theory.physics.manchester.ac.ukmikeb/qcd.pdf · /1032547698!6;:a@cbedf4agh@jik>l@nm o 032 gqpk= @j=...

$: theory.physics.manchester.ac.ukmikeb/qcd.pdf · /1032547698!6;:a@cbedf4agh@jik>l@nm o 032 gqpk= @j= irb s t = 8um vw0x21gy4aiz@[b\v]6;= ^`_ @jik>l@a4`m vw0xb6949c$
!!"

#$%'&)( *,+

- .

/1032547698!6;:<6;=?>A@CBEDF4AGH@JIK>L@NM

O032GQPK= @J=IRBST=8UM

VW0X21GY4AIZ@[B\V]6;=^`_ @JIK>L@a4`M

VW0Xb6949c^Jde=WB\fg6;^Jhi6kjM

VW0 l169=8 @J4A_!69@am?_ @J=WB\V]6;Gi= nNM

b0 o96;=8 @a4pfq>A@a@k=_dro?@J=sBEt):uIv>A@a4A8!6;:wM

t0Xx3@J=de=G'B\24Z@JIZ^JGi6qM

y 0yW@JGiIv@<B\zde=?o?@k=d94k|DF4A@J=?>7dC6;=8V]T=GH^`_UM~pT!zzSG69GiIZde=D0y6;hH^`_ @a4B\V6;GH= nM

#*,&)(% +% *+! #"$&%('( #%)*+-,."$/!'"103245 #%$06"7 #6%89+-,:"9/;'("<0#2=6?>'(;(/A@*06'%/!"B/;6'DC5(;%"FE.+;09%HG-,I"$(+5 #9 3J'(0#KLKM>*6/;9/!("@*5 N#PO$0RQ76H/;6?90 )S$0/;6-<(6-9>9JQ7/;T U'(0KK06V90:0#NWX)>5 #6->*K Y&90K0:%*,:65 #K/!'("HZAXJY[]\^@I0$,_032)T"$9906*O`/!6-9( 3'/;06badc</!"U0$,(K($O(%V2e$0K9'(>$96?f #;O(G* #"032g9 Rhij.k "<G-,lQ& N,V0#2=m?>5 39nV #6*%T+ #$906IKL0:%(;"(ao ,FE.+p 3/!6/;6Of9<0G"$($#(%+5 3$($6"/!6P<"$+q'$>Kr032q #%90#6" #6%M9<"9'( #!/;6O)Gs(5 N:/!0>*"9(6d/!6t%(+.uv/!6p #"B/!'l"9'N w99/;6O@"9I%#(;0+K(6-""90RQD(%5 3Um?>5 39n?"l 398*TG #"9/;''(0#6"$9/;>*(6-"10#2g5 #%$06"(@x 36%H*(6'P0#2g6?>'(;(/Aa

X)>5 #9n?"D #9<2e9K/!06"gQ7/;L #6U/!6-99/!6*"9/!'7 36O>! #yK0KL6->KzZe"9+/;6x\0#2 |~ #6%L #6(;('99/;''5 #$OQ70#"9MKL #O6/>%*P/;"(/ |3 0 ~#|# 0#29M!('F$06 k ")'5 #$O#a)c<*, 3!"90L'N #$$, +$0+q$,Tn?60RQ76 #"l$'(0#!0>$Q7/!'H'N #6T #n3P*9(J+s0"9"$/!G;J3 #;>("1 #6%TQ7/!'H'(06-990;"19"$9906*O/!6- #'F/;06"JGqFQ&(6_m?>5 #9n?"a./E%/96?P,:+q"0#2<m?>5 #$n:"U 39ln?60RQ76bac<980#2*("9L #$!/!O#?(@b/!69"96"95 39(/;Kl 3"9"9"J #9KM>*'"$Kl #;!f #69U6?>'(;(06KL #"9"ac<"9T/!6'!>%V9d$>+ #6%r$%0RQ76m?>5 #$n:"Z%*(60#9(%d #6%d:\PQ7/!'d #$I9I+9/;Kl 3$,'(0#6"$9/;>*(6-"V0#2]6*09KL #f 30K/!'T6?>'(;(/Aac<($/!"l #!"$0`$"$9 #6O#(tm?>5 #$nZAw\UQ7/!'/;""90#KLFQ75 3N N:/!UG>*UQ7/!'KL R,`Kl 3n#I"9/;O6/;C'N #6-U'(0#6?99/;G>*/;06"@D+5 3$/;'(>! #9,/!6_%(6*"9KL 399((aPc<(6*(9U 39M*9(U( N:,m:> #9n?"(WH$' #9K@7$Gs0#$0KV #6%B90+Zw@4P #6%$\Q7/;'H+! N,8KM>'H"9KL #!;(D90;("7 31!0RQ(69O/;("a

X]Y[/!"8 m:> #6->K C5(;%0$,d0#2]m?>5 #$n?"8/!6- #'F/;6OQ7/"$+/!6.uv06HGq0"$06"8n?60RQ76 #"]O;>06"a/!n# #;g9(0$/!"J032D2e>6*%5 #K(6- #/!6- #'F/!0#6"/!6+5 #B/;'(!+-,."$/!'"P//!"] IO- #>O#*(0B,qW/"D2e0#9K/!">6*'5 #6O%H>*6%(B90# 3/;06"90#24)99Fuv3 #;>(%V'0!0#>'5 #$O#ay 3KL #n#"X]Y[ 2e>6%5 3KL6? #!,%/;q($(6-72e90KX> #6->K¢¡;('F90:%*,:65 #K/!'"</!"9)2 #'<95 3<9O;>06"'( #9B,£'(0#!0>'5 #9O#(" #6%_"90/!6-9( 3' #K06O"BM*(K"9("(@&>*6!/;n#8+*0#06*"UQ7*/!' #$T6*(>*9 #Aat¤vL/;"M/;"/!O#;,`606;/!6( #M%*,:65 #K/!'"U0#2f9IO!>*06tC5(;%"Q7/!'!/;("Gs(/;6%n#F,2eN 39>9"0#2XJY[¥"9>*'` #"'06*C56*(K(6-lZe*L 3G"96'(0#22e9'(0;0>Buv'5 #$O(%0G:S$'9"J/;665 39>9N\D #6*%V #"$,:K+*03/!'72e9(%0#KZ¦12 #'D5 3&m?>5 #9n?"< 36%8O;>06"§/!6- #'F&QDN #n?,8 3D/;OK0KL6- M07"9*0$7%/;"$ #6'("\â

¤6I #6-,8m?>5 #6-9>KC5!%l9(0#$,@../;$9>5 #s+5 #$9/!'!("Q7/;'T$("$>;D2e90K¥m?>5 #6->*K¨5>'F>5 w/!0#6"!( #%L90P9"B96O#9"0#2/;6-(9 #'9/!06*"§3 #B,./;6OPQ7/LKL0K(6-9>KH@?0$$>66/;6Oay¤68X]Y[©/;"KN #6"P5 3Pl'(0>+*!/!6*O"$996O#tGs('0K("M"$Kl #;2e0+5 3$/;'(;("PQ7/£*/!OKL0K(6- *a)6%/;"$ 36'()"$'N #;("<"$Kl #;!§95 #6 j a ª ($KL/A@:9/!"& #"$,:K+*0#9/!'12e9(%0K+q9K/;"D>"&90M9( 31X]Y[ #"1 +q$9>9G5 w/;#0$,V032+s0/!6-Bu!/;n#)m?>5 39n?" 36%IO!>0#6"(a

¤6'(06-9 #"$(@4 3%/;"$ #6'("$'N #;("0#2909%*()0#2 ª ($KL/4$>66/;6OV'(0#>+!/;6O8Gs('0KL"p 39O3@7 #6% `+s(B>$G5 3/Ê.+5 #6"$/!06/;6+q0RQD($"V0#2/;"lm?>5 #6-9/;,d/!"l6*0t!06O#(U# 3!/!%a©¤6*/!"60#6+q$9>9G5 w/;#9O/!K#@:Q7/!'I'(0#99"9+s06%"<90M6($O/!"7 #6%IKL0#KL6? 9!F# 36?<90K0"$032&6?>'!N 3+-,."$/!'"(@+ #$9/!'(;("QDU0G"$($#l 3960#)m:> #9n?"P #6%O;>06"G>.]'(0;0>Bu!"9"fG5 #$,#06" 36%K("90#6"(a o 0#$(O/;KL"(@s+q$9>9G5 w/;#M #6*%606+s(B>$G5 39/;3@b #$Ê*+*!0$(%FE.+s($/!K(6- #;;,t/;9(LG?,d"$9>%*,:/!6*O`H9"9+s06"9"V0#25 3%906*/!'"B,:"$KL"L0`*/!O.uv+9'(/;"9/!0#6+$0Gq") 3f3 #9/;0>"1(69O#,H"9'( #!"01G-,'9N w/!6*Ol'(0#6%/;9/!06*"f0#2y/!OH%(6*"9/;,H01(K+s( w>$/!6I/;O.uv(69O#,lN N?,-u/!0#6H'0!;/!"9/;06"7«â

Y&06'(+*9>5 #!,@;0RQu(6*(9O3,IX]Y[¬ #"<Kl 36?,L2eN 39>9"7/!6V'(0#KLK06lQ7/I'(06*%(6"$(%.uvKl w9+-,:"9/;'("(a_c<TO$0>6%_"$ 3I0M3 #'>>K/;"U '(0K+!Êq@§"B$06O,£/!6-9( 3'/;6O"$,:"$9(KT@DC5;!%Q7/;9d'06%6" w("L0#2fm:> #9nu® 36?9/!m?>5 #$nt+5 #/;9"U #6%dO!>*06"(a_c<T0G"$(B(%+5 #$9/!'!("$("$+q'06, I"9>G*"90#2§2e>;"$,:KLK99/;("0#2D*(0B,a¯"J/!6'(06*%(6"$(%.uvKl w9P+*?,:"$/!'("@=QD5 NQD0dKL #/;609F/!'( #f90.0#!"l90_9$,d0_>6%9"B #6%"9>'°"$,:"B(K"(W_%/;9'I6?>K(9/;'N #"9/;KM>! 3/;06l0#249*(0B,@x #6%V'06"B9>*'/;06I0#2=q('F/;#)09/;("2e0D);0RQu(6*(9O3,8%O9("±B²N³B³´Fµ·¶A¸&¹Aº³»w¼A³9½®³$¾¿ÁÀÂ½vºw´F»R¹A³$¼¸FÀ)Ãxºw´¶³9¶b¸^Ä*Å=Æw½®µ·³$´F¼4Ç]´¹A¹A³$¼$È

~

0#2s2e9(%0KTayc<<C5$"$D #++*90- #'@:n?60RQ76l #"§= w9/;'(1X]Y[M@/;""$ 3$/;6O0,:/!!%U9!/p 3G!D9("$>;9"2e09O$0>6%.uv"$ 3+$0+s($9/!"0#2§5 #%$06"] #6%2e0f+ #"9U"$99>'F>$U0#2&XJY[¥ 3C6/;9KL+s(9 3>*9#a

[)("$+/;9'0K+!Ê*/,032J9X]Y[ O90>*6%"$ 33@f>6*%($;,:/!6Ot"B,:KLK9$,+*9/!6*'(/!+*!(" #6%L+5 3$($6"032"$,:KKLFB,G*9N 3n:/;6O'( #6`+*90R:/!%L/!K+q0B #6-]O>*/!%5 #6*'(U2e0J9"9('06% #++*90- #'T0U];0Quv(69O#,I$(O/;KL3a¤6+5 #B/;'(>! #7X]Y[¬Q7/T!/!O#?7m?>5 39n?"f #" 36 #+*+90NE?u/!KL 39H'/; #f"$,:KKLF$,ZeQ7*/!'QD0>!%GsÊ 3'I/!6d;/!K/;U0#2JKL #"9"$!"9"8m?>5 #$n?"\Fa c</;""$,:KKLFB,/;""9+s06- 36(0>*"9;,G90#n#(6G-,9M'06%6" 39/!06032Dm?>5 39n?"] #6% #6-9/!m?>5 #$n:"/!693 #'(>*>KHa /;06" 39/;%(6-9/;C5%lQ7/;9l]0;%"$906fGq0"$06"'09$("$+q06*%/!6OP09/!"D"$,:KLK9$,#@Q7/;'FE.+! #/!6*"79(/;<"9KL #!Kl #"$" 36%T9]2 #'7 37F,I/!6- #'Ff0#6;,8QDN 3n:,T 31!0RQ6(®uO/;("(ac</!"fKl #n3("/+s0"9"$/!G;P9089+9"9(6-];0Quv(69O#,X]Y[ G-, #6F'9/;MC(!%H0$,H0#2+/;06"7 #6%T6?>'(;(06*"Z #6%I/!<"B 36O]+5 #B69"\^@5n?60RQ76 #"fY&/; # (B>$G5 3/;06Tc<(0B,a

/!;MQ&5 N'(0#6?990;!%Ê.+5 #6"$/!06"]0#2<X]Y[/;69UQ&0T!/;KL//!6*OL"$/;> 3/;06"(@= 3#(B,/;OL6($O/!" #"D ]+q$>*9G5 39/;#19(0B,0#2bm?>5 #$n?"< #6%LO!>0#6"(@: #6%l 3$,L!0RQ6($O/!" #"D +s($9>9G 3/9(0B,l0324+/!06*"(@.999>)' #!;(6O"&;/!1GqFQ&(6I"9FE:99(K("aD.0K0#29K0"$"$$/!n?/!6*O8FE.+s(9/;KL6- #=2 #'9")Q7/!'5 N#U9(/;0$/!O/;6"1/!6*M606+s(B>$G5 39/;$(O/;KL #6%IQ7/;'H'( #660#7,#1Gq]'06'(;>"9/;,V%9/(%I2e90#K X]Y[r #$)2e0;!0RQ7/!6*OW

c<91/!" '5 #9 #'9($/!"$9/!'7KL #"9"O- #+U0#2 #Gs0>* ]Q7/!'"9+5 # w("*X]Y[O90#>6%"B 39Z0B3 #'>>K?\J2e$0K #;KL0#"$ 3!&032/"MÊ*'/; 3/;06"(@Q7/£*TÊ.'((+./!0#6d0#279+/;06ba10RQ%*0M"9KL #"9"$("7 #$/!"9f2e0&5 3%906*"&Q7/!'T #$G>*/!;&0>*<032= #!K0"$DKL #"9"$!("$"m?>5 #$n?" #6*%TKL #"$"9!"9"7O;>06"

"!#$&%'$ (*)+(*$-,X)>5 #$n?"f 36%HO#!>06*"f 39]60#70G*"9(B% #"<2e9P+5 3$/;'(;("<G>*f #$J #;Q& N,."<9 #++s(%T/!6*"9/!%*'0!0>*9!"9"y #%90#6"(ay5 w§ #99<KL'5 #6/;"9K"9"9+s06"9/;G!2e0#/;"+60K(606@? #6%/;6T+ #$9/!'(>*p #§Q75 3190;%0O!>0#68C5(;%"7+p N,8/;6I/;.

/0$-,1$ (2-35436(27&8$39:;!=<>8?6@BA&)9)+(C,11A /!0#6"y #$&m?>/%/;"$9/!6'Fg2e$0Kr 3!?0#*( #%90#6"(W=F,5 N#(B,M;0Q_KL #"$"9("y #6%M/;6?9(®u #'F706,LQDN #n?,I 37!0RQ°(6*(9O#/!("ac<(/;<+90+s(B/;("<'N 36TGsQ&!bÊ.+p #/;6(%IG-,899N w/!6*O9("$f+5 3$/;'(;(" #"*D0;%"$906<Gs0"906*"& #"$"90:'(/! 3%Q7/U"9+s06- #6*(0>"$;,UG$0n#6l'/; #"B,.KKB,aE10RQ¢ 39l9l'06%6" 39("U9"9+s06"$/!G;L2e0J/;"O6(9 3%GFf6*%(Q7 3'06%//!0#6"/!"<9/!"<"B,.KKB,V9"$909%

X]Y[/;"'>9$(6-,P9Gs("$Ê* #KL+*!DQD<5 N<032s 606+s(B>$G5 39/;&m:> #6->K¬C5(;%M0$,#@%FC56(%`G?, I"9F0#2"9/!K+;U #6%2e>*6%5 #K(6- 39>;("JG>*PO/;:/!6*OT$/!"$90 #6(6*09K0>"$;,9/;' 36O0#2+*?,:"$/!'N 3.+*(60K(6 *a'HT090#(g/;=/!"*D06*;,)"$>'9(0B,5 wgQD& 39§ #G;90f+*90GsQ7/;9`/;O`+*9('/!"$/!06` #6%£>6*%( TQ7/!%*L3 #9/;,0#2'(06%*/;/;06"aI10RQ¥/;"JG5 #"$/!''(06*"$/>6-"Zm?>5 39n?" 36%HO#!>06*"\< #99 #6O9(K"9;"1902e0#9KG5 3$,0#6" 36%HK("$06"@s*0Q"9P/!6- #'F'(0#!!'9/;;,U/;6l6?>'(;N #&"$,:"$9(K"< #6%8*0Q°"$>'I"$,:"$9(K"Gq5 N>6*%('06%//;06"§0#24FE:$(KKL+s(9 3>*907%6"9/,@*("9P #$Jn3,I/;"9"9>*("<2e0<6?>'(;N #7+-,:"9/;'("a

/;9L*("9fn#F,Lm?>"$9/!06"D/!6LKL/;6%b@QD/;O!/;O-"90K10#29fÊ.+q9/!K(6- #s #6%l9(0$Bu/!'( #' #!;(6O"2e09M2e>*9>93ac<"9UQ7/!!4*(6Gq%*/!"9'>"9"$(%/!6K09% #/!g/!6*9("B]0#2*/!"<'5 #+.(a

.>G"B #6-9/p #+$0O$("9"1'N 36GsJÊ.+q'%0R19]6FE:f%('( #%J/!6V]2e0;!0RQ7/!6OM #9( #"1 #6%0#+/!'"(W

J<3(K6?(I:;- (c<fO!>*06C(!%/!"*12e>6*%5 #K(6- #;;,6*Q(;(K(6-D0#24X]Y[95 3DKl #n3("f%*,:65 #K/!'"

