabia– Turkey

G=Geography

• GANGES RIVER: India, pollution and Holiest River in India

• YANGTZE RIVER: sewage, chemicals (both agriculture and industrial waste)

• Three Gorges Dam – negative impact, plants, animals, fish die, people eat fish get ill (China)

• POLLUTION- India and China heavy air pollution due to growing population and industry, auto (fuel = coal) effect = respiratory and heart disease, acid rain

G=Geography

• Desertification – overgrazing and human activity (Sahel)

• Green Line – place where cultivated land ends and desert begins

• Famine – many African countries, climate changes, political conflict, poor prices for African goods, disease, corrupt governments

C=Countries (History)

• Ottoman Empire:– Controlled much of the Middle East from the 1300s

until end of WWI– Weakened because it tried to rule such a huge area

with weak leaders. – European countries became more powerful– Ottoman Empire was overthrown and was broken

up – San Remo Agreement– Boundary lines did not take into account ethnic

groups and conflict has resulted.


• Palestine was created after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.– Important to Christians, Jews, and Muslims.– Conflict began between Palestinian Arabs and Jews

that were migrating there (Zionist).– Zionist – those who believed the world’s Jews

deserved to return to homeland in Zion, or parts where Jews had lived in Biblical times.

– Widespread anti-Semitism began (hatred for Jews simply because they practice Judaism).


• Palestine (Continued)– During WWII ant-Semitism spread in Europe– Over 6 million European Jews were killed in

concentration camps– Thousands had to leave Europe to avoid death– This was called the Holocaust– 1948, Palestine was separated– The state of Israel was created as a nation for the Jews– Caused a lot of conflict between the Palestinian Arabs

and Jews; still going on today


• Persian Gulf Conflict:– 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait in an effort to control

their oil reserves. – United Nations and U.S. supported Kuwait in the

war against Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein– This was known as the Persian Gulf War or

Operation Desert Storm– 1991, Iraq accepted a truce and withdrew


• Invasion of Afghanistan:– 2001, attacks on the U.S. began a military

operation in Afghanistan to capture the terrorist group, Al-Qaeda

– It was believed that the radical Muslim government of Afghanistan, the Taliban, was hiding Al-Qaeda

– U.S. forces are still there


• Invasion of Iraq:– 2003, U.S. claimed that Saddam Hussein had

nuclear weapons and was helping Al-Qaeda– Also called Operation Iraqi Freedom– U.S. forces are still there


How Nationalism led to Independence• India

-Part of British empire-Indian National Congress and Muslim League work together to become independent-Gandhi – refused to cooperate with British law through civil disobedience (non-violent)-end of WWII, British grant independence but Hindu and Muslim require creation of two countries – India and Pakistan


• Vietnam -worked to maintain independence from China. Protest French rule – Ho Chi Minh leader. US involved – afraid of communist takeover of region (Domino Effect). US withdraws and becomes Republic of Vietnam.

• Japan-US rebuilt after WWII. MacArthur Constitution requires two house parliament called Diet. Emperor is ceremonial or symbol – no control. Could not rebuild military.


• ChinaMao Zedong set up Communist party in China. Tried to control and improve through-Great Leap Forward – organize farms into collectives – made things worse-Cultural Revolution – encourage students to leave school and fight against anything that encouraged class differences-Tiananmen Square – student protest against communism – Xiaoping ordered soldiers to end protest – arrested and fired on students


Foreign Involvement• Korea

-end of WWII, USSR control North and US controlled South. Communist North and Democratic South-US believed all countries around them would fall like dominoes (Domino Theory) if South Korea became communist. Ended N=Communist and S=Democratic


Foreign Involvement• Vietnam

-also Domino Theory-Ho Chi Minh = communist, US support French reclaim after WWII. France give up and US step in from 1954-1975-ended with all Vietnam communist


