Miles Lewis

the industrial vernacularLa industria vernacular

Universidad de ChileNovember 2007

GLASS AND ARCHITECTUREVidrio y Arquitectura

crown glass / vidrio corona

sheet (or cylinder glass) / vidrio laminado o de cilindro

plate glass / vidrio plano pulido

Crown glass: (left) a pane or table from Jerash, (centre) a plaster frame with the edges of two panes, and (right) modern glass from Hebron, c 1930

Vidrio corona: (izq.) un cristal o mesa de Jerash, (centro), un soporte de yeso con losbordes de dos cristales y, (der.) un vidrio moderno de Hebrón, c. 1930

D B Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass: Roman, Saxon and Medieval', in E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), plate V

crown glass from Jerash, Hebron, and (right) Sudan, C12thVidrio corona de Jerash, Hebron y, (der.) Sudán, s. XII

Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass', p 40

crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step Afábrica de vidrio corona, S. XVIII, Francia: paso A

Diderot, Encyclopédie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13

crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step B / Paso BDiderot, Encyclopédie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13

crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step C / Paso CDiderot, Encyclopédie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13

manufacture ofcrown glass:

Elaboración del vidrio corona

the table onthe end of the punty

La mesa al final del puntel

Raymond McGrath & A C Frost,Glass in Architecture and

Decoration (2nd ed, London 1961[1937]), p 75

the manufacture of sheet glass by Chance Brothers, c 1850Elaboración de vidrio laminado por Chance Brothers, c. 1850

Jackdaw no 43, The Great Exhibition 1851

sheet glassbeing reheatedand flattened

Vidrio laminadosiendo recalentado y

aplanado

Harden, 'Domestic WindowGlass', pp 41, 42

'In the Totomi Mountains', Japan, by K HokusaiNational Gallery of Victoria, NGV60160D

pit sawing

aserrado en foso

E R K HardingState Library of Victoria

Pit sawing demonstrationQueensland

Demostración de aserrado en foso

Queensland

Miles Lewis

pit sawing with a frame saw,

Wiltshire, England

Aserrado en fosocon una sierra de bastidor, Wiltshire,

Inglaterra

Creasey, Victorian and Edwardian Country Life, pl

95

rip sawing with a frame saw or oga in Japan,Calado con una sierra de bastidor u oga, en Japón

by Sanjuniban Shokudin Uta Awase, c 1500Suntory Museum of Art

eighteenth century timber yard with frame sawAserradero de maderas, del s. XVIII con sierra de bastidor

Diderot, Encyclopédie, 'Menuiserie'

water-powered sawmill, early

C13th, illustrated by Villard de Honnecourt

Sierra impulsadapor agua, de

comienzos del s. XIII

Robert Mark [ed], Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution

(Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1993), p 3

Crump & Grant's Bass River Saw Mills, Queensferry, Westernport, Victoria

Aserraderos sobre el Río Bass, de Crump & GrantIllustrated Australian News, 21 February 1877

Egan's Steam Saw Mills, Church Street and Bridge Road, Richmond, Melbourne, 1859

C Mayes, The Victorian Contractors’ and Builders’ Price-Book (Melbourne 1859), p xliii

Nails / Clavos

trenails (wooden nails) / Estacas o espigas (clavos de madera)

handmade or forged nails / clavos forjados o hechos a mano

cut brads / clavos cortos o puntillaspatent pressed (Ewbank) nails / clavos a presión

patentados (Ewbank)wire nails / clavos alambre de cabeza redonda

steel wire nails / clavos de acero

trenails at 'Old Wesleydale', Tasmania, c 1835Estacas o Espigas en “Old Wesleydale”, Tasmania, c. 1835

Miles Lewis

various nails

Varios clavos

(A) rose with sharp point

de roseta con punta diamante

(B) rose with flat point

de roseta con punta plana

(C) clasp

(D) brad / puntilla

(E) clout

G L Sutcliffe, The Modern Carpenter,Joiner and Cabinet-Maker

(8 vols, London, nd), IV, p 403

cut bradspuntillas

Modified version of Robert Varman, 'The Nail as a Criterion

for the Dating of Building and Building Sites', Papers in

Australian Historical Archaeology

(Sydney 1987), p 37

two Ewbank nailsfrom 'Captain Bacchus's

Hut', Bacchus MarshDos clavos Ewbank de la

“Cabaña del CapitánBacchus”