0#2s"B90#6O/!6- #'F/;06"y"$0KM>'U%/;q($(6-2e90#Kr #6-,0#yG5 #"$/!'&2e0#9'(</;6M65 39>93a !>06*"+! N, #6l/;KL+s0$ #6-§90;1/;6L9f/;6-9/;6"9/;'7"$$>'9>90#2b*f6?>'!(0#6ba¤68+5 #B/;'(>! #(@-Gs(/;6O"$+/!6.u Gq0"$06"@?97O!>*06/!'&'(06-$/!G>./!0#6U90<03 #"$+/!6 |~ 032*16?>'!06L #"Gq(6 +s(9"$/!"B(6-§+> ;#ay¤6U7'0KL/;6O%'N #%7"$ #xÊ*+s($/!K(6-"Q7/;!*+*90R:/!%76FQ%5 3 06V9/!"7n#F,I/!"$"9>3aX]Y[+$(%/;'"D)Ê./!"$9(6'0#2=O!>*06.u$/!'L"$ w("&n:6*0Q76T #"&O!>G5 #;!"(ag¤v< #;"90M+*9(%*/!'9"-,:G9/;%I"$ w("7'06"9/;"$9/!6O0#2gm?>5 #$n-u #6-/;m:> #9nL+5 #/!$"Q7/;9VFE.'(/ 39/!06"<032=9]O!>*068C5(;%95 3)*0!%"fM+ #/!$"f0#O9(ac<M"9( #9'2e0f"9>'"B 39("(@b9M"B>%*,0#2*(/!f%('( N,K0.%*("D #6%L91/!6-"$/;O- 39/!060#29(/;DK/E./;6OQ7/;`$'06-(6-9/!065 3!"B 39("D/!"06f0#29KL S$0Ê.+q9/!K(6- #4 #6%I09F/;'N #b' #!;(6O"2e0<2e>*9>93a

67 A $ )98!Cc</!6-965 #1m?>5 #$n-uvO!>*06"B9>*'>*90#2] #%90#6"l/;"L6'(0:%(%/;6 QD(;uv%C56*(%/;(®u #$'-,`0#2'(0$9(! 3/;062e>6'F/!0#6"(@9l"$/!K+!"$J0#2Q7*/!'t #$L9l+5 3$0#6`%/;"$$/!G>./!0#6"(a¤69'((6-],( #9"@gK>'+*90O$("$"P5 3"JGs(6KL #%/;6%#(!0#+/!6OT VG$0- #%)2e #KQD09n0#2"903uv'N #;!% ]6(9 #!/;"9(% 3$0#6[)/;"$$/!G>./!0#6"]Z [)"\&Q7/;'+$0KL/;"9] U'(;N #$(7'(06:u6'9/!06TGqFQ&(62e>*6%5 #K(6- 3=XJY[M@*+(6*0KL60;0O#,I #6*%HÊ*+s($/!K(6- 30G"9$3 #G;("a./;O6/C5'N #6-P #%*3 #6*'(("J/!6*/!"C5(;%£ #$ #6-/!'/!+5 w(%/!6*L6( #]2e>*>$#@=("$+q'(/p 3!;,Gqû'( #>"9D0G"$($3 #G*!("&Z"$>' #"="9/;6O;Fu"$+/!6J #"B,:KLK99/!"= #6%Ê.'(!>*"9/;#D'90"$""$('9/!06*"\5 NGs(6/!%6-/;C(%H95 3f'N #6GqJ>"9%0LFE:9 #'/!6*2e0#9KL 3/;06V06+ #$906'09$(p w/!0#6"1 #6%m?>5 #$n80$G/; #bK0#/;06b@?2e0Q7/!'T60%5 3 UÊ./!"$1"$02 #ac<f"9+s('F90#"9'(0#+?,L0#2 #%90#6"& 36%l*f%F #/;!%L/;6?#("B/!O 3/;06L032b/!%'N N,:"5 #"DGq(6 P9 #%*/;/;065 #x'0969"B06/;6l*)>6%9"B #6%*/!6O0#29+-,:"9/;'("<0#24"B90#6O/!6- #'F/;06"(aHH"906 #6*%G #$,#06_"9+s('990"$'(0+-,£2e0#M"$,:"$9(K"Q7/;t' #9K m:> #9n?"/!"!("$"MQ&!D"$>*%.u/;(%ba 9'(/;"9/!0#6FE.+s(9/;KL6-"Q7/;''N #6Ê*+*!0$"9"B 39("Q7/;!=+90R:/!%KM>'60R/;6*2e09KL 39/!06ba

( ,6< (*6(C,68!# ( ( ? ) ( $,6¤6'9( #"9/;6O;, 3'('(>* 39f$("9>*;"D #$f60RQKL9O/;6O2e90K ! #9Oû"$'N #;<"9/!K>p 39/!06*"y0#2=X]Y[06d2e0>Buv%/!K(6*"9/!0#65 #<¡>'!/!%*N #6d"9+5 #'Fu /!KTp 3$/!'("a¤K+90R#(% #6 #;,?/;'N #7K90.%*"2e019KL0R:/!6*O8 #B/;2 3'"10#2%*/!"9'9F/!"9 3/;06b@x0O#*(fQ7/H"$( #%/;;,I/!6*'(9( #"9/;6Ol'0K+>*+s0RQ&(@5O/]9/;"9)0U*JÊ.+q' w/!0#6I95 31%'(/!"$/;#JG*9N 3n?990#>O"f #9] w75 #6%ba$¤6-9(O9 3/;6O`0>.`9'0!0>*L%O9("80322e9(%0K 2e90K X]Y[;N #%"0t 36q('F/C5!%T0$,T0#2 #%90#6"(a7c<M"$+q0#6? #60>"9,TG90n3(6'*/! 3g"B,.KKB,I0#2§X]Y[r/;"19G5 3"9/!"2e0§ P"B,:"$Kl w/!'1FE.+5 36"9/;06l0#2q/;"§9(0#$,L 3§!0RQ6($O/!"(ac<f9"9>/!6*OMY&/; # ($9>9G 3/;06Pc<*(0B,]/!"= #++;/!%]90fK("$06/;'"$,:"$9(K"y #"QD(!: #"90 <3 #9/;,0#2.+$0.'("9"$("/;6?#0;:/;6OIKL"906"P/!6/!6- #'F/;06Q7/ H"$/!6O;U6:>*'(!06ba8c<*("9l"$>*%/!"M #$"9"$(6-/! #2e0y #65 #,."$/!6O)979"9+s06"910#2x*16?>'!060]!0RQuK0K(6->*K !('F$0Kl 3O69/!'+*90Gs("ac<7 3++90 #'/!"yGs(/;6O)Ê.9(6%*(%U0)%"9'9/!Gs<6?>'(;N #g2e09'(" #6*%!0RQu6($O#,M+$0+s($9/!"0#2g!/;O-<6?>'(;(/Na/;!! 399/!'(§X]Y[ #6%Pq('9/;#§C5!%]0$,]K90:%"= #9+$0KL/;"9/;6O09F/;'N #90.0;"(@( #'Q7//;6/;9"y0RQ76L;/!K/;"=0#2 #++;/!'( #G/!;/;,#@3KM>*'032q97'(>$9(6-§FE.+s($/!K(6- #*/!6-9("B;/!("=/!6P9O/!K("4Q7($<60)"B,."BKl 39/!'DFE.+5 #6"$/!060#2qX]Y[/!"=n:6*0Q76 #6*%2e04Q7/!'! 399/!'(X]Y[¥/!")+s0.0#9;,H"9>*/;%ba¤6"9L #9( #"(@4 3"]QD(; #"/;69 3+/!%,%*!0+*/!6OVC5!%0#2(6 #;/!"$(% #B06[)/;"$$/!G>./!0#6"(@#9($7/!" >"9F2e>590#!0]Gs7+p N,%LG-,MQD(;u 2e0>6%%K0.%*(!"@g/;6"9+*/!9%`G-,£XJY[G>*MG #"9%£06£m?>5 #"$/!+5 3$/;'(;("(@="9>*'_ #"'06"9/>6-Mm?>5 #$n:"@ #6*%T'0!;('F/;#%(O#9("70#2g2e$(%0KT@"9>' #" ]0#!%"B06Gq0"$06"1 #6%T/!6*"$ 36?906"a¤v1Q7/;!

²N³B³´Fµ·¶A¸<¶³9½¹ ¿Á¸ÀD¸^Ä.¹Aº³½vº3´^»R¹ ³B¼¸FÀ)Å4Æ3½®µ·³$´^¼=²N¹A¼ Æw½¹ Æ¼A³È

Gs/!K+q0#$ 36?&0U%#(;0+T9("$ 3++90 #'("<2e>B(@x #6*%H/;6V+5 #$9/!'>p #D0UKl 3n#]'(;0"9'06- #'F1Q7/Ip w9/;'(]X]Y[ #6%I"$,:"$9(KL 3/;']FE.+5 #6"$/!06*"(a

<386 BA )9)+(C,11A[,:65 #K/!'"4G5 #"9%M069D #++$0RE./;Kl 39'/!9 #?"$,:KLK9$,J0#2sX]Y[d2e0#9K"g 1O>/;%/!6O<9(K2e09LQD(;u%*!0+s(%+$0O 3KLK("]FE.+;09/;6OI!0RQu6($O#,2e90#6?9/!J032<"$9906OH/!6.u9( 3'/;06+-,."$/!'"(aTc<("$8/!6'!>%**/!O+9'(/;"9/!0#6`FE.+s($/!K(6-"P06`K("$06.uK("$06 #6%K("$06.u6?>'!06_"9'N w99/;6O+90:'("9"$("L #6%b@§/!6t+5 3$/;'(>! #(@gI>"$T032f!'$0KL #O6F/!'+$0Gs("0VKL #+0>*J l3 #"B 3KL0>*6?)0#2&%* 3/!!%/!6*2e0#9KL 3/;06 #Gs0>*U+/;06'(;0>%0#29&6?>'!(0#6U #6%9&"B9>*'>*90#259&+*/!06P/;"$(2®a ª 0$K2 #'909"@(;('990KL #O6*/;'D+s0! #Bu/;" #G/;!//!"< #6%KL"906+*90:%>'9/!06 31$("9*0!% 39'9>'/p #9("$9/!6OLO90#>6%"2e0#f'/; #+s(B>$G5 3/;06]0$,#a¯+*+!/;'N 39/!06"40#2q('9/;#DC5!%P9(0#$,JKLF0:%"40f6N #®uv99"90;%$N #'F/!0#6"/!6-0#;:/!6O8QD06?>'!06"Q7/!;+$0:/;%2e>$9(]"$,:"B(KL 39/!'/!6.2e09KL 3/;06baPc<'5 3!!6O")+q0#"9(%2e0f6Ê:]%('( #% #9PM2e>B)/!K+$0#(K(6-]0#2Ê*+s($/!K(6- 3+$('/!"9/;06T #6%I]"$(!'9/!06I0#2=]K0"$7"$/!O6*/;C5'( #6-70G"9$3 #G;("a¤6"$/!O-=/!6-9019D+*?,:"$/!'N 3:K(' #6/!"$KL"4O0R#(96*/!6O1§Kl 3"9"4O- #+J/!6]§5 #%*906J"9+s('F9>*K'( #6UGq<O- 3/!6%M2e90K "$>*%/!"§032q' #6O"90/;""9+s('99>Kr/!66?>'(;N #"B,:"$KL"@* 36%2e90K #6 #;,:"9"0#21"9I'5 #6O#("U/!6£9V'(06-9FE:0#2f9VG$0n#6d'/; #D"$,:KKLF$,`0#2)XJY[Ma¡E.+q9/;KL6? #+$0O 3KLK("&Q7*/!'T'N #6H"9%H;/!O-706V*/!"7/!6'!>%*/!O:u(6*(9O3,8( R?,-u/;06'0!;/!"$/!06") #"JQD(;§ #"P*/!O+9'(/;"9/!0#6`KN #"$>9KL6?9"P032<!0RQu6($O#,K("90#6.u6?>'!N 3"B 39("(a

$ $ 3!C?(* )+ , ,1(2.F #%/;"$9/!6'FTX]Y[fu9p 39(%+*(60K(6 _0:'('>I/!6/;6?9(9 #'9/!06"l0#2+ #$906"Z*/!O.uK0K(6->K m?>5 39n?" #6%O!>0#6"\bQ7/;9 f6?>'!N 3(6-:/!$06K(6-Nay)6&0#2*K O0:("g>6%9<65 #K&0#2s'0!0>*9 #6"9+ #96',#ayc</!"$2e9"y0)92e0$Kl 39/!06J0#2s'(0#!0>%/!+s0!"(@3"9>' #"Im?>5 #$nu® #6-/;m?>5 #9n+5 #/!$"(@ #6%/!V+$0+5 #O 3/;06$0>O*K(%*/!>KTa ¯6*0#/;KL+s0$ #6-M/;"9"9>*V/!"M*V(69O#,t;0"9"M95 3U+5 3$0#6"FE.+s(9/;(6'VQ7(6d+5 #"9"$/!6O990>*OKL 399(ay¯©%F #/;!%l%"9'($/!+*9/!06L0#2*>6%*(9,:/!6OM+*?,:"$/!'("&0#24"9>'V+*90:'(("$"9"</!"&'9>'/p #/;6t G$0- #%'(0#6?9FE:Na.+s('/;C5'( #!,/;/!"6*((%*(%t2e0>*6%($"$ #6%/;6OlKL'5 #6/;"9K"/;6?#0;#(%/!6U7>9 wu$(p w/;:/;"$/;'D*N N?,L/;06U'(0;!/;"9/!0#6"gQ7/;'8 #$7Gq/!6O]>"$(%l90JÊ.+!0$9X]Y[+5 3"9%/! #O 3KHa=c</!"§C5(;%8%9 RQ7"90OF&+5 #B06l+-,."$/!'"7 #6%l9)"$9>%*,L0#25 3%906*/!'KL 399(<>6%*(7FE:$(K]'(06%*/;/;06"a¯ 3 #!> #G!"$0>$'(0#2&/;6*2e0$Kl 39/!06066*06.u'06-6?9/!06 #2e09K"0#2G #$,#06/!'UKL 399(/;"+$0R./;%(%LG-,U"$,:"$9(K"DQ7/;9L0#6f0#§K0$1"B9 #6O10N N?,m?>5 #9n?"a 1,:+q96?>'!(/Z6?>'!/'06- #/;6/!6O"$9 #6O]m?>5 #$n?"\5 N]!0#6OGq(6T>"9%T2e0#/;"< #6%I"9>*'"$9>%/;("<"9*0>!%IGs+>*9"9>*(%M2e>B(@"9+s('(/! #!,60RQt 3y6FQt2 #'(/;!//!"Gq'(0KD R3 #/;p #G*!Q7/!'P2eN 39>9& #6>6*+9'((%*(6-%(69O#,I$("$0!>*9/!06ay¯%%*/;/;065 #q/!6"$/!O-9"7 #9)2e0$"9(6T/;2g6:>*'(!( #<"$,:"B(K"Q7/06T0LK0$T' #9K m?>5 #$n?"l'N 36GsH+$0.%*>'(% #6%d"$9>%/!% 3l #6d #++$0+$/p 392 #'/!;/;,a

$N * !"!#%$&('*)+,-'%,./01234"5768576 9 , ,68 !#( c<P606.uv+q$>*9G5 39/;#P65 w>$P0#2XJY[ 3fp #$O]%/!"B #6'("72e09K"f #6H0#G?:/;0>"G #9$/!(<2e01 #6:u #,:9/!'99( 3K(6-"a@10RQ&F(@q/;KL+s0B #6-<'06'(+*> #= #6%I('*6/!'( #4+90O#9("$"75 #"7Gq(6HKl #%*

:

0RQ& #9%*" #''(>9 3"$/!KM>! 3/;06"b032.90$,]06J 7%/!"$'($! 399/!'(0#2"$+5 #'(ûv9/!K+q0/;6-"(a=c<"9%Kl #6*%8Gq038"$0+/;"$/;'N 39(%86?>K($/!'( #qK90:%" #6*%8 NQ'(0#KL+>./!6*O+s0QD(a§[)!0+*KL6?9"06Gs0#2e$06-"]KL( #6 3m?>5 3!/;,H0#2Dp 3$/;'('0K+>* w/!0#6")/!"60RQ Gs(O/;66/!6*Ol0I9( #'*;#(§ 3]Q7/!'KN #6/;6O#2e>'(0K+5 #$/!"90#6"Q7/; #'F>5 30G"9$3 #G;("P #92e( #"9/;G!3a7('(6-9"9>"M/;6'(;>%L5 #%$06£KL #"9"$(" #6*%`2e09K 2 #'F0$"(@yn3,£+*90+s(B/!"0#2<986?>'!(0#6°Z"9>*'_ #"KL #O6F/!'K0K(6-"7 36%T9P wE./p #b'0>+;/!6O'06"B #6-f9(;3 #6-706(>.90#6bu%*('N N,*\F@s #"<QD(; #"7K0KL6-"<0#2g"$99>'F>$J2e>6*'/;06"a

c<("$M"9/;KM>! 3/;06">"$ HT06-Fu®Y #9;0LK90:%"190L+s(B2e09K +5 w/;6-(O# #0R'06*C5O>:u w/!0#6"0#2O#!>06TC5(;%"(a¤69 #G*"9(6*'(0#2m?>5 #$n?"(@b*Q&/!O-9/!6O8032§ #6-,'06*C5O>* 39/!06'( #6GsV0G* 3/!6%_2e$0K /;"U 3'/;06ba¤6dXJY[M@/!6-O 39/!06`0#(*Tm?>5 39nC(!%*"/;6-90:%>'("M9%F($KL/;65 #6-U0#27*Tm?>5 39nt[)/; #'L0+q 390/!6-90VQD(/!O#?9/!6O*atY&06"B$>'9/!6O/;"M(6- #/!;"**/!O'(0#KL+>. 39/!065 3gÊ*+s(6*"9l032&/;6?#(B/!6*OH V?>OUKL 3$/EqaMc</;"/!"0#2¦9(6'(/;9'(>*K6?9(%G-, #6(60#9K0>""9/;KL+*!/;C'N 39/!06bW7*m?>6'%t #++$0NE*/;Kl w/!0#6b@/;6Q7*/!'/;"%9(9K/!6 #6-/!"$(+! #'(%G-, V'06"$ #6-NaL[)0/!6*Ol/;"] #K0>6-"0I%/;"9'( #9%/;6OIKL0#"$0#2Dm?>5 36?9>K¨5>'û> 3/;06"J0#2<Lm?>5 #9nC5!%"@y/!6+5 #$9/!'>p #9lKM>*;/;+!Um?>5 #$n!0:0+"J9(+*9("$(6-/;6O:/!B>5 #m?>5 #$n-u #6-/;m:> #9n8+ #/!$"(@x #6%T/;7KN 36"<5 37"$0KJ'06-$/!G>*9/!06*"2e90K"$>'B"9N 3Lm?>5 #$n?" #$K/!"9"$/!6OM2e$0K¢+*?,:"$/!'N 3=0#G"9$3 #G;("(a

/!;7>+90P6*0QKL0"B§p 3$/!'<'N #;'(>! 3/;06"5 N#f$(!/;(%06U1m?>(6'*(%I #++*90NE./!KL 3/;06b@*f"BN 3%/!,/!6'9( #"9/;6OP+s0RQ&&0#2p #$OFuv"9'( #!<'0KL+*>*/;6O2 #'(/;!/;9/!"y/!""$ #$9/!6O]0J+s(9K/;K0$FE:9(6"$/;"9/!K>p 39/!06*"0#29T2e>*!<0$,#@/!6*'(!>*%/!6Om?>5 #$n_!0:0+"0 #!<0#9%9"(a°¡y6"90*@'(>*996-8'N 3!'(>*p 39/!06"U 39T!/!K/;9(%t09p 39/;#(;,£p #$OIm:> #9n_KL #"9"$("(@,:+/;'N #;;,_ 360$%(0#2KL #O6/>%p 39OP #6`*V #'9>5 #DKl #"$"9"M0#27l5u) #6%_#uvm:> #9n?"(ac<*("9V'09$("$+q06*%_90+/;06KL #"$"9("P0#2< w;N #"B j a : ]M@Q7/!'/!"0:0Tp #$O0$(;/p #G,+*9(%*/!'P'/; #§ #"$+q'"P0#2+/;06T #6%I6?>'(;(06T%*,:65 #K/!'"1/;6V]9( #QD09;%ba