• African countries became independent after WWII– Europeans first wanted slaves then raw materials– Imperialism, Europeans control economy and government– Indirect rule – using Africans to run colony– Assimilation – giving up one’s own customs for another– New African countries followed old colonial boundaries– Nationalism –Supporting a national identity when it does

not exist as a sovereign nation, desire for self-rule• Pan-African movement – get Africans to think of

themselves as one people and work together


• South Africa– Founded by Dutch in 1600s called Boers– Apartheid, legal separation of races– ANC (African National Congress), organized to end

apartheid– F.W. DeKlerk, white president who let Mandela out

of prison– Nelson Mandela, first democratically elected black

president


• Kenya – former British colony, Joseph Kenyatta first leader,

• Nigeria – civil war between Christian south and Muslim north, military coups and violence, corruption, unstable government

• Nigeria –has oil but is a poor country, government corruption, civil war, military rule, has arable land but government focus is on oil

• South Africa – developed country, skilled workers, gold and diamond mines, high unemployment

R=Religion

• Religious group – shares a belief system in a god or gods, with specific set of rituals and literature

• Christianity, Islam, and Judaism started in the Middle East

• These religions share a common history • There is great conflict between these groups

still

R=Religion

• Judaism:– Israel is the only country that is mostly Jewish– Monotheistic – believe in one God– Spiritual text – the Torah– Believe to have a covenant with God (Yahweh) in

which he promised them the land in Israel– Founder – Abraham– Believers are called Jews

R=Religion

• Christianity:– Grew out of Judaism– Founder – Jesus Christ– Monotheistic– Spiritual text – the Bible– Largest religion– Believers are called Christians

R=Religion

• Islam– Began in Mecca– Founder – Muhammad– Monotheistic; believe in Allah– Believers are called Muslims– Spiritual Text – Quran– Follow the 5 Pillars– Separated into two sects after Muhammad’s death:

• Sunni Muslims• Shia Muslims

R=Religion

• Islam (Continued):– Sunni Muslims• Believe that the Muslim leadership should go to the

one that can keep the community together the most• 85% of Muslims

– Shia Muslims• Believe that the Muslim leadership should go to a direct

descendant of Muhammad.• Iran is over 90% Shia

R=Religion• HINDUISM

-one of the oldest religions-developed in India out of Aryans-Vedas-reincarnation-Karma

• Buddhism-began in India with Gautama-Four Noble Truths-Nirvana – end of suffering, a state of peace-Middle Way and Eight Fold Path-Caste system

R=Religion

• Shinto-earliest religion in Japan-Kami – divine spirit in nature-altars in home

• Confucianism-Confucius-key to peace and order is good character and virtue-Golden Rule-Five basic relationships-mainly China

• Traditional African – spirits with supernatural powers

C=Culture and Climate

• Ethnic group – a group of people who share cultural ideas and beliefs that have been a part of their community for generations. – Share things such as language, religion, types of food,

history, celebrations, etc. • Arabs– Believe that they are descendants of Abraham– Most are Muslim– Many are Christians– Speak Arabic– Make up majority of those living in Middle East


• Persians:– Live in Iran– Descended from Indo-Europeans– Speak Farsi– Practice Islam (most are Shia Muslims)

• Kurds:– Found in mountainous areas where Syria, Turkey, and Iran

come together– Speak Kurdish– Hope to have their own nation– Most are Sunni Muslim


• The three major rivers in the Middle East offer:– Transportation– Drinking water– Boundary lines– Irrigation– Trade– Major cities, which are the center of industry, are

located along the rivers


• Large deserts, such as Syrian Desert and Rub al Khali, provide natural barriers– Led to a way of life that was developed around

surviving harsh surroundings– Bedouins - desert nomads; live in tent camps,

they are herders and traders • Very hot and dry climate• Many people are subsistence farmers – grow

small amounts to take care of personal needs


• Many types of irrigation are used in the Middle East to bring water to those dry areas