David Callow 1997

examples of Ewbank nailsEjemplos de

ClavosEwbank

Chris How collection

heads of Ewbank nails / cabezas de clavos EwbankChris How collection

star brand

characteristics of the Ewbank nail

Características del ClavoEwbank

rectangular shankVástago rectangular

sharp raised edgeBorde filoso en aumento

curved chisel pointPunta tallada en curva

pyramidal headCabeza piramidal

J J Cordes star brand from 1868

Marca de estrella J. J. Cordes desde 1868

'American wire nails‘ / “Clavos alfiler de Estados Unidos” (1) 8d common / común; (2) 8d common brad / puntilla común; (3) 8d flooring brad / puntilla para pisos; (4) 8d casing / puntilla o de

cajonero; (5) 8d finishing / agujuela; (6) 6d shingle / para tejas;(7) 8d clinch / para remache; (8) 3d fine / fino; (9) 3d slating / para listones; (10) one-inch barbed

roofing nail / clavo estriado de una pulgada para cubiertasSutcliffe Modern Carpenter IV p 404

Bricks / bloques de ladrillo

Adobe / Adobehandmade bricks / ladrillos hechos a mano

extruded bricks / ladrillos extruidospressed bricks / ladrillos prensados

downdraft kilns / hornos de corriente descendenteHoffman kilns / hornos Hoffman

domed mud brick houses at Abu Ghal Ghal, northern

Syriacasas con forma de domo, hechas en ladrillo de barro,

norte de SiriaMiles Lewis.

domed houses at Harran, southern Turkey

From South-Eastern Anatolia and the Gap Region, no date.

flat plate adobes drying at Uragli, Turkeyadobes lisos secándose en Uragli, Turquía

Miles Lewis

the Arab village of Balaban, southern TurkeyMiles Lewis

block-shaped adobe of the Urartu culture, Tesheban citadel, Armenia, 732 BC / Adobe con forma de ladrillo, cultura Urartu,

ciudadela de Tesheban, Armenia, 732 ACMiles Lewis

the adobe-making ground at Ozbag, south-west Turkey, showing equipment and raw materials

Lugar de elaboración de adobe en Ozbag, suroeste de Turquía, mostrando equipamiento y materias primas

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag: mixing the mud and strawMezclando el barro y la paja

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag

the mouldEl molde

Miles Lewis

adobe-making at Ozbag: cleaning and moistening the mouldLimpiando y humedeciendo el molde

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag: filling the mouldLlenando el molde

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag: the filled mouldsLos moldes llenos

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag: discharging the mouldVaciando el molde

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag: the formed bricksLos ladrillos formados

Miles Lewis

adobe making at Ozbag: the drying groundLa superficie de secado

Miles Lewis

the Kurdish compromise / el compromiso Kurdo

Kurdish mud bricks at Çavustepe village

Ladrillos de barro de origen kurdo en el

pueblo de ÇavustepeMiles Lewis

Kurdish mud brick mould at Yalindamlar

Ladrillo de barro kurdo, moldeado en Yalindamlar

Miles Lewis

Kurdish wall construction at Uragli / Construcción kurda de un muro, en UragliMiles Lewis

baked brickLadrillos horneados

hand mouldingMoldeado a mano

tempering pits and pugmillsFosos de templado y mezcladoras

Lake Cellat brickworks, Turkey / Fábrica de ladrillos en el Lago Cellat, TurquíaMiles Lewis

Lake Cellat brickworks: tempering pit & pugmillFoso de templado y mezcladora

Miles Lewis

above: late nineteenth centurypugmill from Sheffield

Arriba: Mezcladora de fines del s. XIX

right: early nineteenth centurypugmill, Britain

derecha: mezcladora de inicios del s. XIX

John Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House(London 1976), p 61

Edward Dobson, The Art of Making Bricksand Tiles (2 parts, London 1850), I, p 15

Grinding / MolidoChilean Mill / Molino Chileno, Cessnock

Brick & Pipe Works, NSWChilean mill / Molino Chileno, Four Mile

brickworks, Thornton, NSWWet Pan, style F / recipiente húmedo,

estilo F, by the American Clay Working Machinery Co

Miles LewisAmerican Clay Working Machinery Co (Bucyrus [Ohio]

no date [c1896]), p 157

brickmaker’s stool, 1850 / Herramientas del fabricante de ladrillos(a) brick earth; (b) moulder’sand; (c) clot-moulder’s sand; (d) stock; (e) water tub;