ª >$9()"$/!O6*/;C5'( #6-)/!K+$0#(K(6-"f/!6! 399/!'J9('60#!0O#, #$FE.+s('F(%/;6'(0K/!6*OL,( #9"a¯0#>O"9/;KM>! 3/;06"7Q7/;$N #;/!"B/!'( #!,V"9KL #;gm?>5 #$nKL #"9"$("KL N,"B/!;gGs0>*)0#2§9N 3'2e0#*2e09"9N #G;)2e>*>*9#@*>;9/!KL 3;,"$>'HF0#$"&Kl N,L60#<Gs)6'(("$" #B,aD0Quv(69O#,VX]Y[ /;6*;/!O-Bum?>5 #$n"9'90P/;"9( #!/;"9(%/!692e09K032< #6q('F/LC(!%9(0B,G5 #"$(%`0#6'/; #"$,:KKLFB,ac</;"D*(0B,l'( #6VGqf>"9%V0MÊ.9 #+s0! 312e90K¥p w9/;'(79"9>"0#G* #/;6(%8 3/;Ou§ #6%T#um?>5 39nlKL #"$"9("90$N #QD0$!%ba§)6'J! 399/!''N 3!'(>*p 39/!06"& #9+s0"$"9/!G*!Q7/V+/;06KL #"9"$("&0324 #90#>6% #jj HHM@:9!/p 3G!<Ê.9 #+s0! 3/;06">"9/;6OP9("$K90.%*"&"9*0>!%LGqf #G;190'(;0"9§D9Kl #/;6/!6*O1O #+GsQD(6! 399/!'&X]Y[ 36% #'F>5 #:0G"$(B# 3G!"(a¤6'(0KMG*/!65 39/!06]Q7/;9/!K+$0#(K(6-"&/!6VO;>06V #6*%Vm:> #9nl #'9/!06"§Q7/!'I+s($KL/D9>"9032g! #9O#(&! 399/!'f"$+5 #'(/;6O"@ #"QD(; #"P2e>$9(M/;6'($N #"$("M/;6£'(0#KL+>./!6*O"9+s(%b@/;""9F"M98"9'(682e0#p w9/;'(lX]Y[ 90KL #n#]KL S$0'06-9/;G>*9/!06"90C5!%H #"1 Q7*0!3a

4"57685 4 1,1$ 38 B, 8?4> ,68?$>

c<f #"$,:K+*03/!'2e$(%0K 0#2X]Y[°KN #6*"§/;6Uq('§ 3§"9KL #! u"9/ %M'(06.C5O>9 3/;06"0#2qm:> #9n?" #6%O!>0#6"L'( #62e0$K >"9F2e>+$0Gs("80#2)5 #%$06/!'H"$99>'F>$#a :>''(06*CO> w/!0#6"L'( #6Gs'($N 39(%/;69( #'9/!06"l"9>'° #"L%(+.u/;6(! #"$9/!'"$'N 3$9/!6*OZA[)¤B\^@&"$(K/u/;6'(;>"9/H[)¤Bq@D[)9(;u #6+*90:'(("$"9"(@0#L5 39%FE.'!>"$/;9N 3'/;06"a©¯ '9>'/p #72eN w>$0#2] #;<"9+$0.'("9"$("V/;"B2 #'F0$/ 3/;06Ws2 #'F=95 3=06'( #6'!N 36;,"9(+ # 39§95 #$%8Ze/!O:uK0KL6->Kl\q #6*%"9032¦Z;0RQuK0KL6->Kl\< #"9+s('F")0#29/;6-(9 #'9/!06*"(a1c<M5 #$%+5 #B0#29M"$'N 3$($/!6Ol #K+!/>%'N 36Gq'( #!'>p w(%>"9/;6O]X]Y[+q$>*9G5 39/!06P0$,JQ7($N #"9"9032¦+5 #B"y0#259< #K+;/;>*%#@Q7/;'T%*("9'9/;Gq0RQ© MO/;#(6I5 #%*906V$N #'F"0U"$0KL"9KL #! u"9/ %l'(0#6*C5O>9 3/;[email protected]"9>' +$0Gql/!"9 #6"B2e09K(%`/!6-05 3%906*"(@!/;l/;6`V$N #;K 0#21606.uv+q$>*9G5 39/;#IX]Y[Mac<"9+5 #B"P'N #6GqL+5 # 3KLF9/ %/;69K"P032<m?>5 #9n #6*%£O!>*06%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06"@=Q70#"98Ê.9 #'F/;069m?>/!$("7'(;0"9]'(0#!p 3Gq09 3/;06lGsQD(6FE.+s($/!K(6- #;/!"B"< #6*%T9(0$/!"B"(a

i

c<>6+s0p #$/ (%%/;"$$/!G>./!0#6"l%"9'9/!Gs+$0G5 #G*/!!/,_5 3T t+5 3$/;'(>! #l¨x N#0>I0#2m?>5 #$n0 VO;>06'( #9$/!("] 82e9 #'9/!060#2§K0K(6->*K 0#2D 82 #"B$uK0R:/!6O86?>'!06baUX]Y[+$(%/;'"§0RQ9("$%/;"$99/!G*>*/;06"#0;#1Q7/U75 39%9("$0!>./!0#6"$'N #; 36%9/!"/;"60RQ90>:u/;6(,'N 3!'(>*p 39(%0P6FE:$u 03uv!( #%/!6*O09%)Z=]\/;6f"$$06OJ'(0>*+!/;6O]'(06"B #6-(a 1/!O*(Bu0$%(99( 3K(6-"y #9< 3!"90>6%%#(!0#+KL6-Nay¯f65 #;,:"$("0#2s[)¤B%5 w 5 N#16*0QKL #++s(%0>.*>6+s0p 39/ (%Mm?>5 39nP #6%O;>06%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06"g%0RQ76M0)K0K(6->K 2e 3'/;06" Rj #6%0R 8Q7/!%*9 #6OU0#2D"9'( #!"(aUc<"9l$("$>;9"J+*90R:/!% VGq6'KL #9nH2e0U"$9N #%.,+90O#9("$"Gs(/!6*OL 3'/!F(%H/!6I+s($9>9G 3/JX]Y[Ma

ª 0)!/!'/;,%/!"B9/;G>*9/!06"@bU+$("$(6-M"B 39Fu032puv*Fu® 3$/;"P w]6FE:$u 03uv!( #%/!6*OV09%/!6H"B90#6OV'(0>*+!/;6Ol'06"$ #6-NaJ¯65 3;,:"9"0#2+q0#p #$/ %[)¤B5 N#"90RQ765 3!"9") #6 */!9%V032g9"9+/;6I0#2g96?>'(;(06T/!"&'N #$9/!%IG?,l/;6?99/;6"9/;')"9+/;6"<0#2=m?>5 39n?"(a§c<]09/;O/!60#2§U$(KL #/!6%*(0#2§U6?>'!(0#6 k "J"9+*/!6/!"] #6/!K+s0$ #6-)0+s(6m?>("B/!0#6baU¤62 #'F]= #65 3;,:"9/;")0#2*("9UÊ*+s($/!K(6-""$>OO"$9"]95 3)9O;>06"fKl #n3U #6/!K+s0$ #6-'06-9/;G>*9/!06baf0RQD#(9L+*9("$(6-%5 w I'(0RM06, H;/!K/;% #6*OU0#2<9"90;>*/;06"9'( #!L #6%"90H9($l/;""$9/!;f £! #9O#H>6*'((B #/;6-,069+s0p 39/ (%dO!>0#6%/!"B$/!G>*9/!06dFE:9 #'9(%/!6/;"lQ& R,#a ¯K09%/;9'7%F($KL/;65 39/!06V/;"<+q0"$"9/;G!>"$/!6O9]+0#90+90:%>'F/;06I0#2*N N?,Im:> #9n?"(@s #6*%T/;6+5 #B/;'(>! #J9V+$0.%>*'/;06£0#21+5 3/!9"P0#21'5 #$KL%tKL"906"a 7('(6-,@=z #65 #,:"9("0#27/;"+$0.'("9"< R#]Gq'(0K N3 #/!! #G!1 #6*%8"9Q7/!;q 3!!0RQ>"D0+/;68%0RQ76IKM>'IKL0#9) 3'('(>* 39(;,*JO#!>06*/!')'06-9/;G>*9/!068909]"9+/;6T032g9]6:>*'(!06ba

c<V #Gs0R8K(6-9/!06%`%/;"$99/!G*>*/;06"P #9/!6'09(6-"$/!6O#!Fuv+5 #B06%(6*"9/;9/!"/!6L6?>.u'(;(06ay¤6*2e0$Kl 39/!0606L'(096?q('9"/!6f6?>'(;(06lQ& N)2e>6*'/;06l'( #68Gs0G. #/;6(%2e90K5 #$%l"$'N 3$($/!6OJ+$0.'("9"$("&Q7*(9 ]C6/;9fK0K(6->Kr/!"9 #6"$2e9$(%l90 J6:>*'(!06ba¡E* #K+!"/!6*'(!>*%%(+,U./;$9>5 #Y&0KL+.068"$'N 3$9/!6*OIZ b\§ #6%8Ê.'(!>*"9/;#(;('990+*90:%>'9/!06L0#2!/;O-=KL"906"aX)>5 #;/; 3/(,)06*&'N 36P*/!6n]0#29("$ #"g9KL0R:/!6O12e90K9&6?>'!06 fm?>5 39n]0#2O/(6¨x N#0>(@?K0K(6->Kr #6%U"9+*/!6b@: #6%U$(+! #'(/;6O/;/;6U '(06-$0!;(%MQ& N,G-,U #60#9(m?>5 #$nx@/!6TO6(9 #bQ7/;9 U%/;q($(6-1¨x N0@sK0K(6->*K #6%T"9+/;6£Ze"9 ª /;Oa \âD09nl/!6I]p 3"$72eQ

+5 #

ξ

γ, π, ρ, ω ...γ ∗

ξ

p p’

x + x −

t

GPDs

ª /;O>9 W! "!#%$&('*)('+,#%$(-.'0/)('+#%!1(1'0/23)('*$&'0/54+ "!*-"/768$&'98):7'*$&'0/;'*<>=9!1&'0/?-"/$(7@ /* 1&$($&*ACB+,#D(!*#%$(-.'0/1E#F*/9GH<,1(!D$&'8-"/JI*!1&$(-.60$&LKM!/7FN* O-"1&!9PQ($&'0/;RS-"1&$&N-.G:,7$(-.'0/1UTVKSPCR8WX1YA

,( #9"5 #"y"$0RQ76U95 3g& #KL+*!/;9>%"=2e0g"9>'U+$0.'("$"9("y2 3'0#9/ D/;6-0)5 39%M"$'N 3$($/!6O+5 #$9" #6% "$f0#2yO#(6 #;/ %H+ #$906H%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06"JZ [ k "\&Q7/!'H'(06- #/!6T6Q/!6*2e0$Kl w/!0#6V06*L60#6+q$9>9G5 w/;#L"B$>'9>90#2&96:>*'(!06baL¤6*2e0BQ 39%!/!K/;f"9 [ k "J$(%>*'(0L09%*/!65 #B,V+5 #B06H%/!"B$/!G>*9/!06*"<G>*1Q7(6 UC56/JKL0K(6-9>K¢2e 3'/;06T/!"<9 #6"$2e9$(%9 [ k "1Gq'(0KP"$(6"$/;9/;J0L'(096?)q('9""$>' #"m?>5 39num?>5 #$nIKL0K(6-9>K '(0$9p 39/!06"0§m?>5 #9nu #6-/!m?>5 39n'(0#6*C5O>9 3/;06"/!6U*6?>'(;(06ay¤6-(O# #;"D0#2"9%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06"0RD9 N #O]K0K(6->K2e #'F/;06I'N #$9/!%IG?,l]m?>5 #$n:"1'N 36T+*90R:/!%]/!6.2e09KL 3/;06l0#6H+$0+s($9/!"0#2*6:>*'(!065 3 #96030#*($Q7/;"9 #''(("$"9/;G!3a¤6+5 #B/!'>p 3(@q9U"9'(06%K0KL6-)0#2&

Z

"9+s('/;C5'l'(0KMG*/!65 39/!060#2; [ k "PO/;#(" KL( #"9>*9l032<0# #& 36O>! #]KL0K(6-9>K 'N #$9/!%G-,m?>5 39n?")/!6T6:>*'(!06b@q/!6*2e0$Kl w/!0#68Q7/!'QD0>;%GqP'(0K+;(K(6- #B,V05 3FE:9 #'9(%2e90#K¢+s0p #$/ (%I[)¤Bqa

4"57685 (*! ,68 ( % (* ,6< (*1A

¡y'9/;C5!%V*(0B,ZA¡ ª c1\&5 3"1Gs('0K] UKL S$0D0:0q2e0&6:>*'(!( #7+-,:"9/!'"7/!6I9'((6-7,( #9"aFf6*%($+/!66*/!6O/;/!"UH0G"$($3 39/!06_ 3LC(!%d09/;("%0`603l5 N#0GqI2e>6%5 3KL6? # #;g 3]/!"6(%%`/;" V'(!( #"9+5 #9 3/;060#2D"9'N 3!("]GsQD(6*+*?,:"$/!'("]0#2D/!6-9(9"$P #6%9>6%*(9,:/!6O+-,:"9/;'("a f06$(60#9KL #!/ #G;LC5!%£9(0$/!"(@Q7/!'_/!6t+*9/!6*'(/!+*!8%+q6%06 #6/!6.C56/;9y6?>KMGs(0#2.+5 #9 #K9"@w'( #66PGsy$,]>"$2e>? w4 <O/;#(6]!F(-032:C6/;9J$9"90;>*/;06a

cg0£2e0#9KM>! 3H"9>'° `C5!%9(0B,@106C9"$VC6%"8*/!K+q0B #6-L%(O#9("V0#2]2e9(%0K2e0)9+90#G!K #6%Q7$/;"%0RQ76` I4 #O9 #6O/! #6'06- #/;6/!6OI 3!+s0"$"9/!G*!9(9K"] #;!0RQ&%G?,"$,:KKLF$/!("a fÊ.P06U/;%(6-/C5("] I+$/!6'/!+;2e0"$,:"B(KL 39/!'N 3!;,H0$O- #6/;"9/!6*O8"9U($KL"/;60$%(y032q/;KL+s0B #6'#W4 I$+s0RQ&'(0>*6?9/!6O#Q7/!' #"$"90:'(/! 3"Q7/;9MN #'9(9K "90K&+s0RQ&0#2q "9KL #;m?>5 #6-/,a¯& PO/(60$%(§/!6U"9f"9KL #!5m?>5 #6-9/;/;("@:0#6;,U ]!/;KL/%6:>*KMGqD032b9K" #$6(%%b@1Q7*0"9"B96O#9"8'N 36GqH%9(9K/!6*(%/;*(L2e$0K FE.+s(9/;KL6-V0UQ7/;0#*(0$/;'N #&KLF0:%"(ac<I/!K+q0#$ 36'(803219/!"U 3++90 #'_/!"/;9"MO6(9 #!/,qWl/;2f #6-,`2e>B #"$"9>K+*/;06"P #9L/!6-$0.%*>'(%b@*, #9L'(;N #$;,:/!"$/!G;#aVc<"98*(0$/!("J+! R, #6/!K+q0#$ 36?90#!/;68$(] #$N #"&0#2=6:>*'(!( #+-,:"9/;'("WD;0Quv(69O#,LK("90#6V+-,."$/!'"(@5"9/;6O;Fu6?>'!068+$0.'("9"$("6( #<$("9*0!%b@x 36%V]!0RQuv(69O#,V+*?,:"$/!'("10#2=Q&007K096?>'!(0#6"(a

.+s06- #60>"G$N #n?/;6OV0#2'/; #g"$,:KLK9$,H9m:>*/!9"*+9"9(6*'(U0#2§ 8"9F0#2$,!/!O#?+5 #B/;'(!"(@Dn:6*0Q76 #"5]0;%"$906IGs0"906*"(a ª 0LX]Y[M@"9T+5 #$9/!'!(" #$T9T+/!06*"(@DQ7*/!' #$"9(+ # 39(%2e90K #;0#9("B 39("]G-, 8Kl 3"9"O- #+0#2§0$%( Ba ]0#!%"B06 k ")9(0#9(K9m?>/!$("]5 39/!6- #'F/!0#6"0#2§"9+5 #$9/!'!("3 #6/;"9 3]$,;0Qr(69O/;("a] #0#6"J #6% K("$06"]Kl N, #!"$0TGsM$N 39(%/!6*/!")Q& R,#@= #!Gs(/)Q7/;9'( #>*9/!06Gs('N 3>"9*(/!KL #"$"9("J #$GsQD((6H$(J #6%I2e0>9/!K("<p 39O&5 36T95 370#2=]+/;06ba

c<§9("$>;9/!6O7¡ ª c/!"b9(6P <!0RQu6($O#,FE.+5 36"9/;06J2e0#9KM>! 3%/!69K"0#2: 0!%"B06*Gs0"906*"fQ7/;9 "9KL #!+ # #K9(7+$0:/;%(%G-,I*P9 3/;0L0#2gP(69O#,T01K0KL6->K¢90L9KL #"9"<O- 3+bac<]"$,:"$9(KL 3/;'FE.+5 #6"$/!06T/!6V9/!"<"$Kl #;+5 3 #K9((@*'/!9 #b+s($9>9G 3/;06V0$,#@/!"=60RQG5 #"$/!"g2e0#gKM>*'M09F/!'( #-Q&0#9nJ/!6P9/!" #9( *a¤6PDKL"906M"$('F09&'0KMG/;65 39/!06J0#2¡ ª c #6%M%*/!"9+s($"9/;06M9p 39/!06*"=/;"+$0R./;6O90)Gq& f$,>"9F2e>.90.0Aa4¯++;/!'( 3/;06"40+*/!06.uv+/!0#6"9'( 399($/!6O #$J6*0Q09F/;'N #;;,2e>!,l>6*%(1'(06-990Aa

¤6*MG5 #B,06"$('F010:0@s9($/;") #6H(69O#,HO- #+GsQD(66:>*'(!06 #6*%/;9"fÊ*'/;9(%"$ 3"(ac<1q('F/7C5(;%9(0B,U($f%*("9'9/;Gq"D"B 39("Q7/;L ]"9/!6*O!<6?>'!(0#68 #6%L #6-,U6?>KuGs(0#2 ]0;%"$906<Gs0"90#6"(@: #6%U*1+s0RQ&D'0>6-/;6OJ/!"/!69(9K"0#2s7K0KL6->K %/;:/!%*(%G?,*<Kl #"$"O- #+ba¯"9/;O6/;C'N #6-'6/;'N #'0K+!/;'N 39/!06b@*1+*9("$(6'f032s9<p 39O6?>'!06LKL #"$"/!6£ #!'N 3!'(>*p 39/!06"J5 #"Gq(6_"90%tG?,`Kl 3n:/;6O H606$(p w/;:/;"$/;'L$(%>*'/;06baY 3!'(>*p 39/!06"60RQ$0>*9/!6;,8/;6'(;>%*]C9"$799P0$%($"7/!6V]Ê*+ #6"9/;06 36%I5 NGs(6 3++!/;(%VQ7/;9"90#KL1"9>''("9"0P+90:'("9"$(""$>'I #"&K("$06.uv6:>*'(!06l"$'N 3$9/!6*[email protected]("$06l+*0#0#+90:%>'F/!0#6b@: #6%Y&0K+*0#6l"9'( 399($/!6OIZe"9 ª /!O*a ~ \â #$N #">*6%(& #'9/;#/!6-#("$9/!O- w/!0#68 #$f*/!6*'(!>*"9/!0#60#2=9("$065 #6*'(#@x 36%T9)$N 39KL6-f032g$(! 3/./;"$9/!'F'9"(@x+5 #B/!'>p 39;,/;6V6:>*'(!06I2e09K2 #'F0$"(a