• Desalination – process of removing salt and other chemicals from seawater so that it can be drinkable and usable

• Dams have been built to create hydroelectric power– This causes a problem because it creates more water

for one country while taking water away from another


• India -subcontinent, fertile plain, seasonal monsoons used for agriculture. Live along rivers because rely on agriculture. Cities overcrowded

• China-every type of climate, most live in the milder climate – in the east by industry and farming

• Japan -ocean effect climate, typhoons, monsoons, farmers live in warmer, fishers live in cooler


• South Korea-warmer climate, much farming

• North Korea-mountainous, colder, not as heavily populated as South Korea

• Vietnam-warm, tropical, farming 90% of world’s rice grown here

• Swahili = Bantu + Arabic languages

T= Trade (Economics)

• Located between three continents, the Middle East has played a major role in trade.

• Conflict has risen because of the uneven distribution of oil.

• Natural gas and oil bring wealth into the region– Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC) – controls the price of oil on the world market– Rich in oil – Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait– No oil – Israel


• Literacy – the ability to read and write, has a big effect on the standard of living (economy)

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – value of goods and services produced within a nation in a given year.– Used to measure living conditions of a country – Higher GDP = better living conditions– Per capita – amount of goods and services

produced divided by total population


• Traditional Economy – based on customs and how decisions were made in the past– Rural areas– Subsistence farmers and herders– Barter and trade goods, not money

• Command Economy – government makes basic economic decisions for workers– Government answers the three basic economic

questions, not individuals– Example: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, N. Korea


• Market Economy – individuals answer the three basic questions of economics and make economic decisions.– Also called free – enterprise, laissez-faire, and

capitalist– Japan and S. Korea

• Mixed Economy – has characteristics of both market and command economies– Example: Israel, India (more Market), China (more

Command)


• Three basic economic questions:– What to produce?– How to produce?– For whom to produce?

• Specialization – products a country makes best and other countries demand

• Trade barriers – anything that slows down or prevents a country from trading


• Tariff – tax placed on goods• Quota – sets a specific amount of a particular

product that can be imported• Embargo – when one country won’t trade

with another• Exchange rate – a system of changing from

one type of currency to another


• Human capital – skills that allow workers to produce goods

• Capital goods – factories, machines, and technology that people use to make goods

• Entrepreneurs – think of new ways to combine productive resources and produce goods– Risk takers– Creative and original


• CHINA-Mao Zedong - set up collective farms, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution-Xiaoping – Four Modernizations, Special Economic Zones near coast to encourage international business*today more small business

• INDIA-traditional and market-Green Revolution to modernize agriculture but caused water pollution-movie industry, technology, outsourcing


• JAPAN- Technology advanced- Little farmland, terraces- Government involved with trade barriers

• NORTH KOREA-least open, most government directed, highly command-not enough agriculture to feed population – government tells them what to grow-mineral resources-money spent on military


• HUMAN CAPITAL vs. GDP-INDIAhighly educated, human capital very important, top 10 industrial nation, GDP increasing by 8.5% a year-CHINAhighly invested in human capital, GDP increasing by 8% a year, rural areas still low and economy not strong there-JAPANone of the most powerful industrial nations, literacy 99% - among most highly educated in the world


• CAPITAL vs. GDPINDIA invest in factories, machinery and technology; increase GDPCHINA modern equipment and technology; increase GDPJAPAN nearly all GDP comes from industry and services. Invest in technology to increase GDP – made more investment in capital than most countries in the world


• Water issues – pollution, unequal distribution, irrigation, human consumption, linked to economic growth

• HIV/AIDS in Africa, severe problem, lack of government organization to prevent spread


• Personal Finance:– Income – money earned – Savings – money not used for needs and wants– Financial investment – bank accounts with

interest, mutual funds, certificates of deposit– Real investment – equipment, factories, real

estate– Credit – ability to borrow money

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