(f) page; (g) pallets; (h) brick on pallet; (k) moulder’s place; (m) clot-moulder’splace; (o) cuckold – for cutting off the ground earth as it comes from the pugmill

Dobson, Bricks and Tiles, II, p 16

brickmakers at work: lithograph of 1821Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House, p 175

Lake Cellat brickworks, Turkey: moulding benchBanco de moldeado

Miles Lewis

EXTRUSION / EXTRUSIÓN'Archimidean Pipe, Brick and Tile Machine', patented by Alfred Cornwell of Brunswick, 1863, and a

similar machine published in 1872 / ”Tornillo de Arquímedes, Máquina para ladrillos y losetas”, patentada por Alfred Cornwell de Brunswick 1863 y una similar, publicada en 1872

Victorian patent V646 (from the Commonwealth prints)Town and Country Journal, 20 April 1872, p 492

Bulmer & Sharp's extrusion brickmaking

machine, 1861Máquina de extrusión

para hacer ladrillos, 1861

wire cutters at Gulson'sbrickworks, Goulburn,

NSWCortadoras de alambresen la fábrica de ladrillos

Gulson, Gouldburn, NSW

Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House, p 113Miles Lewis

PRESSING / PRENSADOsecond brickmaking machine by Edward Jones of Birmingham, patented 1835

Andrew Ure, Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines (London 1839), p 189

detail of a brick press at Gulson's Brickworks, Goulburn NSWDetalle de un prensado de ladrillos

Miles Lewis

the roofing tile ALa teja A

hand made types / tipos hechos a manothe crown or shingle tile / la teja plana

tegula & imbrexthe Flemish or pantile / la Flamenca o teja canalón

the Spanish or Cordoba tile / teja española o cordobesa

classical Greek roof tile types / Tipos clásicos de tejas griegasJ J Coulton, Greek Architects at Work (London 1977), p 56

the tegula – [pl tegulae] - the flat or concave tile which covers the roof surfaceTeja cóncava o plana que cubre la superficie del techo

the imbrex [pl imbrices] - the concave tile which protects the jointTeja cóncava que proteje el encuentro de dos aguas

Roman temple, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia, Spain, C2nd BC: reconstruction of the terracotta tile roof and revetmentReconstrucción del tejado de terracota y revestimiento

F B Yagüe, El Santuario Ibero-Romano de la Encarnacion, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia[leaflet] (Caravaca de la Cruz [Murcia] 1995), no page

tile roof in Prague, Czech Republic / Tejado en Praga, Rep. ChecaMiles Lewis

roof tiles from the Forbidden City, Beijing, ChinaTejas de la Ciudad Prohibida, Beijing, China

Miles Lewis

the pantile or Flemish tile

Teja Flamenca o canalón

roof at / techo en Hinxton, England

generic drawingsDibujos genéricos

Miles LewisR W Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular

Architecture (London 1970), p 89

Spanish tiles / Tejas españolas

El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: mould & formeFábrica de tejas El Tajar, Guatemala: molde y horma

Miles Lewis

El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: filling the mouldLlenando el molde o gradilla

Miles Lewis

El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: the filled mouldEl molde lleno

Miles Lewis

El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: transferrin the tile to the fourmeTransfiriendo la teja a la horma (corbeta o Galápago) que le da su forma curva

Miles Lewis

El Tajar tileworks, Guatemala: the drying groundLa superficie de secado

Miles Lewis

Chinese tile making on a tub, Tiangono

Kaiway, 1637Fabricación de tejasen China medianteun tubo, Tiangono

Kaiway, 1637

Guo Qinghua, 'Tile and Brick Making in China: a Study of

the Yingzao Fashi', Construction History, XVI

(2000), p 4

the roofing tile BLa teja B

pressed types / tipos prensadosGilardoni

MullerMartin Frères

SA des Tuileries, Marseille

Gilardoni roofing tiles(Montchanin type,

bottom)Tejas Gilardoni

(tipo Montchanin, abajo)