¤6P$('(6-,#N #$"=9($§ #"gGs(6PKL S$0+*90O$("$"g/;6JÊ:(6*%/!6O7*("9§/!%*N #"07"B,."BKL"=0#2*QD00K09<6?>'!06"(ac<7+90G*!(K¬Q7/!'5 #%U0]Gs<0R($'(0K7($7/!"y 3"9/;KL+;%/;KL6"9/;065 #'(0#>6-/!6*O0#2&(69O/;("0R#(M TKl 3"9"JO- #+!N 3%"J90H#($,! #9OU/;OBu0#9%J'09$('F/!0#6"(aVc</;"/!"fGq'N #>*"9M*(9/;") 8Gs0>6%"B 391S$>"BGq!0RQ $("$0!%@q*%(>*9($06b@b/;6 « '5 #66 #6% L9"906 #6-"$ 3<S$>"$) #Gq0R#P*9("$0;%/!6T « )'5 #66*( a./;6'(P+q$>*9G5 39/!06T0$,'N 3660#O#(6 39VGq0>*6%t"$ 3"(@"90Kl9(9K"M/;6£8/;6-(9 #'9/!06`KM>"$MGqV$("9>*KLK(%£90 #!

dΣdWlab

Ωlab50 100 150 200

5

10

15

20Θlab =60ë

ª /;O>9 ~ W>P (!-O#%$(-.'0/' '0,($(V'*N7FL#-.N* )HF($(,7(G:$(-.'0/ $(7F'*T 1&'0 "-O O-"/7 Y '*E'0=D)$&'0/ 1N#F$$&FN-"/6 #%('01(1C1&!#%$(-.'0/'0/9$(7 )('*$&'0/ 4 #%'0=D)(!-.$(9N!#%!/ $E$( ('0= *-"/>T -"*=D'0/1YQ*/D'0 O7F$( ('0= " O-"/7'0-"1T $&-"*/760 .!1Y*/ B+*1$&' '0/T 1J,N!1YAM "1&'31(7' /-"1E$(7M)(!-"#%$(-.'0/'5$(7E'*N/*/ */'0=9* ;$&FN=91U'0/ T 7'*$&$&! "-"/7 YA

0$%($"(@DQ7*/!!V"B/;!$ 3/!6/;6O QD(;uv%C56*(%09%9/;6O+9/;6'(/;+!3atc</!"UQ 3"L 3'/!F(%>"9/;6O960$Kl #;/!"9 3/;06_O90>*+ #9O>*KL6?9"l0`/!6'09+s0 wH #6 #%%//;065 #7!0RQuv(69O#,d"9'( #!H/!69'(0#>6-/!6*O@65 #K(,l95 370#2g]p 39O)"$'N 3$9/!6*O;(6O3"a

¯l#($,;0Q(69O/;("(@DQ&!7Gq!0RQ9+/;06_$("9*0!%b@DH9("$>;9/!6O¡ ª c+$0R./;%("l "$,:"B(KL 39/!'Q N,90IFE:6%9Uq('9/;#Fu9 #6OUÊ*+ #6"9/;060I%("$'($/!Gs!'$0KL #O6F/!'M #6%QDN #nJ/!6- #'F/;06"=0#25Q&0wu6?>'(;(06"$,:"$9(K"(a 90O#9("$"y/!"=60RQ_Gs(/!6*O)Kl 3%§90RQ #$%" #+*+;,:/!6*Of/0J$(û6?>'(;(06L"$,:"$9(K"(a¯D/!O*(§(69O/;("(@:+/;06"§"90>*!%lGs1/!6'!>%%l 3"&FE.+;/!'/;%O9("0#2D2e9(%0KTa"10RQ&F(P"$9906OT+/;06.u6?>'!06'(0>+*!/!6*OTKL #n3("]/;"J+*90G;(KL 3/;'#@4 3J;N #"B/!69LuvQ& R#L' #66!"(a¤6K09+s($/!+*( 3y+5 #B/p 3gQ& R#("@g*'((6-99/;2e>*O- #yG5 399/;()KN 36" 376?>'(;(06.uv6?>'(;(06I/!6-9( 3'/;06"< 39)QDN #n3((aD¯65 3;,:"9"<0#2g9("$]'5 #66!"760RQ"$0RQO0:0:%:/;%(6'J2e0#QD03u+/;06IFE.'5 #6*OJ2e0#9'(]+$(%/;'9(%TG?,V9]'/!9 #bÊ*+ #6"9/;06ba

4"57685 ! 8$> >8?=( ) 3(*

¯4/;"+q0#/!6-N@R//!"/;KL+s0$ #6-b07"B9"9"*§%*/!"$9/!6'F/;06GqFQ&(6J0$,] 36%PK0:%(;"(a¯t0$,/!" )2e9 #KLFQ&0#9n/;6Q7/!'0G"$($3 #G*!("'( #6LGs<'N 3!'(>*p 39(%U%/!$('F;,J2e90#K >6%9,./;6O+$/!6'/!+;("(@/!6£9I+9"96?L'N 3"9V0#"9V%9/;#(%_2e90KX]Y[May¤v" #++*!/!'( 3/;06Ò#(6 #;;,/!6-0"U3 #$/!0>*" #++*90NE./!KL 3/;06"G>.N@s 31!( #"$7/;6H+$/!6'/!+;#@*9("$P'( #6TGqJ/!K+90R#(%I>+s06"B,."BKl 39/!'( #!,a¤6 #%%*/;/;06H *(0B,"$0>;%GqP'N #+ #G!J0#2"$+q'(/2¦,./;6Ol9;/!K/;"&0#2/;9"13 #;/!%/,a<¯6 #++$0- #'Q7/;'H%0:("7603f"9 3/;"$2¦,l"9/!K>; #6(0#>"9,#"$&%('0#2=*("9J'($/;9(9/! M/!"7 K0.% a

95 #+*"9VKL0#"$/;KL+s0$ #6-M>"$82e0K0.%!"P/!"90/;%(6-9/;2¦,V%0#KL/;65 #6-M+-,:"9/;'("/!6.u0#;%/;6+5 #B/!'>p 3+$0.'("9"$("P #6%(6*'(0I/!6*%/!'( 3Q7 3]KL/;O-)GsU!N 396%2e90K 2e>*>$FE.+s($/!K(6-"a8.>*'('("9"B2e>&K0.%*(y%"9'9/!+./!0#6"]'N #6+90R:/!%*LG$/!%O#("2e90K #9( #"Q7($VX]Y['N 36GqM #++;/!(%H%/!$('F;,V90V lG$0- #%9 #6OP0#2+60K(65 lQ79M$/!O0#90>"f #++*90- #'*(" #$60#1 wf+*9("$(6- R3 #/;p #G*!#a

¯C59"BD'p #"$"0#2"$>'lK0:%(;"y/!"G5 3"9(%L06Um?>5 #"9/;+5 #B/!'!< 36%L'0!;('F/;#<%(O#9("D032q2e$((%*0KHac<"9)'( #68+$0:/;%) J9N 3"9065 3G;,UO0:0:%l%"9'($/!+*9/!06L0#2b9f #%90#68"9+s('F9>*K/;69(9K"&032'(06:u"$9/;9>(6-Pm:> #9n?"(aVc<*l #%*%/;9/!060#2 I¨5>:E>GsL+*/!'9>9U2e0*LO;>06/;'%(O#9("0#2D2e9(%0KKL #n#"y/;=+s0"9"$/!G;D0f9+90:%>'KL0#"$g0#25D"9+s('F9>*KHa=/!;§¨5>:E9>Gq"y5 N&Gq(6"9*0Q76M90FE./;"$>"$/!6O! 399/!'X]Y[¬ZA 3!( #"$y2e0#/!6.C56/;9(,]N N?,m?>5 #$n:"\F@9<(K($O(6'0#2s'(0#6"$9/;>*(6-m?>5 #$n:"19Kl 3/!6"KP,."B9/!0#>"(a¤v7/!"<O#(6 #;;,LGq!/!F%I95 37*(/!&Kl #"$"9"f 39J #"9"$0.'/p 39(%VQ7/;9

h

*"9+s06- 36(0>*"&G$N #n?/!6*O0#2'*/! 3s"B,:KLK9$,ac<*/!"§/!"§(KMGs0.%*/!(%/!69"9/;06"D0#2'(0#6"$9/;>*(6-m?>5 #$nKL0:%!"Q7/;'/;6'(;>%'0>+;/!6O")90I+/!06*"] #6%"90T" 39/!"B2¦,'(0#6"$9 #/;6?9"]0#2&'*/! 3y"$,:KuKB,a)¯$KL+*9"f908'(06*6('F"9K0.%!"1KL0#9J'(!0#"9(,I0IX]Y[ /!6-#0n#'06*C5O>* 39/!06"f0#2O;>06VC5(;%"<"9>*' #"7/!6*"$ 36?906"1 #6%T'(0#!0>&KL06*0+q0#!("a

Y&!0"$(,89p 39(%I0*("9J #$]'(0;!('F/K0.%!"@.Q79JG5 #$,#06"7(K($OJ #"<"90#!/;906/;')'(06:uC5O>* 39/!06"10#2 0;%"$906]Gq0#"906C(!%*"Z :n?,:$KL/;06"\â;H #6-,H0#2y*(/!1+$(%/;'/;06"1'(0$9"9+s06%0U*0"9]0#2y Um?>5 39nVK0.%Q7/;9 $,I! #9O6?>KGq1032y'(0#!0>$"<0#2ym?>5 39nxa 7('(6-1($"9/;06"0#29("$KL0:%(;"(@?Q7($)KL"906" #9)O#(6 39(%I #"m?>5 39nu® #6-9/!m?>5 #$nL+5 3/!9"@.6 3>9 #!,O/;#9/;"9]0l #6 36?9/!m?>5 #$nd$"9( #8 #6*%'N 36GsP>"$(%90L+$(%/;'f"9( l+5 #B06H%/!"B9/;G>*9/!06"a 10QD#('(0#66('F/;6O9("$PK0:%(;"KL0#9'(;0"9;,L0LX]Y[ 9Kl 3/!6"< 36H0+s(6I+$0G;(KTa

c<"9('06%'(p 3"9"]0#2K0:%(;")/!"]G5 #"$(%(6-/;9;,065 #%*906/;'%(O#9("P032&2e9(%0#KHaUc<"9 #$,:+/;'N #;;,4 #O9 #6O/! #6"Q7/;'£" 39/!"B2¦,"90KL'06"B 3/!6-"P0#2'/; #"B,.KKB, #6%Q7*/!' #$72e0#9KM>! 3%/!6M9(9K"0#2q+-,."$/!'( #5KL"906*"D 36%LG #$,#06"(@:/!6*'(!>*%/!6O9("$065 #6*'(("a¯D+*9("$(6-*,£+*90R:/!%V06*V0#27VKL #/!60:0!"J2e0M>6%*(9"B #6*%/!6O9V/!6-9K(%/! 3û6($O#,`%*0Kl 3/!6baHH0$<"$,:"$9(KL 3/;'7 #++;/!'( 3/;06"=0#2'*/! 3*"$,:KKLFB,M'(0#6"$9 #/;6?9" #6%KL 3'*/!6O)90JXJY["9*0$Bu%/;"$ 36'(]Gs(5 N:/!0>*Q7/!!!N 3%I902e>$9(7+$0O9"9"7/!6V9/!"7 #$N *a

ª /!6 #!,@2e>$9(P/!K+90R#(K(6-/;" 3!"90T0HGqLFE.+q'9(%_/!6L>"9L0#2<>6/ #B,9("$>KKl wu/;06"]0HFE:9 #+q0#p 399l$("9>*;"P0#2<'/; #+s(B>$G5 3/;069(0#$,0H/!O*(J(69O/;("(aTc<"9 #++*90- #'*("< #$) #G*!70%*("9'9/;Gqf"9#(9 #b/!6-99/!O#>/!6O]+$0+s($9/!"&0#2b9"$'N #! #§KL"9068"$('F0& #"QD(!4 3"1Ê.'(/;9(%TG5 #B,06"a

2'% 2'4"5 4576 / >8 $ : ,6< (E$ 3!C(2$

¤6U765 #/<m?>5 #$nMK0.% @#97"9+/;6U0#2q97+90306U/!"'( #9$/!%G-,/"y9973 #;(6'7m:> #9n?"fZ"$(ª /;Oa \Fa10QD#(@*/!6$('(6-D,#N #$"§QD75 N1!( #96%5 39<O!>*06" #6%+s0"9"$/!G,*10#9G/ # #6O#>p #<K0K(6->*K0#29Jm:> #9n?"f #6%O#!>06*"f 3!"90U'06-9/;G>*9]909]0# #"9+/;6H'06-6?0#2*J6?>'!06bac</!"7/;"<'(0KKL0#6;,LFE.+$("9"$(%G-,892e0!;0RQ7/!6OMm?>5 3/;06

~

~ Z \

Q79 $(+$("96-"*f"$>KLK(%L'(06-99/!G*>*/;06"§0#29m?>5 #$n?"&"9+*/!6"@ f'(06-$/!G>./!0#60#2=]O;>06"@5 #6%f9]09G/ # #6O>*p #K0K(6->*K¢0#2=]+5 3$0#6"(a

¡E*+s($/!K(6- 3/!6*2e0$Kl w/!0#606U"9>*KLK(%m?>5 #9n'06-$/!G>*9/!06*"5 #"]Gq(60G* 3/!6%/;6+s0p #$/ (%%*((+:u/!6*(p 3"$/;'"$'N 3$($/!6OVÊ.+q9/!K(6-9"(aJc<9"9>")0#2§"$>'FE.+q9/;KL6?9"] #9FE?u+$("9"$(%l #"7!0#6O/;9>%/;65 #:"9+/;6Ze0!/!'/;,*\%/;"$$/!G>./!0#62e>6'F/!0#6 « Z q\Fa6l/;6?9(O9 3%0R(@?/;"y,./;(;%" ]3 #;>2e0 a[ 3 06 « Z q\ R#fGs(6L0#G* #/;6(%U/;6U3 #$/!0>*"FE.+q9/;KL6?9"'N 399/;(%0#>*] 3JY¡ P@[¡D #6%*¯1Yabc<*(/!9("$>;9" #$M/!6O#0.0:% #O$(KL6?Q7/;( #'0#9(a])6PG5 #"$/!")0#2"9%5 3 L*P03 #=m?>5 #9nT"9+*/!6'06-9/;G>*9/!06 «

©06:>*'(!06

"9+*/!6T/!"<2e0>6%T0Gq j a .j a @/;6%/;'N 39/!6OM95 3 #%%//!0#65 #'( #9$/!9"70#2 36O>! #<KL0#KL6?9>K #$6(%%/!6V9]6:>*'(!06ba

cg0>6*%($"$ 36%t2e>$9(M98"9+*/!6_"$99>'F>$V0#27V6?>'!(0#6b@y8¨5 R#0>%+q6%6'(T0#2*"9+/;6V%/!"B9/;G>*9/!06l2e>*6'9/!06"&5 #"<Gs((6I%F9K/!6%bac</!"</;"%06*)/!6V"$(K/u/;6'(;>"9/f%(+.u/!6*(p 3"$/;']"9'N w99/;6OlÊ*+s($/!K(6-"@q/;6HQ7/;'06J0#2y9PC65 #45 #%$06"f/!"1%9('9(%ba1c<,:+s0#2 #%90#6 Z>*"9>5 #;;,_ @ @! "©0 K("$06x\+90R:/!%*("8 #O06d9I¨x N0>L0#2)9"$99>'n`m:> #9nxac<V9"9>"0#21"9>*'dKN #"$>9KL6-"9F( #& 3M*V+q0! #9/ 39/!060#27*8um?>5 #$n:"/;"+5 3 #;!(y905 wM0#2<98+$0#06@Q7/!;98+s0p 39/ 3/;060#2<*V#um?>5 #$n:"5 #"90++s0"$/;l09/;(6- 39/!06a HH0"$U/;KL+s0B #6-,@=V"$N m?>5 #$n:"U5 N#TGs(6t2e0>6%£90'N #$$,`#(B,!/99!+s0! #9/ 39/!06ba

Rj

u u

d

ª /;O>9 W7 T 1&)-"/Y>1&$&N,#%$(,7N 'S$(7 / ,#F .F'0/ A ):($ ('0= $(7 #%'0/ $&-.G,7$(-.'0/ 'L$( I * "!/#% , +1F4C$( 60 ",7'0/1 */ 1&! , +1 = #%'0/J$&N-.G,7$& *1 E! " T !/ "N6*!=D!/ $YA '*$1(7' / -O/ $(7@ 60,7N -"1UD)H'01(1(-.G: . '*NG-.$(* */760, O=D'0=D!/J$(,= #%'0/J$&N-.G,$(-.'0/2' $( J, 1*/260 ",7'0/1!A

¯"7J+s0p #$/ 3/;06"0#2g3 #;(6' #6*%"9( m?>5 39n?"f #n#60O#*(7'N #6*60# #'('0>6-f2e0#*2e>!1"9+*/!60#2]*6?>'(;(06b@1q0B"V #$60RQ Gq/!6O£KL #%T0tKN #"$>9HO;>06+s0! #Bu/ 3/;06baJ¯0>*OX]Y[ #6 #;,:"9"]0#2U+s0p #$/ (%"B9>*'>*9U2e>6'9/!06 « Z q\/;6%/;'N 395 w*O;>06T+q0! #9/ 39/!06I'0>!%HGqPp #$OJ #6%+s0"$/;/3@s6*08%/!$('FKN #"$>9KL6-"032 ^E*/;"$(ac<f+90+s0"9 #!"2e0%F($KL/;6/!6*O #$fG #"9%l06L/!%6?9/;2¦,:/!6*OJ+*0#0#6.uO;>062e>"$/!06#(6-"/;6%(+.uv/!6p #"B/!'U"$'N 3$($/!6OTFE.+s($/!K(6-"aV¤6*("9L+90:'("9"$("9:/;$> #+0#906` 366/!*/!p w("Q7/;9 TO;>062e90#K *U #9O#]0I+$0.%>*'( Tm?>5 39n #6*%/"] #6-/;m?>5 #9nxac< #"$,:KKLFB,0#2*J+*90:'(("$"f/;"<"96"9//;#0]O;>06I+s0p #$/ 3/;06ba

¡ H¡§ #"$('(6-;,HFE.+;09%/;"f+*90:'(("$"G-,%F'/;6O8+5 3/!9"10#25 3%906*"Q7/;9/;O9 #6"B($"9)K0K(6->*KHagc</!"5 #",:/!!%%8 ]+q0"$/;9/;<3 #;><2e0 G>.DQ7/p #$O7"$ w/!"B/;'N # #6%"$,:"$9(KL 3/;'>*6'($ 3/!6-/;("(a¢c<$('(6-,"B #B% Y< H ¯)©FE.+s($/!K(6-H 3Y¡ Q7/!;&+$0R./;%I KM>'_K09V+$('/!"9VKN 3"9>$(K(6-0#27IO;>06t+s0p #$/ 3/;06G #"9%d06t9/!%*(6-/C5'N 39/!06032b+0306.uvO!>*06M2e>"9/;066-"&G-,U%F'/;6OJ(/;9('5 39K(%+5 #$9/!'!("0#§*/!O.u+5 #/;9"M0#215 3%906*"(a£c</;"FE.+s(9/;KL6-5 #"UGs((6_%"9/;O6(%t90GsI #G;l0KL #+t0>.%+q6%(6*'(0#2 Ua¤6*T2e>*9>93@<'(0K+;(K(6- #B,_%5 3 06dTO!>*06+s0p 39/ 3/;06t #$FE.+s('F(%T0'(0K)2e90#K* ;f¤BY§uv"9+/;6H+*90O9 #K w o `>*"9/!6*O+s0! #9/ (%V+*90#906HGsN 3KL"a

4"5 45 4 3(243 $ <-A&43 8 3./;KL+;'(0#6"$9/;>*(6-Tm:> #9nK0.%*(!"l5 NGq(6°9(KL #$n3 3G;,"9>''(("$"$2e>J/!6^E*+*p #/;6/!6OtK0"B2eN w>$("M0#2&L0G"9$#(%_KL"906`"9+s('99>KTaK10RQ&F(@8XJY["9+s('99>K /!"JKM>'£$/!'/!6'06-6?]95 #6 3]0#26 #/;#m:> #9nHKL0:%(Aa];>06"@Q7/!'K(%/! 3P"B90#6O82e09'GsQD((6m?>5 #$n?"(@ #;"90'N #$$,H'(0;0>7'5 #$O(") #6% #$M #G*!]08/;6?9(9 #'1Q7/;9N #'0#(afc<O;>06.uvO!>0#6/!6- #'F/;06/!"89%/!"B/;6'V2e( 3>$0#2MXJY[ !%9"9+s06"9/;G!2e0#V060#2P/;9""9+s('F #'>p 3y'(06*"9(m?>6'("(W'(0#6*C56KL6?(a¤v/!"y #!"$0)"$0>$'(70#2q #60#9("$$/!n?/!6*O)+9%/!'F/;060#2XJY[MWy9TFE./!"B(6*'(032)O;>06.uv9/!'_"B 39("n:6*0Q76 #"UO!>G5 #;!"(@§ #6*%0#2KL/ E*%d"B 39("0#2m?>5 #$n:"f #6%TO;>06/;')FE.'(/ 39/!06*"<n:6*0Q76H #"7-,:G9/;%"(a

X]Y[fuG5 #"$(%$'(K/!"BB,.T"9>*OO("B"P I3 #$/!F,0#2D>6'(0#6?#(6-/;065 #§5 #%*906'(06.C5O>9 3/;06"(@"9>*' #"IKL"906:uK("90#6K0!'(>;("VGs0>6%°G-,°9("$/!%> #JX]Y[ 2e0$'(("@0IKL0#9'(0#KL+;/!'( 3%'(0#!0®u6>*9 #<KM>/!m?>5 39n`"B 39("L"9>' 3"0 ?a¯f!9("$"$ 3"l"$0>;% #++sN 3"9>*+q9/!K+s0"9%T0#6T9]09%/;65 #B,8K("90#6H 36%HG #$,#06H"$+q'9 *a

`

c<MÊ*+s($/!K(6- 3g0G*"9(B3 3/;060#2y9("$MFE.0#9/!'P+5 #$9/!'!("@q/;6+5 3$/;'(>! #7O!>*(G5 #;!"@xQD0>;%'(0#6*C59K 06<0#2x9<KL0#"$y/;KL+s0B #6-2e( 3>*9("032bX]Y[Ma69<0#*(y5 36%b@*<606.uvFE./!"B(6*'(0#2"$>'V"$ 3"&QD0>!%L+q0#"9) JO(6?>/;6+*90G;(K 2e0§0>§>6%9"B #6%*/!6OM0325 #%$06/;'f+-,:"9/;'("/;6*J'06-Ê.f0#2yX]Y[Ma

¯4+9"96?(@39Gq"$='N 36%/!% 32e0#O#90>6*%J"B 39O!>*(G5 #;#5 3"(K(9O#(%2e90K #6-/;+90306.u+$0#06] 366/!*/!p w/!0#6FE.+s($/!K(6-"+s(B2e09K(%] 3=4¡¯ ]aNc</;"b w65 #9$0RQ`"B 39#@ Z :3jj \F@5 #"y97m?>5 #6->Kr6:>*KMGq9" j a¤v9"§KL #"$" #6%Q7/!%*9U #9<'06"$/!"$9(6-Q7/;9+*9(%*/!'9/!06*"0#2=p w9/;'()XJY[2e0D)O#90>6*%T"B 39)"9'( #p 3O!>*(G5 #; a f0RQ&F(@5%*C56//)/;%(6-/C5'N w/!0#60#2D Z :#jj \) #" IO;>(G5 3!y/;"'(0K+!/;'N 39(%G-,/;9"J+s0"$"9/!G*!UKL/ E./!6O8Q7/6N #$G-,'(06-6.u/;065 # "9'( #p #K("90#6"(ac<H>65 #KMG*/!O>0#>"L/;%(6-9/;C5'( 3/;06_0#2)*0"9 "$ 3"(@</;6'(;>%/!6*O*L"$'N #! #M #@ #6%9'(p 39/;C'N 39/!060#2DKM>/!m?>5 39n_Z \'(06-9(6-M0#2D Z h #j \ #6% wZ h j \1KL"906"@4 #9/;KL+s0B #6-)"B+"J95 3]6(%0VGsM2e>$9(]+>*9"9>*(%bac</;"p #"B/!"$"9>U/;"Gs(/!6*OÊ.+!0$(%TG-,8 ]=¡FE.+s(9/;KL6- w1[1¯S¡<a

c<MK/E./!6*OGsQD(6+9%0K/!65 36?9;,IO;>06/;'Gq0#>6%"B 39(") 36%6>*9 # @5¨x N0#>Buv"9/!6*O!FK("90#6"UKL( #6"5 wU"90Kd$'(06-#(6-/;065 #;K("$06"$ w("UKL N,t'(06- #/!6_"9/;O6/C5'N #6-UO;>(G #! #%K/E:9>9"§/;69(/;yQ N#2e>6'F/!0#6"(ay¤6*%(%b@:91+q0"$"9/;G/!;/;,P0#2 ]O!>*(G5 #;'(0#KL+s066?§/;69 KL"906I5 #"7Gs(6 #$O>%I2e0#<Kl #6-,L,N 39"(a f0RQD#((@x*9('(6-fKL( #"9>$(K(6-10#24]9 3/;0 Z \ | Z \F@xG-,I ]g¡Ê.+q9/!K(6- 3[1¯S¡C56%*") # 3!>Q7/;'!/;KL/"*JO#!>G5 #!q'(06-9(6-032g9 0 37K0"B Rj : a

Y #6%/;%5 39("f2e0#f-,:G9/;%"$ 3"5 N#MGq(6/;%(6-9/;C5%/!6 9N 3'/;06"f 3 o _ #6%H/!6 + #66*/!/;p 39/!06l 3f=¡¯ Ja5¯ "$99/;n:/;6O2eN 39>9]/;"795 37*(/!<+*90:%>'9/!06I9 3]/!6 + #66*/!/;p 39/!06/!"L'(0K+5 #9 #G;T90£5 3l0#2]60$Kl 3 "B 39("a f0RQ&F(@)"$ #+9%/!'F/!0#6"l+>.8 J -,:G9/;%" w7Kl #"$"9" #$0>6% ~ ]# a§c<P%*/!"9'9+5 #6'F,IGqFQ&(69("$P+$(%/;'9/!06"1 #6*%T9FE.+s($/!K(6- #;;,LKL( #"9>*9(%T"$ 3"f6*((%*"12e>B7'(p 39/;C'N 39/!06ba

c<JY< H ¯)lFE.+s($/!K(6-7 3<Y¡ ©'( #68"$9>%*, $/!KL #n#03 36%8%/9 #'9/;f+90:%>'F/;060#2!/!O#?Bum?>5 #$n-,:G9/;%lK("$06"§/!6U a . a j B# DKL #"9"§9O/!0#6b@-/!6'!>%*/!6O*f'( #6%/;%5 3"S$>"BK(6-/;06%baL¯ ~#j#j B+/;06GsN 3KQ7/!!GqU>"$(%`90HKN #"$>9U+/;06.uv+0#906 #6%`+*/!06.u 0#KL906d9N 3'/;06"L!N 3%/!6O0"9!('F%5 #%$06/!'IC565 31"B 39("ac<9(! 3/T"$99(6*O#2e0#+$0.%>*'/;06]0#2-,:G$/!%"='(0K+5 #$(%Q7/;9P03='!0"$Fuv;,:/!6O<"B 39("=/!"4FE.+s('F(%P07Gq§"9/;O6/C5'N #6-9;,p 39O&5 36H/;6T+*9:/;0>"7FE.+s(9/;KL6-"(@5;N #%*/!6OM90"$>G"B #6-/! #!,8$(%>'(%H>6'($ #/!6-/;("a

Ff6-/;x60RQ]@:9f"$N #$'l2e0O;>(G5 3!!" 36%l-,:G9/;%"& #"DGs(6lKL #/!6*;,M$("B9/;'9(%L90J9KL #"$" 36OIGq!0RQ ~ a ~ ]# Nad¤69H'( #"9T0#2'((6-9 #7+$0.%>*'/;06/!6_+90306.uv+90306_'(0#!!/;"9/;06b@ #603O!>0#6.u$/!'+$0.'("9"@4+90:%>'F/!0#6032&/;O)Kl 3"9""$ 3"]/!"!/;KL/%G-,*U2 3!uv0#0#2*l'($0"9"P"9'/;06Q7/L/!6-9"9l"9m?>5 #$l0#29lKL #"$"P0#2&"$ 33aH¯f!"90*@g9 #%/p w/;# |%'N N,@:Q7/!'8'0>;%l+$0.%>*'(O#!>06*/!'<5 #%*906"D>+l90 B# N@.! #'n?"§9$(m?>/;9(%l"$ w/!"B/;'("(aª 0) LKL0$'0KL+*!9>6*%($"$ 36%/!6*OV0#265 3>*9M0#2O#!>06*/!'JFE.'(/ 39/!06"@b l'( #9F2e>"B>%.,0#2=]"$+q'$>K 0#2gO!>*(G5 #;!"< 36%I?,:G$/!%"1>+I0 : ]# /!"7 #6H #G"$0!>*96('("$"9/;,#a

Y&(6-9 #J+5 #$9"H032M+-,:"9/;'("+*90O9 #KKL>"$/!6O ¯>[7¯ %*'90 3T*+1/!O.u¡6($O#,_?09 #O 7/!6OZ¡§ f\P+! #66%d w P:¤P 39l9V"9( #9'_2e0MO;>06/;'LÊ.'(/; 3/;06"M/;6*T' #9K06/;>K "$('F0 #6%_*T'06-/;6:>*/!6O?>6-2e0MO;>(G5 3!!"@/!6'!>%*/!6O/;O,`Ê*'/;9(%"$ 3"<Q7/;TFE.0#9/!'m?>5 #6-9>K 6?>KMGs(9"a§4/;O-7-,.G*9/!%*"Z¦Q7/;9TKL #"$"9("1>+V0 ~ a : ]]\DQ7/!;Gs M2e0.'>"70#2=]+$0+q0#"9(% ~ B¬>+O9 #%]0#2=#F9"90#64 #GV2 #'(/;!/,a

]0#/!6OJ0M/;O&KL #"9"$("</!6"9N 39'V2e0&O#!>06*/!'15 #%$06"+$0R./;%("<"$#( 3 #%*3 #6- 3O("W

109KL #s!/!O#?Bum?>5 #$nU"$,:"$9(K"1 R#J M'(0K+!/;'N 39(%L"9+s('99>KTaf( #9,8 M?>6%*9(%T"$ 3"Q7/IQ7/!%*9"0#2U Njj j#j HH #$Pn?60RQ76/;6T9KL #"$"f/;6?9(B# 3 *~ B# Na<¤6H9'5 39K06/!>*K¢9O/!0#6V06;,l(/;O-f6 #9$0Q"$ 3"fÊ./!"$1/;6I9 j a B# /;6-(B3 #Gq!0RQ9 $("9*0!%b@y #6%£*l'(0#6?9/!6?>>K #Gs0R8/;"9p 39/;#(;,"$KL0:0#9baHc<*/!"MKL #n#"/;/!n#;,5 3 36?,_Ê.0#/;'T"B 39("/!6t* u : ]# Kl #"$"U9(O#/!06_'N 36dGsH$("$0;#(%d #6%

~

/;%(6-/C5(%I>6 #KMG/;O>0>"$;,#a

4 3$/!'X]Y[ 36%d3 #$/!0>"UK0.%*(!"L #;<+9%/!'Fl;0Quv;,:/!6*O' #9K06/;>K -,.G*9/!%*"LQ7/;9KL #"9"$("GsQD(6 a h #6% a : B# @yV;0QD("B"$ 3V R:/;6OlFE.0#/;'8m?>5 #6->*K6?>KMGs($" ac<*9(H0#29/!O-!0RQD("B$u,:/!6O'5 #$KL06*/!>K-,:G$/!%"L5 N"$+/!6.uvFE.0#9/!'7m?>5 #6->K¥6?>KMGs($"(@:(6*'()"B90#6OPK/E./;6O]q('9"DQ7/6N #$G-,l<"$ 3"& #$Ê*'!>%*(%ba

X)>5 #6-9>K 6:>*KMGqM'(0#6"9$3 3/;06£ 36%£%*,:65 #K/!'( #"9!('F/;06£9>*!("P/!K+;,5 3P'5 #$KL0wu6/;>K -,:G9/;%"&Gs(;0Q 99"90#!%80#2 a ]# '( #6603%'N N,/!6-0 K("90#6" #6*%V"90M*(/!DQ7/!%*9""9*0>!%VGs)"$Kl #; a>1,:G$/!%"95 3<'( #6V%('( N,8/!6-90 #$)FE.+s('9(%905 NQ7/!%*9"<"9/;KL/;p #0M9 ~ : j HHB Q7/;%**"<0#2g9n?60RQ76T#('F07"$ 3" Z \F@ Z §\ 36% Z : \Fa

1>'(;(06.u #6-/;6:>*'(!06° #66/;/!! 3/;06'( #6+90:%>'O#!>06*"I #"8Q&!] #"Im?>5 #$nu® #6-/;m?>5 #9n+5 3/!9"Q7//;6` I0;>KL'(0#99"9+s06%/;6OH90T9l9 #6O0#29"$$06OH/!6- #'F/!0#6ba8¯" $("9>*;M0#9%/;65 #$,K("$06" #6*%tO!>0#6/!'5 #%$06"M"$0>;%£5 NV"$/!K/!! #]'5 #6'("0#27Gs(/;6O2e0$KL%ba¤6*%(%b@gÊ.+q9/!K(6-9"P w]4¡¯ /!6%*/!'N w95 3+$0.%*>'9/!06 w("032 8"$ 3" #$"9/;KL/;p #§00#"9]0#2g"$ w("7Q7/;9IFE.0#/;']m:> #6->K6?>KGq9"(a

¤6TKl 3"9"U #6*OT95 3/!" #''("9"9/;G!I0I¡§ +$0wS$('FN@! 399/!'TXJY[ "9>O#O("B"9Ê*/;"$9(6'M0#2 #Gs0>* : O!>G5 #;"$ w("@"$0KLJQ7/;9FE.0#9/!'Jm?>5 #6->K 6?>KMGs($"(a ª 0#Ê 3KL+;#@=L!/!O#?9("BO;>(G #!Q7/;99lÊ*03/!'Lm?>5 #6->K 6?>KMGs($" ~ /;"P+$(%/;'9(%90V5 N 8Kl 3"9"0#2 a ]# Ra ª 0#)"9>'O;>(G5 3!!"1K/E./;6OLQ7/60$Kl 3K("90#6""$0>;%LGsf"$>++$("$"9(%aD¯f"& ]'(06*"9(m?>6'()9, 391+9%/!'F(%0JGq1 wD65 3990RQ #6%( #"$,890L/;%(6-9/;2¦,8Ê.+q9/!K(6- #!,a

.N 39'"]2e0#O;>(G5 3!!"1 #6*%?,:G$/!%"/!69/!"f(69O#,H9O/!06'N #6Gs+s(B2e09K(%/;6+5 #9 #!;(Q7/;9V"$9>%/!"0#2='5 #$KL0#6/!>K¥"$+q'$0"9'0+-,I 39)+$0+s0"9% ¯3f[1¯%*'90(a¤6I #%%*/;/;06b@G-,'(0K+5 #$/!6OJ%/;q($(6-D+90:%>'F/!0#6lK('5 #6*/!"9K"§/;§"90#>!%LGqf+q0"$"9/;G!<0JC56%8>*65 #KMG/;O>0>*""9/;O65 39>9"70#2g9("$PÊ.0#/;'"$ w("a

& )1&(/0# $34"5576 J@6$> -(2=8 ,.A$c= #6*"$9"$/;,:I92e9")90V l/;9%"B$>'9>9M2e>6*'/;06Q7/;'%("$'(9/;Gq" 860R #"$+q']0#29%*,:65 #K/!'"0#2m?>5 39n?"g/;6)§6?>'(;(06a=/;!y9"$$>'9>92e>6'F/;06" « Z q\ #6% « Z q\9+9"9(6-*DK0K(6->K 36%"$+/!6J%/!"B$/!G>*9/!06*"=032**Dm?>5 #$n?"<Z"$(D"9('F/;06" ~ a a ~ #6% ~ a ~ a \^@w9§9/!$%2e>6'F/;06 « ZVq\=9(+*9("$(6-"9&9 #6"B($"9<"$+/!6M%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06032xm:> #9n?"(@95 3/!"g9&+*90G5 3G/!;/;,0#2.C56%/;6O) 7m?>5 #9nQ7/J/;"="9+*/!6.uv09/;(6- 39/!06+ # #;!#015 3=0#2.D6?>'(;(06JQ7(69§6:>*'(!06"9+*/!6]/!"+s($+q6%/!'>p 3b0</;6'(/;%(6-4GsN #K Z"9 ª /!Oa \Fa=¯;KL0"B60#9/!6*O</!"n?60RQ76M 34+*9("$(6- #Gs0>*§19 #6"$#($"9/;,L%/;"$$/!G>./!0#6 « ZVq\^@.F680>*O8/;D/!"§0#2O#9N w&/;6?9($("$&"9/;6'(f%5 3 P06/;<QD0>;%I(65 #G*!]>"<0U/!6-#("$9/!O- wQ&09Kl 39nw #G;]X]Y[fuG5 #"$(%T+9%/!'F/;06"(a