Pierre Chabat, Dictionnaire des Termes Employés dans la

Construction (Paris 1875), p 1423

tile with vent by Muller Frères, Alsace, 1855(shown at the Paris

Exposition)Teja con ventilación,

por Muller Frères, Alsacia, 1855

(mostrada en la Exposición de París)

Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal, XX, 277 (April 1857), p

112

the Marseille tile mysteryEl misterio de la teja de Marsella

a roofing tile little known in France, outside MarseilleUn tipo de teja poco conocido en Francia, fuera de Marsella

hardly known in Britain or the United StatesFuertemente conocido en Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos

extensively used in Turkey, India, Argentina, Australiaampliamente usado en Turquía, India, Argentina, Australia

tiles exported from Marseille, 1860 (manufacturer not stated)Tejas exportadas de Marsella, 1860 (fabricante no establecido)

Colonial Mining Journal, 4, September 1860, p 15

the first Marseille tile roof in Australia

‘North Park’, Melbourne, 1888-9El primer techo con tejas Marsella en

Australia

Miles Lewis

Guichard, Carvin & Cie tile / teja, from Marseille, ‘North Park’, 1889David Callow

bee brand on the nose of a Guichard, Carvin & Cie tileMarca de abeja en la nariz de una teja de la fábrica Guichard, Carvin & Cie

David Callow

turtle brand on Tuileries de la Méditerranée tiles, 1908 (‘Warra’), VictoriaMarca de tortuga en tejas de la Tuilleries de la Méditerranée

Miles Lewis

corrugation & galvanizingCorrugado y galvanizadothe galvanizing patent wars of 1839-43

Las disputas por las patentes de galvanizado, de 1849-43

the galvanized tinned iron of Morewood & RogersEl hierro galvanizado de Morewood y Rogers

the Morewood & Rogers tileLa teja Morewood y Rogers

the invention of structural corrugated ironRichard Walker, patentee, 1830-1843

La invención del acero corrugado estructural. Patente de Richard Walker 1830-43

the combination with galvanizing / la combinación con galvanizadogauge and pitch / calibre (espesor) y ancho de onda (paso)

the hook bolt / el tornillo de ganchostructural corrugation / corrugado estructural

roofing of galvanized iron sheeting with standing seams on wood rollsTechado en planchas de hierro galvanizado, con juntas salientes en

troncos de maderafrom Marshall Lefferts & Brother catalogue, New York, 1854

Diana Waite, 'Roofing Early America' in C E Peterson [ed], Building Early America (Radnor [Pennsylvania] 1976), p 144

'Clarendon', Nile, Tasmania, 1838: roof of outbuildings, probably 1850sTecho de edificios anexos, “Clarendon”, Nile, Tasmania, probablemente de los años 1850

Miles Lewis

brand of a Morewood & Rogers tile, on a house near Beechworth, AustraliaMarca de una teja Morewood & Rogers, en una casa cerca a Beechworth

Miles Lewis

'Coryule' near Drysdale, by Charles Laing, 1849-50: the south elevation / elevación sur

State Library of Victoria

‘Coryule’, north view / vista norteMiles Lewis

Morewood & Rogers's

corrugated curving machine

Máquina de corrugado

Victorian patent no 77 to John Carter, 31 December 1857

physical characteristics of corrugated ironCaracterísticas físicas del hierro corrugado

Thomas's patent fittings for corrugated iron roofs, using hook boltsEnsamble patentado por Thomas para techos de hierro, usando tornillos de

ganchoJ E Sears [ed], The Architects Compendium and Catalogue (London 1907), p 289

Corrugated iron arched ceiling as advertised in the Philadelphia Architectural Iron Company's

catalogue, 1872, fig 7Cielorraso con forma arqueada, en

hierro corrugado, como se aprecia en el catálogo de la Architectural Iron

Co., 1872

Samuel Nickerson house, 40 East Erie St, Chicago, by Burlington &

White house, 1883: iron vaulting in rear corridor / bóveda de hierro en

pasillo trasero

D S Waite, Architectural Elements(New York, no date [1972]), no page

Miles Lewis

the vernacular fights backLas protecciones vernaculares

the Roussillon vault / la bóveda Roussillonthe Comte d’EspieRafael Guastavino

[Félix François] d'Espie, Maniere de Rendre Toutes Sortes d'EdificesIncombustibles, &c (2nd ed, Paris 1776), plate 2, detail / plancha 2, detalle