];>06"1 #$P+*9(%*/!'9(%6*0#f90L'06-$/!G>*9J90L9J9 #6*"$9"$M"9+/;6%/;"$99/!G*>*/;06T #6%"$0L9"$99>'F>$P2e>6*'/;06" « Z q\1 36% « Z q\1 #$]FE.+q'9(%0%/1'06"$/!% #G,aD¯"f $("9>*;fGq0#9*%+q6%(6*'(M0#2 « ZVq\10#6 #6%TP/!6-O #0R#( « Z q\Zn?60RQ76 3"19P9(6"$0'5 39O3@ \"9*0>!%UGs<m?>/;9<%/;q($(6-2e90K¬/!y;06O/>%*/!65 #:'(0#>6-($+5 #B"(ac<*7QD(;uvn:6*0Q76LX]Y["9'( #!/;6O)Gs(5 N:/!0#>y0#2 « Z q\ZeQ7*/!'U/!"y! #9O#(;,J%$/;#(6UG-,*<O!>0#6M'(06-99/!G*>*/;06"\=/!"y+$(%/;'9(%0LGqJ("$"96?9/p #;;,T #G*"9(6-f2e0 « Z q\Fa<¤6 #%*%/;9/!06V*P6"90#f'5 39OP/!"1+9%/!'F(%H0lGsJKM>'p 39O&5 36T9]/!6-O #0#( « ZVq\&Q7/!'T!( #%"90a

R

1f = g1 -= 1h = -

ª /;O>9 W 7 -F(!/J$C1()-"/9'*-.!/ $($(-"'0/1' $(7$(7NF ,/#%$(-.'0/1 « THY4 « THY*/ « THY $($E60-.I* , " H*#F#%'0,/J$' $(7 =D'0=9!/ $(,= 47! "-"#F-.$ ;*/2$&N*/1&I*FN1( 1&)-"/?1($&N,#%$(,7(S'Q$(7 / ,#F .F'0/5A

¤6'(;>"9/D%(+.u/;6(! #"$9/!'§"9'N w99/;6O'( #6Gs&>"$(%90KN #"$>9D06,]'/!9 #!,#(6m?>5 #6-//;("(@Q79N 3" « ZVq\7/!"1'/!9 #!,80:%% #6*%"900l0#G* #/;6H/;6*2e0$Kl 39/!06I06 « ZVq\<Q&PKM>"$'(0KG/!6]/Q7/;98 #6*0#D'*/! 3!;,-uv0.%%U0G*"9(B3 #G!3ay¯6lFE* #K+!10#2b"$>'I J2e>*6'9/!06/!"f0616(%(%890%"9'($/!Gs*) /!KM>*95 #x%+q6%(6*'(0#24+/;06"§+90:%>'(%V/;6l%(+.uv/!6p #"B/!'1"9'( 399($/!6Oac<*(9û2e0$#@06I+s0"9"$/!G;lQ N,£90%9(9K/!6*889 #6"B9"9/,_%/!"B$/!G>*9/!06`/!"M0>"$V 36"$#(9"$(,+s0p #$/ (%V #$O9"7/!6T'(0KMG*/!65 39/!068Q7/TKL( #"9>*9(K(6-9"f0#2gP /!KM>*95 #b%*(+s(6%6'(0#29+$0.%>*'((%T5 #%*906"a

¯C5$"$*/!6-M0#2< 606.u 909 #6"B9"9/,£%/;"$99/!G*>*/;06 #"MGs((6t$(+s0$9(%£G-,+¡ H¡§qa¤6*/!"8Ê*+s($/!K(6-l9"9/;6O;T #9OF$uv"9+/;6 #"$,:KKLFB,d2e0L!+*0+*90:%>'9/!060#2]+/!0#6"lQ& #"KN #"$>9%06H ;06O/>%*/!65 #;;,+s0p #$/ (%V-,:%90O#(6 #9OFNa§c<% 3 U"90RQ U"9KL #;b+q0#"9/;9/;#"9/;6O;Fu"$+/!6 #"B,:KLK9$,a./;KL/;p #P%5 3 5 NTGs((6d0G* #/!6%d0#6 !06*O/;9>%/!6 #!,+q0! #9/ %%>*9/!>*K¢ #$O(a

c<% 3 'N #6HGqJFE.+! #/!6%HG-,H LK0:%('( #!'>p 39/!06T #"$"9>K/!6*OL$N #"$065 #G;]("$9/!KL 3"12e0#Gs0#V*]9 #6*"$9"$/;,I%/;"$$/!G>./!0#6 « ZVq\< #6%V*J'09$("$+q06*%/!6OHZe'/!9 #!,l0:%%x\D2e9 #OK(6- wu/;06H2e>*6'9/!06ba f0RQD#((@b9"$Kl 3!= /;KM>*95 #4 #"B,.KKB,TKL/;O-) #;"90LGqP'N #>"$(%G-, C565 3"$ 3D/!6- #'F/;06PGsQD(6MD"9+s('F 390"B,."BKr #6*%P*&'(>*996-ym?>5 #$nS$FNa ª >.>$&KN #"$>9ûK(6-"f>"9/;6O8 U 36"$#(9"$(,+s0p 39/ (%I #$O1Q7/!;Gq #G;]90l$("90#;J/;" 3KMG/!O#>/;,#@x #"f9QD0H+$0.'("$"9("JO/9/;"90I 89 #6"B9"9L"9/;6O!û"$+/!6 3"$,:KLK9$,Q7/%/9(6-]%+q6%6'(06*U /;KM>* #y #6*O!MGsQD(6"$'N 3$9/!6*OT+*p #63@9 #6"B($"9"9+/;6%/!$('9/!06 36%+p #6*M0#2*J+*90:%>'(%H #%90#6ba

)69fG #"9/;"§032q9f"$Kl 3! 3"$,:KLK99/;("KL( #"9>*9(%UQ7/;9L;06O/>%*/!65 #;;,]+s0p 39/ (%M #9OF"@/;f/!"1FE.+s('F(%95 3)"$/ #G!P #"B,.KK$/!"1Q7/;!4GqP0G"$($#(%/;2g9 #6"$#($"9(,+s0p 39/ (%I #$O9" #$>"9%ba.>*'LÊ*+s($/!K(6-"5 N<9'(6?9;,Gq(6U"$ #$9(%U 3Gs0#9Y< H ¯*U 36% ¡ H¡§qac<F,Q7/;!g60#J06,Gq #G*!M0TKN #"$>9UU'06-9/;G>*9/!060#2&'(06- 3KL/;65 3/;6OlC56 #uv"$ wU/!6.u #'F/;06lF'"@*G>.D9,Q7/!;x #!"$0 #;!0RQ97C59"B%/;9('F&KN 3"9>$(K(6-"D0#2b*f9 #6"B($"9/,%/;"$$/!G>./!0#6ba

¤v]"90#>!%Gs(K+5 #"$/ %b@0RQD(@45 w'(06*"9/!%*( 3G;,/!O*()"B 39/!"$9/!'")Q7/!!=Gs6(%(%0Ê: 3' #6_ #''(>9 3L# 3!>l2e0#P*8(6*"90'5 39O803219V6?>'(;(06_ 36%£0"B>%*, %+q6%(6*'(U0#2*9 #6"$#($"9/;,%/!"B$/!G>*9/!06a f6'(3@ #0>*OY< H ¯) #6%Ef¡ DH¡§Q7/!;+$0R./;%)$,V/;KL+s0B #6-&C9"$1%5 w /!689/!"03$Q7/!"$./;9O/;6lC5!%b@5 M2e>;/;6?#("B/!O 3/;06V0#2*/!"f #"9+s('F0#2y6:>*'(!06"B$>'9>9P'N #6H06;,IGsJ'N #$9/!%0>. w) 6Q */!O.uv!>K/!6*0"9/,l;(+*906"9'( 399($/!6O2 #'/!!/,a£.>' 2 #'/!;/;,Q7/!;&KL #n#I/;M+q0"$"9/;G!82e0M9VC59"BU/!Kl90#($/;2¦,£9+$(%/;'/;06"0#2bX]Y[°2e0y9<9 #6"$#($"9"$+/!6"$99>'F>$f032q976:>*'(!06b@?65 #K(, p 39O9(6"$0'5 #$OJ #6%IQ&( #nV#0!>./!0#6V0#2 « Z q\Q7/ Ra

4"55 4 (*$3(268 B( 31,1$ 38 ,1=84> ,18$3(6 #;/ %+5 3$0#6M%/!"B$/!G>*9/!06*"&Z [ k "\40# fKL0$D'0K+9(6"$/;#%("$'($/!+*9/!06P0#2xm?>5 #9n%*,:65 #K/!'"M/!6£9V6?>'(;(06@§"$/!6'8F,£'( #6t #n3I #'('0>6-0#21'(0$9(! 3/;06"PGqFQ&(6%/;q($(6-m?>5 #$nKL0K(6-9>K "B 39("(@g #6%GsQD((6`!06O#/;>*%/!65 3gK0K(6->K #6%9 #6"$#($"9l+s0"$/;/;06bac<F, 39I>6/($" #1606:u+s($9>9G 3/I0G:S$'"L(6-9/;6O9T%("$'(9/;+*/;060#2)5 39%FE.'(;>"9/(;('F90#+90:%>'F/!0#6+90:'("9"9"P"$>' #"9 a Ff"$/!6OHX]Y[ 2 #'909/ 39/!06Hû0$(K"(@&9 3KL+;/;9>%("2e0"9>*'+90:'("9"$("8'( #6GsH"$+!/L/;6-05 #9%d"9'( 399(9/;6O£ 3KL+;/;9>%("

0 π/2 π 3π/2 2πAngle Φ between leptonic (ee’γ*

) and hadronic (γ*γp) planes

−0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

Bea

m s

pin

asym

met

ryª /;O>9 : WE!*= 1&)-"/ *1 = =DF$& 9-"/ $(7)N' #%!1(1 ('0= LBD$ GT (!)'0-O/ $(1Y -.$(! .!#%$&('0/1C*/ ('0= BT 6*NF!/:Y -.$(9)H'01(-.$&N'0/1F4 -"/1&'0=D $E-F(!/J$ +-"/7!=9$(-O#F* (F60-"'0/1FA<7>))('+-O=9$&>1N-"/ 7F)H!/7!/#% -O1 1(,6*6*!1&$(-.I*3' $(73)) "-O#FG-" "-.$ '$(7DKLPR '*N=9* O-"1(=?4*1-" " O,1&$&N$&!;G $(7 $(7F'*(F$(-"#F* #F,7(I*!1FA

GsQD((6+5 #$906"f #6% [ k "(@x #"1"9*0Q76H/!6 ª /;Oa a ª 90K¢909F/;'N #+s0/!6-10#2=:/!Q]@59/!6-990:%>'9/!06T0#2y9("$6FQ %/!"B$/!G>*9/!06*"1G*>/!;%"1 LG$/!%OJGsQD((62e>*6%5 #K(6- 3X]Y[M@x+û60K(6*0!0O3, #6%LFE.+s(9/;KL6- #x0G"$(B# 3G!"(a HH0$(0R(@."9>'8KN 3"9>$(K(6-"& #97"96"9//f90*]90# 3 #6O>*p #K0K(6- '( #9$/!(%IG-,Vm?>5 #$n?"f0#2gO/(6I¨x N0#>f/;6I +s0! #9/ (%V6?>'!06ba

.#(9 #*0G*"9(B3 #G!"y/!6J%(+,P:/!B>5 3*Y&0#KL+*906"$'N 3$9/!6*OZA[ fY<\= #6%MÊ*'!>"$/;#%(+;,:/!B>5 #:K("90#6+90:%>'F/!0#6IZA[ H \g+*90R:/!%< f5 #6%;&06M9Ê*+s($/!K(6- 3.%F9K/!65 39/!06P0#2*("9%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06"a'f0RQD#(<5 #9%V+*90:%>'9/!06l0#24+0#906"&Q7//;6l* #$O&6?>'(;(06V/;"/!6*%/!"B/!6*O>/!"$5 #G;2e90K 9 o Fû 1(/;9!&+$0.'("9"&/!6LQ7*/!'l9)+0306"& #9f(K/;$(%LG-,L9/!6*'(/!%*(6-0)"$'N 3$9(%!('F$06"(aJ¯]/;O(60#>O(6*(9O#/!("@4[ fY</;")606F!"9"]FE.+s('9(%0J%0K/!6 37/!6K0"$§0#2+*5 #"91"9+ #'([email protected] 3" 3D"90KQ7 3&;0RQ&D6($O/!"(@?1/!6-$2e9(6*'(GsQD((6HQD0L+$0.'("$"9("fKl N,lGq]>"$(%I0"$>*%*,I[ fY<H 3<9J #KL+*!/;9>%);#( a

c<)C5$"$<Ê*+s($/!K(6- 3q$("9>*;"&%0/!6%*((%V/;6%/;'N 39195 31Y&0K+*9068"9'( 399($/!6O w&*)+5 #®u0#6L;x5 #"§Gq(6l0#G"9$%baDY&90"$"D"$('F/!0#6"DKN 3"9>$(%lG-,U* #6*%b¡ F)U'(0;p #Gs09 3/;06" 3 ¡ 7¯r 39J/!6Tm:> #!/ 39/;] 3O9(K(6-7Q7/;H("B/!KL 39("7G5 #"$(%0#6O;>06T #6%Hm:> #9n [ k "ao ( #K "$+/!6 #"$,:KKLF9/;("@KN #"$>9%Gq03 3 ¡ H¡§ 36% 4 #GY¯)tZ"9 ª /!O*a : \F@q%/!"®u+! R,J f'5 # 3'9/;"$/;'D"$/!6 `%+q6%6'(<%>*D01& #Gs0#K(6-/;06(%P/!6-$2e9(6*'(#aHH090R(@*C5$"$PKL( #"9>*9(K(6-P0#2GsN 3K '5 #9O#Z | \] #"$,:KKLFB, 3 ¡ DHH¡D/!"J/!6%*/!'N w/;#0#2*7 #6-/!'/!+5 w(%'(0" t%(+s(6*%(6'1 #6%U/!%6-/;C("9<90;&0#2'06*C5O>* 39/!06"/!69<+90306ba

[)(%/;'N 39(%[ fY<IFE.+q9/;KL6?9"(@x>"$/!6O6Q¬ 3%%/;9/!06*"0FE./!"B/!6*OL%F'0#9"(@xQ7/!;bGsP+s(®u2e0$KL%8 3 4 #G8 #6*% ¡ H¡§l"$ #$9/!6OJ/!6 ~#jj ac<("$Q7/!;5+90R:/!%1KM>'lGqF9&"B 39/!"$9/!'" #6%T #6I/;KL+$0R(%I"$(+5 #9 3/;06I0#24]Ê*'!>"$/;#J+*90:'(("$"7G?,8%9('9/!6O #;qC56 #"$ 3+5 3$/;'(;("(ac</;"y #;!0RQ7"=9"B>%*,P0#259"9'( #!/;6OGs( R:/;0>03250G"$($3 #G*!("@-+>*$/!6*O06 1C59K¬O90#>6%9>6%*(9,:/!6O]09F/;'N #5%"9'9/!+./!0#6ba0.0#n:/;6O2e>$9(D #( #%b@?"9>*'8KL( #"9>*9(K(6-9"& #$ 3KL06*O*l+$/!KL #$,O0- #;"J032 ~ ]>+O# #%L 3 4 #Gba HH( #"9>$(K(6-"M 3Y< H ¯s@gQ7/;9Rjj*~#jj B #6*% GsN #K"<0;%IO9( 37+90#KL/;"92e0<KL #++*/!6O0>.19)vu%*(+s(6%6'(P0#2* [ k "a

c<]'($0"9"7"9'9/!06"1 #6*%H 3"$,:KLK99/;("2e0<Ê*'!>"$/;#J;(+*90+$0.%>*'/;06V0#24'90 36%I+"9>.u%0"$'N #! #KL"906"L #$"96"9//I0`%*/;q(96-8'(0#KMG/!6 3/;06"0#2 [ k "a f(6*'(% 3 06d93 #9/;0>"]9( #'9/!06*"P'( #6`;N #%0H/!6*2e0$Kl w/!0#6069L%*/!"$99/;G>*/;06")2e0J%/9(6-J¨x N0>*9"(aH2+5 #B/;'(>! #/!6-9("B</!"*)+90:%>'F/;06l0#24;06O/>%*/!65 #;;,P+q0#p #$/ %#('F0K("$06"0#6V P9 #6"®u9"$(;,+s0p #$/ (%+90#906 #9O#NaV¤6"9l+*90:'(("$"9"(@y*L9 #6"B($"98 #9OFM 3"$,:KLK9$,/;"

:

"96"9//<0*1'06-$/!G>*9/!06U0#2s*790# 35 #6O>*p #yK0K(6->*Kr0#2s7m?>5 #$n?"(@ @-90]97+90wu0#6"$+/!6baL.+s('/;C5'( #!,@ @ #6% !'$0+$0.%>*'/;06 #9U"$(6"$/;/0I*'0KMG/;65 39/!06"~ R@ #6*% ~ f9"9+s('9/;#(;,#a HHN #"$>9KL6-"10#2g9/!"<n?/;6%8Q&9J"$ #$9(% 3 f¡ DH¡§I #6%HY< H ¯)V/!6 ~#jj~ a/;98 R~ B>+O9 #%#@ 4 #G Y¯8"90#>!%VGs #G;)0UKN #"$>9]'($0"9"1"9'9/!06"7>+I0 S B(a

¤6d0#9%U902e>!,`Ê*+*!0/MI+s0#6-/p 30#2 [ k "(@D 6*Q;(+*906_"9'( 399(9/;6O2 #'(/;!/;,/;"6(%%ba 9'(/;"9IKL( #"9>*9(K(6-9"0#27I #"$"90:'(/! 3%t%(+;,./;$9>5 # 36%tFE.'(;>"9/I9( #'9/!06*"9m?>/!$1Gs0#9"$>'(/;(6-§Gq( #K (6*(9O3,U #6%/!O#!>K/!60#"9/;,#agc<*/!"yQ7/!;*+s($KL/y7%+q6%6'(06J%/;q($(6-=n?/!6Kl 39/!'y3 #$/p #G;("b90fGs"$>*%/!%P"B,."BKl 39/!'( #!,@RQ7/!'P/!"'9>'/p #2e04Ê.9 #'F/;6O*%/;"$$/!G>./!0#6"2e90K¥%5 3 *ayc<FE./!"B/!6*OP2 #'/!!//;("/!6l¡>90+s0#+q 39) 3D!>K/!6*0"9//!"y5 w%060#l #!;0RQ¢"$>'"$9>%/;("(a¤69 F16/;9(%: 39("@&Y¡ o ¯ ª #'('(;( w0Q7/!;KL #n#H KL S$01"$+2e0$Q& #9%@G>*)6Q7(6>+*O #%*(%/!6(69O#,H0 ~ ]M@s/;)%*0."60#)'(0R] #!0#2<9l6'("9" 3$,£n?/;6(KL 3/;'N #%0#Kl #/;6ba ª /!6 #!,@2e>$9(P09F/!'( #"$9>%/!" #$l6(%%_903 #;>5 39f*90#!0324/!O*(Bu Q7/!"B&F'"@5 #"&QD(; 3"0#*(&+s0"$"9/!G*!f #++;/!'N w/!0#6"D032b [2e0$Kl #;/!"$KHa

4"55 9 8?<-, 3 =7 < 36$3¯J!06*O()%*/!"$ #6'("]'(0$9"9+s06%/;6OT90V'06*C56KL6-"$'N #;0#2 ª ($KL/y #6%GqF,06*%b@g0#6'N 3660#P%/!$('F;,$"9(m?>5 39n?"(@gG>*J>6%9,./;6OIm?>5 #9n%*,:65 3KL/;'("]/!"]6F(B!"9" 3]90$/!O/;60#2xO$0>6%:u"$ 3<+*90+s(B/!"0#2s5 3%906*"(@*(/!FE.'(/ 39/!06M"$+q'99>Kr #6%M*</!6- #'F/!0#6GsQD((6HKHa

)>8X]Y[fuvG5 #"9%>6*%($"$ 36%/!6*O`0#2"9>'2e>*6%5 #K(6- 31/;"9"$>("5 #"Gq(6+*90K0#%d"$/!O3u6/C5'N #6-9;,G-,9'(6?/!O#.u+$('/!"9/;06KN #"$>9KL6?9"(a8¤6+5 #B/;'(>! #(@$("9>*;"]2e90#K HH¯HT¤06*6(>*9906T(;('F90#Kl #O#69/!'f2e0#9K2 3'0#9"< #6*%T6?>'!06I+q0! #9/;" #G*/!!//;("'(;N #$;,L/!6%*/!'N w9/!K+s0$ #6'(0#2g9]+/!0#6T'!0>*%T/;6V]"$99>'F>$P032g9]6:>*'(!06`Z"9M:('9/!06 ~ a \â

:9 #6OJ(! #"$9/!')2e0$K2 #'909"70#2gJ+$0#06T5 N #!"$0LGs(6Ê.9 #'F%2e90K¢FE.+q9/;KL6?9"068+ #9/,L:/!0#p 39/!06U/!6l(!'9906V"$'N 3$($/!6O*ayc<)C5$"$<$("9>*;"D2e90K 4 #GV #6*% HH¯HH¤§"9>*OO("B 3l9"$9 #6*OFuvm:> #9nd'(06-6-I0#26:>*'(!06/!"L"9KL #!A@< #"8+*90Gs(%G-,('F0V'>9$(6-"ac<"9J9("$>;9"79(m?>/;92e>B1Ê.+q9/!K(6- #4 #6%V*(0$/;'N #/;6-("B/;O- 3/;06ba

c<VFE.'/; w/!0#6"P0321 m?>5 #6->K "$,:"$9(K 'N #6£+*90R:/!%8/;KL+s0B #6-J/!6*2e0#9KL 3/;06 #Gq0#>*9Q& R#2e>6'9/!06*"&0#2=/;9"&'06"$9/;9>(6-"a HH0.%*(96V+*9('/!"$/!06VÊ*+s($/!K(6-" #6%V%F('F0$"7 #9"9%.u%/;6O£6FQ ;/!O-L06-0£90;%"9>G?S$('I032]G5 #$,#06"9+s('F90#"9'(0#+?,#a ª 0FE* #K+;#@<9('(6-%F($KL/;65 39/!060#2q1m?>5 #%$>+s0!7'(0#KL+s066?§/;6U91(!'990KL #O6F/;' 9 #6"$/;9/!06HZA wHH¯ HH¤@¡=.¯@.4¡ P #6% 4 #Gx\ #;"90+s0/;6?9"§90P9$0!10#2b9+/;06l'!0>*%l"9>*990#>6%/;6OP96?>'(;(06a

ª >$9($KL0$#@y"$>K 9>;("%*/!9'9;,'(06*6('F!0RQu6($O#,+90#+q$/;("J098+s0p #$/ (% #6%>6+s0! #9/ (%P+0#90- #G"$09+./!0#6M'($0"9"y"$('F/!0#6"y0696?>'!(0#6bay¤6+5 #B/;'(>! #(@&'(06-$/!G>./!0#60U* ( 3"9/!K0R-u®[)9! u f( #96l"9>K $>!2e90#KJ9"9065 36'(P9(O#/!06T5 #"1Gq(6KN 3"9>$(% wHH¯ HH¤) #6*%¡=.¯Pac<UFE:6"9/;06032D"$>'`"$>K $>!")0V*U2e0#$Q& #9%"9'( 399($/!6OV0#2§:/!B>5 #+0306"7Q7/!; #;!0RQ°m:> #6-/; 3/]"$9>%/;("10#29J9 #6*"9/;9/!06V2e$0K U9("$065 #6*'(Fuv%0K/!65 w(%I%û"9'9/;+*/;06U 3!0RQD( 90] +5 #$906/;'%("$'($/!+*9/!06 3! #9O a.>'KN #"$>9KL6?9"§ #9<Gs(/;6O'N 399/;(%I0>*f 31¡=.¯P@¡ DHH¡Ds@0HT¯HH¤< 36% = 3Gba

c<8'06"$9/;9>(6-Mm?>5 39nKL0:%§+*9(%*/!'9"PK0$LÊ*'/;9(%£"B 39("032L6?>'(;(06`95 #65 NGs((6H0G"$($#(%"$02 #a&c<J"9( #9'H2e07"9>'H"$ w("f/!"1 UKl S$0#$>"$f0#2yKL #6-,VÊ*+s($/!K(6- 3+$0O 3KL"8/;6,#N #$"I90_'(0K#@f #6%°/;8Q7/;!f #!"$0t9m:>*/!9$(6FQ&%*(0$/;'N #) #65 #,."$("a7("90#65 #6'`%'N N,:""9>' #" #9Gq/!6O/!6-#("$9/!O- w(%/!6°6(>. 3J' #66!" w 1¯f¯) 36%U/!6U'5 #$O(%'5 #66*(!"D 3§¡=.¯#.¯ f¤ 36%4 #G Y¯qa:.>*'LÊ*+s($/!K(6- 3'N 3+5 #G/;!/;9/!"gQ7/!;Gs1"$/!O6*/;C5'( #6-;,(6 #6'(%l/;62e>*9>9<Q7/1>"$f0#2s*)*¯1YdY&$,:"$ # o #!

Ri

3b9>+O9 #%% HT¯HH¤ #6%]0#2?§4¡¯ tY&B,:"$ 3 o #$9( 3=¡g:¯a./;KL/;p #$;,#@"B>%/;("40#2?QD03u+/;06V+90:%>'F/;068/!6V6?>'!06.u6?>'!06I'(0;!/!"$/!06*"D5 N#Gq(6I"$ #$9(%T 31Y¡=.¤ F)I #6%HY<] *("9H #$V"9(6*"9/;9/;#I90I+$0+q$9/!("U 36%d%*('N N,:"0#2f9IG5 #B,069"9065 36'( Z j \ «« ac<'5 366( £@*Q7*/!'I'N #6VGs"$9>%/;(%T 37¡=.¯ #6% #! #Gb@./!"< #;"90U M+$0K/!"9/;6O0#62e09]%/!"$'(0R$,I0#2g6QG5 #$,#06T9("$065 #6*'(("a

cg>*96/;6OH90T9L/;6-(9 #'9/!06*"J0326?>'(;(06*"(@%* 3/!!%"B>%*/!("J0#2&+90#906.uv+90#906"9'N w99/;6O5 NGq(68+s(B2e09K(%L #" J'(06-9/!6?>0>"§2e>6'F/!0#6L0#2fGq( #K (69O#,L 3Y<] 3¡§[[7¯@?Q7/;9(/U>6+s0p #$/ (%0U+q0! #9/ %GsN 3K #6%d #9O#Nadc<("$$("9>*;""9/;O6/C5'N #6-9;,t'06"$9 #/;66?>'(;(06:u6?>'(;(06+5 3"9T"9/2¦l 365 #;,:"$("U>+_0 ~ B #6%_,:/!!%t/;O-U>++s(U!/;KL/"0#69(! #"$9/!')Q7/;%*"<0327Z-,:+s0#F/;'N #p\D65 #$90RQ%/;G5 #B,06"a

HH("$06`+*90:%>'9/!06%*,:65 3KL/;'("/!62eFQ 6?>'!(0#6"B,."BKL"JKl N, #!"$0T$#N #6FQ 2eN w>$("]0#2*"$$06OV/;6?9(9 #'9/!06ba ª 0FE* #K+!3@ K("$06+90:%>'F/;06 3)99"90#!%/!69 ~ @ #6% 6?>'(;(06L"$,:"$9(K"< #;9N 3%*,O/("§"$9906*O/!6*%/!'( 3/;06"0#2qfFE./!"B(6*'(032 Pm?>5 3"9/uvGq0#>6% "$ 33a¤v4Q7/!;Gs9 #"$n0#25Y¡=.¤ F w¯).¯ #6%Y<] 01"9N 39'P2e0#=K0$%/!$('=F./;%(6*'(2e0<"$>' "$ 33a

4"55 < =)+( 67A B,1(*)9

c<L/!K+q0B #6*'(0#2<+*9('/!"$/!06"$9>%/!"0#2DL'5 #$KL06*/!>K"B,:"$KH@'(0K+5 #$(%0H90#m?>5 #$n#06/! V 36% w@9(;/!"f06/"f+9/./;!O(%H+q0"$/;9/!06b@x,./;6Ol/;6*M9O/!060#2/!6-9K(%/! 3%/;"$ 36'(")Q7($MM%*0Kl 3/!6"10#2+s($9>9G 3/U #6%606.uv+q$>*9G5 39/;#UX]Y[¥'0KP0#O9(a¤v/;"2e0P9/!"9N 3"906£95 3M98'5 #$KL0#6/!>K "$,:"B(K +90R:/!%*("U >6/;m?>l"$9/!6OO$0>6%£2e0#X]Y[Ma*¤6%*((%@KL #"9"$("7 #6*%8Q7/!%*9"0#24*]1"$ w("<%*/!9'9;,9F¨5('F19)G5 3"9/!' P/!6- #'^u/;06 :3 #9/;0>"9(9K"</!6V9]/!6- #'F/!0#6I #9'066'%HQ7/I%/;q($(6-1"9+s('/;C5'2eN w>$("70#2*"$+q'99>KTa5HH090R(@//!"]/!6' #9K06/;>K "$+q'$0"9'0+-,Q7($9UO!>0#6'06%6" w0#27*X]Y[ 3 #'(>>*K 'N 36dGsV%9($KL/;6(%ba ª /!6 #!,@2e$0K #6t^E.+q9/!K(6- #+s0/!6-U0#27:/!FQ]@'5 #$KL0#6/!>K "B 39("MGs(;0RQ 99"90;%t #$l!/;KL/%/;6`6?>KMGs(@y5 NV"$Kl 3!yQ7/!%."@ #6%H #$)Q&!9"90%ba

[)/!"$'(0R$,t0#2798K/!"9"$/!6O!#(;"U #6%_ #''(>9 3VKN #"$>9KL6-U0#2f #!§"$ 3"MQ7/!!§+$0:/;%"9/;O6/C5'N #6-7 3%%/;9/!06 #q/;6"9/;O-"/;6-0X]Y[Ma*¤v<Q7/;!s(;+I90%/;q($(6-/! 3) #KL0#6OM3 #9/;0>"7X]Y[/!6*"9+/;9(%I+s0#6-/p 3K0.%!"< 36%V0C5!q/!6VG! #6n?"7/!6V0>*<>6%9"$ #6%/;6O0#24]G5 #"$/!' /;6?9(®u #'F/!0#6ba.>'I J+90#O #K¥/;"D'0KL+*!(K(6- #$,90f+-,:"9/!'"0#24;/!O-$uvm?>5 #9n"$,:"$9(K"2e0§Q7*/!'*Mp #$O]# 3!>P0#2"$$06OV'0>+;/!6OL'(06"B #6-$>!")0>*f>"9M032+q$>*9G5 39/!06H0$,#a¯7J0#9(7FE:99(K#@9J"9+s('990"$'(0+-,T0#2g]Gs0#990KL/;>K"$,:"$9(Kz/!"<'5 3 #'F($/ (%G-,V9 #;KL0"B<"$ 3/;'Gq5 N:/!0><032*]#(B,IKl #"$"9/]m?>5 #$nxa

Y&5 #$KL06*/!>Kz"9+s('F$0"9'0+-,Q& #")FE:9(6"$/;;,"$>*%/!% 33 '(0;!/!%*(9"7%>*9/!6*O Rh Z j af0RQD#((@7*H'6/;m:>*0#2"B>%.,./;6O£'5 39K06/!>*K./! #66/;/!! 3/;06t5 #%d/!K+q0#$ 36?!/;KL/ 39/!06*"(a¤6+5 #B/!'>p 3(@&0#6;,t9H#('90l"B 39("@ J Z | Á\F@&'(0>;%Gs%/;9('F,82e09K(%@q 3!0#9(1"$ 3"5 N:/!6O0LGqJ+90:%>'(%G-,T 3%/p 39/;#) 36"9//!0#6"<2e90K9 | 0 @=Q7/'(06"$(m?>6?M!/!K/; 3/;06"1/!6+9'(/!"$/!06alc<LKl #"$"9"0#2&"9#(9 #D"B 39("JQ&9QD(!%*9K/!6%IG>*160#(@5/!6VO6(9 # @9(/;Q7/!%*9"(a

¡E*+s($/!K(6-" Z j w1Y¡ 8 #6*%H¡ Z i#j #¡ : w ª 9K/!! #GL%*(K06"$9 39(%V 3<'5 #$KL0wu6/;>K 2e0$Kl 39/!06>*"9/!6*O ` #66*/!/;p 39/!06H5 #"]Q&0H"9/!O#6/;C5'( #6-J #%*3 #6- 3O("J'(0K+5 #$(%0 #66*/!/;p 39/!06bagc<]C59"Bf/;"5 wN@5"9/;6'( H #66*/!/;p 39/!068K>"$1+$0.'((%I:/p MQD0l0<*9(]/;6?9(®uK(%/! 37O;>06"@:/'N #6L!( #%90J91%/!$('§2e0$Kl 39/!06032b'5 #$KL0#6/!>Kr"$ w("Q7/;98 #;+s0"9"$/!G;m?>5 #6->*K 6?>KMGs($"(ac</;")KL( #6"95 3fM+*9('/!"$/!06 3'/!F# 3G!J2e0) #;4"$ w("%*(+s(6%"0#6;,06m?>5 #!/,0#29L #6-/!+*90#906GsN 3K #6%`6*0#0#6*L%F'0#+$0+q$9/!("a8c<L"9('06% #%*3 #6- #O]'(0K("72e90#K¢J+s0"9"$/!G/;!/;,L0#2'(0:0!/;6OU #6-/;+90#906IGq( #K"Ze"$90.'5 3"$/;'N #;;,8 #6%30#Q7/;9d!'$06"\900G. #/;6d K0KL6->K$("$0!>*9/!06_0#206I+5 #B/!6 Rj @§Q7/!' 36"9! 3"

Z

%/;9('F,8/!6-90/;KL+*90R%TKL #"$"1$("$0!>*9/!06a/;99/!"'6/;m:>*#@y/;KL+$("$"9/;#U+90O#9("$"5 3"P$('(6-;,Gs(6£ #'*/!#(%£/;69%9(9K/u

65 39/!06`0#27Kl 3"9"9" #6%£Q7/;%**"M0#21"9F(9 #"B 39("(@/;6'(;>%/!6*OH* « #6% "$ 3"(@§ #6%£9C5$"$10G"$($3 39/!06I0#249 ac<*P! 399(/;"]!0#6OU NQ #/%« « "$ wQ70"$JKL #"$"1'( #6V,:/!(;%/!6.2e09KL 3/;068 3Gq0>.<]"9+*/!6.uv"9+/;6T/;6-(9 #'9/!06IGsQD(6m?>5 #9n?"a[)("$+/;9"9q0$9"(@199Kl #/;6 t6?>KMGs(V0#2J>6$("$0;#(%2e>*6%5 #K(6- 3)m?>("B/!0#6"

'(0#6'(96/;6Ol*'5 #$KL0#6/!>K "B,:"$KHa1c<"9Q7/;!GsM #%%*9("$"9%G-,TFE.+s($/!K(6-"12e0.'>"9%06'5 #$KL0#6/!>K "$+q'990"$'(0+-,@1>"$/!6O`9 ¯3f[1¯ %9('908"B,."BK 3 P:¤ ¡§ ]aDc<*/!"L2 u'(/;!/,VQ7/!!40#q(f/!K+90R#(K(6-")Gs,#06%* ª (9K/!! #GI+90#O #KT@sG?,+90R:/!%*/!6OL/!O*(Buv(69O#, #6-/;+903068GsN 3KL")Z : B\F@:/!O*(;>KL/;60"$/;,@?Gs$(&'(0:0!/;6O@: #6%I "B 39Fuv0#2puv9Fu #$&(®uK/;'%9('F0<2e0<Gs0#T(;('F90#Kl #O#69/!' #6*%H'5 39O%H+5 3$/;'(;("(a #$9/!'(>*p #&90+/;'("<2e90K/;9"+$0O 3K #$P 3"72e0#!!0RQ7"W

/;$;)/!"7n?60RQ76 #Gs0>*79PO#90>6*%H"B 39 FZ « F\Fa§¤v"7C59"Bf9 #%/! #bFE.'/; w/!0#6 Z ~ « F\5 3"P06*;,Gs((6/!6-9(%£ w/;6` #6N #$;, FE.+s(9/;KL6-M #6*%Q& #"6030G*"9(B%£/!6 Ê*+s($/!K(6-"ay¯+q0#"9"9/;G!<Ê.+p #6 3/;062e0y/;"606.uv0G"$($3 39/!06UK/!O-Gs1 J"$/;2¦032q9KL #"9"<032 Z « ^\^@%>]0 K/E./!6OMQ7/T 6N 39G-, j O!>*(G5 #; a

c<"9/!6*O!F )uvQ& R#)9"906 #6'( FZv« « \§/!"&+ #$9/!'(>*p #$;,/;KL+s0$ #6-2e0&%F9K/!6/;6OP9"$+/!6.uv%(+s(6*%(6-'0K+q06*(6-0#2qf'(06.C56(K(6-&+q0#9(6-/! # a3(B,L;/;$!</;"n:6*0Q76I 3Gq0>.9/!"<"B 39J"$02 3(a

¡"9"$(6-/! #!,60"$ 3"T #9n?60RQ76 #Gs0R G$N #n?>+°$("$0!%@"90_*(9 #$+s0#6-/p 3!;,"9/;O6/;C'N #6-§6Q%*/!"9'0R($/!"D0PGq1KL #%#a ª 0#D/;6"$ #6'([email protected]"BD032bf#uvQ& N"B 39("1 #9]"B/!;K/!"$"9/!6*Oa

¡E.'(;>"9/8'5 39K06/!>*K %*('N N,:"U'N #6`+90R:/!%8 H"$/;6OO$0>6%£2e0#X]Y[+9%/!'F/;06"(@+5 3$/;'(>! #9,l2e01P"$9>%*,H0#2/;O( ª 0.'nI"B 39'(0#6?99/;G>*/;06"@xQ7*/!'K/!O-1+90:%>'"$/ ( #G;q('9"f/;6I'((B #/;6I'N #"$("(a

(6U$>66/;6O 3g2e>!:!>K/!6*0"9/,@ ¡§ Q7/;!:+90:%>'< ! #9OD6?>KMGs(y0#2 UuK("90#6M+5 #/;9"(ac<?>"(@:/;y'N #6 #;"90Gs<9(O #9%% #" 5 #%$06/!'D2 #'90$,P2e0 3OO(%U0+s(6U'5 39KTac<7/;OM,:/!(;% #6%L7Q&! u%FC56(%l+90:%>'F/!0#6ln?/!6Kl w/!'"0#2b*("9+5 #/!$"§QD0>;%8 #;!0RQ"B>%*/!("D0#29 #91+90wu'("9"$("1/!68*J' #9K"$,:"$9(K "9>*' #"1Y u ./;0p w/!0#680&¨x N#0>7KL/ E./!6O@. #6%I%F9K/!6/;65 3/;06"0#27*T%*('N N,t'06"B #6-"U0#21'5 39K(%_KL"906*"(a HH( #"9>*9(K(6-9"L0#2Y uv:/;0p 39/!06` #6%_ 39I[%'N N,:"f'0>!%T0+s(6T U6QQ7/!6%0RQ©/!6-0U+-,:"9/;'("1GqF,06%TP: #6%5 39%IHH0:%(Aa

ª /!6 #!,@/D/;"Q&0BLKL6?9/!06*/!6O*fÊ*'/;9/!6OJ"9/;O65 #;"§$(+s0$9(%LG?,U9).¡§4¡Y&0!! #Gq0# wu/;06J 3 ª ($KL/;p #Gb@Q7/!'J/!6-= 349C59"Bg0#G"9$3 3/;06]0#2:$(§%0>G,)'5 39K(%JG5 #$,#06J"$ w("ac<<"B>%*,M0#2x"97"$,:"$9(K"(@-Q70"$<FE./!"B6'(7/!"9(m?>/;9%G-,G*90n3(6L FMZ \7"$,:KKLFB,@-/!"y #6FE.+s($/!K(6- #q'5 #;!(6*OGs('( #>"9032=9#($,l!0RQ°'($0"9"<"$('9/!06*"< #6%V"$Kl #;qG* #6'*/!6OM9 3/;0"(a

' 1 !,1#% &(1) $ #%!&(' )1&(/0# $34"5576 <38?= BA )9) (2,6A $ < =$ ><-A 8!C

c<D'/!9 #?"$,:KLK9$,]+$("$(6-/!6MX]Y[/!"4"9+s06- 36(0>*"9;,JG$0n#6bay¯f"y f'06"$(m?>(6*'(*(9D/!"g "9F§0#2;/!O-+ #$9/!'(;("@'N #;!%"0;%"$906Gs0"90#6"(@-Q70"$f/;6-(9 #'9/!06*" #9<"B90#6O;,'(06*"$9 #/!6*(%G-,)*/!"4"$,:KKLF$,#a¡y#(6P90>O#]9>6%9,./;6OfX]Y[d/!6-9( 3'/;06"bQ7/;'P'( #>"$§"$+q0#6? #60>""$,:KKLFB,UG9( #n?/!6O #9f"$$06O@ 0!%"B06*1Gs0"$06"&/;6-(9 #'§QDN #n?;,L 3D!0RQ6($O/!"(a¤6l2 3'N@/!6*l!/;KL/0#2&Kl #"$"9;("9"Pm?>5 #9n?" #6% ($0(69O#,#@*(/!]/;6?9(9 #'9/!06"J"$99/;',3 #6/;"9baVc</;"

KL #n#"§/+q0#"9"9/;G!90PG*>/!;%U #6LF'9/;7C5!%U0$,MQ7/L )Q&!5%FC56(%lFE.+5 #6"$/!06/!6U+s0RQ&9"0#2g(69O#,#@xKL0K(6-9>K #6*%Hm?>5 #$n8KL #"9"$("(W'/; #+q$>*9G5 39/!06V9(0B,a

[)>9/;6OH9l! #"$P%'N #%VKL S$0]+$0O$("9"5 #"MGs(6£Kl 3%l/;6£ #++*!/!'( 3/;06"]0#2<'*/! 3D+s(®u>*9G5 39/!06*(0B,` 36%£'(0#KL+5 39/!"$06"Q7/;9£ #''(>9 3L!0RQu6($O#,FE.+s(9/;KL6-"(a 9'(/;"98KN wu"9>*9(K(6-9"M0#2 "9'( 399($/!6OH6N #]*9("$0;%t 3] o 90:0n?5 N6 w/!0#65 #4 #Gs0 390$, #6%*% #/!;(%l9(0$9/!'N 3b #65 3;,:"9/;"&0#24*("9% 3 M5 N#J"$$!%8m?>"$9/!06V0#249m?>5 #9nL'(06:u%6" 39l/;6*L;/!K/;)0323 #6/!"$/!6*OH>+` #6%%0RQ76£m?>5 #9nKL #"9"$("a ª >B 3%*3 #6'("'( #6`GsFE.+s('F(%P2e90K"B>%*/!("=0#2.+/!0#6/!'Gs0>6%P"$ 3"=Q7/D[)¤ 7¯1YFE.+s(9/;KL6- wyY¡ Pa /;6*L/;O+9'(/!"$/!06 3JGq0#9`Ê*+s($/!K(6-P #6%0$,5 N#l60RQ $N #'%b@9L/;6'(;>"9/;060#2(;('F90#Kl #O#69/!'7 #%*/p 39/;1'(0#99'9/!06"§Gs('(0#KL" #68/;KL+s0B #6- #"$nxac</!"§Q7/!!5%*(KL #6%l'!0"$'(0#!p 3Gq09 3/;06lGsQD(6*(0B,I #6%TFE.+s(9/;KL6-7/!6I09%*(<0U"9>*'('((%ba

(y9<6Ê.%*('N 3%</!K+90R#(K(6-" #$< #;"902e0$("$((6U/;6M&99Fu ¨x N0>"$('90(@Q7*/!'/!6*'(!>*%("J"$9 #6O#lm?>5 #$n:"aIH #6-,+90:'("9"9"/!6-0#;:/!6OInw #06*"M #6% KL"906"J5 Nl60RQ¥Gq(6"$,:"B(KL 39/!'N 3!;, #65 3;,:"9%baL.>'`"B>%*/!("Q7/;!y 3!!0RQ¬FE* #K/!6 3/;060#2§U%+q6%6'(L0#2&;0RQu(6*(9O3,X]Y[r%*,:65 3KL/;'("106*6?>KMGs(10#2y¨x N#0>9"ac<F,'0>;% #;"90l/;6%/;'N 39]Q7**(9+5 3$960#2"$+q0#6? #60>"U'/!9 #"B,.KKB,tG$N #n?/!6*O$(KL #/!6*"MI" 3KLV/;6_9V+$("96'(H0#2"$9 #6*Om?>5 #9n?"a¤v]/!"f92e0#9/!K+s0$ #6-f90V/!6-"$/;O- 39 #"KL #6-,0G*"9(B3 #G!"J #")+s0"9"$/!G; 3%(+s(6%d"$9906O#;,t06_*H"B 36OTm:> #9ntKL #"9"a¡E* #K+!"U0#29("$ #$I9I"$9>%*,0#2 %'N N,:"V 3U¯:¯Y¡=.¤ F)/;6 Ff++"9 #p #6% ]g¡#[7¯Sf¡ /!6 ª 9 #"9'( 3/Aa HH0#9T+9û'(/;"9]KN #"$>9KL6?9"f0323 #9/;0>"<!('F$0Kl 3O69/!' 36%H"$(K/!;(+*906/!'%('( R,I2e0$K¢2 #'F0$"1032g9'5 #$O(%_ 36%£6>*9 #&nw #06*"PQ7/!;+90R:/!%l"$$06O9("B"(a[)/;q(96'("MGsQD((6_nw #06£ #6%£F +$0+q$9/!("M #6%tVm?>/;3 #;(6-+/;06t06"'N #6 #;"90,:/!!%t/!K+s0$ #6-'!>"(at? 36OFuvm?>5 #9nKL #"9"fq('9"06+/;06/;'P0G*"9(B3 #G!")'N 36GqP"$>*%/!%/!6H9/!"1Q N,#@+90R:/!%/;6O8 L%/!$('(m?>/# u!6-70#2KN 3"9>$(K(6-"10#2=]"$9 #6*O(6"9"f'(06-6-f032g9]+90#906ba

./!O#6/;C5'( #6-+$0O9"9"/;" #!"$0FE.+s('F(%_2e90#K 9V+/!0#6/!'L?,:%$0O6KN 3"9>$(K(6- 3 .¤ #6%t9I[¡¯ ¢Ê*+s($/!K(6- 3&+$0O 3KLK8 3[7¯Sf¡<a)6I0#27VO0 #!"M032[¡¯ ¢/!"90KN #"$>99)6($O#,8"$/;2¦ #6%8Q7/!%.V0#29 ;/!6f/!68nw #0#6/!'f?,:%$0O6IQ7/V M+*9('/!"$/!06V w*)+q9'(6-1!#(Aayc</!"DQ7/!!s+$0:/;% M6FQ©%O90#2= #''(>9 #',l/!680>*>6%9"B #6%*/!6OU0#29!0RQuv(69O#,Vnw #0#6.u6?>'!(0#6T/;6-(9 #'9/!06a

4"55 4 /0,1=3! ,6 =(I:;,6< (K$0>!C?(2-$

H #6-,T6FQ /!6"$/!O-"15 NPGq(6O #/!6%T2e$0K /;O.u+*9('/!"$/!06IFE.+s($/!K(6-"fFE.+!0#9/!6*O9P;0RQu(6*(9O3,"$99>'F>$1032s976?>'(;(06 #6%U/"y+/;06'(;0>%b@-+*9/!KL #$/!;,Q7/!('F$0Kl 3O69/!'+*90Gs("ac<]"9/;O6/C5'N #6-70G*"9(B3 #G!"7'N #6IGsJ$0>O*;,LO90>*+q%H/;6?90M$(]'(! #"9"$("@2e0Q7/!'IQDJ"$>KuKL #9/;"9 2eQ©9('(6-f/!O*!/!O#?9"(W

90>*6%I"$ w]+90#+q$/;("c<"9l #9U/!6+5 #B/;'(>! #2e0$K 2 #'909"J #6*%+s0p 39/!"9 #G/;!/;9/!"(a¯J*"HH #/!6 HH/;'($0#$06HH¯ HH¤@5 o 3"/!6*N #¯f'('(! 390fY&(6-f/;6V FPa·qax #6*%I9]¯K"$9(9% #K >!"$:99F'JZ¯K \F@:KL #O6*/;' 36%I(!'99/!'12e09K¥2 #'F0$"0#2*6(>*9906V R#]Gq(6KN #"$>9%0RPp #"Bf,#N #$")/!6TKL0K(6-9>K #6*O B a1c<("$9("$>;9"/;6- w=9§/!K+q0B #6*'(0#2*9§+/!06J'(;0>%J/!6]§"$99>'F>$&0#2.§6?>'(;(06 #6%J9+9"9(6- U'(06*"$9 #/!6-12e07'/!9 #%*,:65 #K/!'"(a¯f!"$0l 3 HH¯ HH¤+$('(/;"9J# 3!>"f5 N#Gs((6H0G* #/!6%2e$0KY&0#KL+*906t"9'( 399($/!6O0#27$N #&+0#906"IZ j \2e0*V(!'99/!'l #6%_KL #O6F/!'+s0p 39/ #G/;!/;9/!"(@ #"QD(!x 3"§O#(6 #;/ %U+q0! #9/ #G*/!!//;("§ZA w j \g2e$0K 9U=Z F s\($N #'F/!0#6bac<("$P$("$>;9"1 R#P"$1"$9906*OL'06"$9 #/;6-"706HX]Y[fu/!6*"9+/;9(%IK0.%*(!"a

o 3$,0#6H$("90#65 #6'("HH"906U%'N N,:" #6%/;6M+5 #B/!'>p 3g!('F$0Kl 3O69/!'9 #6"9//;06M w("'N #6+$0R./;%%'(/;"9/;#

Rh

/;6*2e09KL 39/!06061Q N#2e>6'F/!0#6"D032b1'(0#6"$9/;>*(6-"0325 #%$06"ayc<)$('(6-%F(®uK/!65 w/!0#6T032Pm:> #%9>*+q0;'0KL+s066-/!6T 9 #6"9//;065 3") #;9N 3%*,TGq(6K(6-/;06%t/!6d.('3a ~ a a a`¯ +5 #B/;'(>! #9,/;6*2e0$Kl 39/;#lK*0.%£2e0/!6-"$/;O- 39/!6O9$("90#65 #6'("10#24]6?>'(;(06T/!"D]%F($KL/;65 39/!068032y #G*"90$+*/;06V'($0"9"7"9'9/!06"7/;6V"9(+ wu9 3%8%('( N,8'5 #6*6(;"(@*>*"9/!6*OM'(/;9'(>*p #$;,U+s0p #$/ (%+0#906"06l+q0! #9/ %L+$0#0#6"(ac</;"/;"&9!F# 36?D0M9 ( 3"9/!K0R-u®[)9! u f( #96HZ J[\"$>K¢$>!3ayc< ]['0!! #Gq0# 39/!06 3 HH¯HH¤ #6%¡=.¯ '(0>*!%KL( #"9>*9M*("9U'90"$""9('F/;06"2e09MC59"B]/!K#@q+90R:/!%:u/;6OM/!6*"9/!O#?&/!6-0PC9"$PZ TZ ~#~ \ \F@."9('06%Z `Z :#~#j \ « £Z :# : \ «« \& #6%89/!$%Z £Z Ni j \ « \M9"906 #6'(T9O/!0#6"0#21T6?>'(;(06ba_c<T%F('F0L.¯ f¤ z 3¡=.¯ #;!0RQD(%T6Q "B>%/;("10#2y-,:+s(90#69"9065 36'(" #6%H" NQ /!6%*/!'N w/!0#6"<0#2 U6FQ 9("$065 #6*'(/;6I9]®S$'/;!] #"B,:KLK9$,a

HH"906H+90:%>'F/;06I 37$("$0!%HH"906P+90:%>'F/;06J 3$("$0!%J+$0:/;%("=+5 #B/!'>p 39;,fO0:0.%)9("B"=0#2"$0#2¦$uvKL"906]+-,:"9/;'(" #6*%l'/; #x+s($9>9G 3/;06L9(0B,ac<f%("$'($/!+*9/!06L0#2b*f+$0.%*>'9/!06L0#2+/;06"2e90K 96?>'!(0#6/!69>=Z \ 9N 3'/;06 3HH¯HT¤1Q& #"] L99/!>*KL+H2e0'/; #=+s($9>9G 3/;069(0B,ay¤v§"$0RQ&%l5 w§97!0RQu6($O#,M9(0$(K G5 3"9(%06U$(Fuv!F(x%/! #O9 #KL"O- Nf #6 #K+;/;>*% #Gs0>*P V2 #'90 ~ 90.0Tp #$O#@bQ7*(9( #"P96FE:$uv09%*(J!0:0+'(0$9('F/;06'0>!%9+90:%>'ll0G"9$#(% #K+!/>%3aH./!K/!! #)9"9>"M R#V #;"90Gs(6t0G* #/!6%2e09L*uvQ& NP #K+!/>%"< #6%I*Y&0#>!0KGI #KL+*!/;9>% a

c<&+s0RQ&g0325+9'(/;"9/!0#6P"B>%/;("=>"9/;6O1(!'990KL #O6F/;'+90Gs(" 3=!0RQ£K0K(6->*K©9 #6"$2e #"%*("9'9/;Gq%I #Gq0R#5 #"Gs(6V%(K06"B w(%VG-,L)Ê.+q9/!K(6-9"< 3;HH¯ HH¤§ #6%I¡=.¯a*c<'5 #;!6O("+s0"$(%L2e0#y76Ê.9(6U,N 39"§!/!&/!6M*72e>*$*(/!K+90R#(K(6-0#2s7+$('(/;"9/;06 #6%*"9(;('F/!0#60#2K0"B)"9/;O6/C5'N #6-0#G"9$3 #G;("(a]c<MC9"$]/;" #6Ê*+s($/!K(6- 3'5 #;!6O#@Q79N 3"19]"9('06%H'N #;!"&2e0<'0!! #Gs0 39/!06LGqFQ&(69(0#9/!"B"1 #6%IÊ*+s($/!K(6- 3!/!"B"a

¯&9H 3/!6 HH/!'90#9906 HH¯HH¤y9KL wE./!K>K (6*(9O3,LQ7/;!5Gs/!6*'(9( #"9%l2e90#K : : HH0 3Gq0>. a : Bac</;"MQ7/!;&GsI #'('0KL+*!/!"$(%`G?,Ì #%*%/;9/!06£032 2e0#>$9%*0>G;Fu"$/!%%5 #$KL0#6/!'JKL/;'($0#$06"B #OP0l9FE./!"B/;6O8'N 3"9'N 3%M0#2*9($ #'9 #'n?VKL/;'($0#$06"(ac<'(0#6"$99>'F/!0#60#2D/;"]FE:6"9/;06`/;")Q&!>6%$Q& N,` 36%9'(0KKL/;"9"$/!06/;6O80#2§*L>+*O #%*(%KL #'/!6*8/!"M+*p #66*(%t2e0MK/!% ~#j#j a¤60#9%M0 3n#82e>; #%*3 #6- #OV0#27*/!">+O# #%8QD0KL S$0M6FQ¢Ê.+q9/!K(6- #(m?>/;+K(6-"Q7/!;DGsV/!6*"$ 3!!%bWUH*¯1YY&$,:"$ # o #; #6%t9J.¤§2e0#$Q& #9%TKl 3O69/!')"$+q'990K9(Z ¯1] HH¯HH¤B\â

c<V/!6*"$ 3!p w/!0#6032<IY&B,:"$ 3 o #$9(§%F('F0U 36%`*8cg¯ t+*0#0#6£%9('F0MQ& #! 31¡g:¯ "$999'(9/!6*Ol/!6 o 066Kl #n3J9/!" L>6*/!m?>P2 3'(/!;/;,82e0#f"B>%*,:/;6Ol*(;('F90wuKL #O6F/!''(0>+*!/!6*O80#2§G5 #B,069"9065 36'("(a¤6+5 #B/!'>p 3(@/'N 36Ê.+!0$MU6($O#,$(O/;06 : : ] Q7/!'H'N #6*60#7GsJ'0R($(%G-, HT¯HH¤a

4"55 <38?= A&$3)+8 !C 8$$ 3!C(2 BA B,1(*)9

c<<Ê*/;"$9(6'<0#2xKL #"$"yO- #+/;6&"9+s('99>Kr0#2x!/;O-5 3%906*" #6%/;9"+s0"9"$/!G;&'066'/;06Q7/;9"9+s06- #60>"$;,G*90n3(6'/!9 #="$,:KLK9$,H0#2&X]Y[ #/;"9(") #6/!K+q0#$ 36?f/!"$"9>3W0RQ%0I+$0+q$9/!("0#2& #%90#6"] #6%*(/!Kl #"$""9+s('F VF0Q7/;9' #6O"J032§9($KL0:%*,:65 #K/!''(0#6%/;9/!06*" ©c</;"J/;"06U0#2DU%$/;:/!6OIK0#/3 3/;06"f2e0#]9U>"90#2&/!O:u(6*(9O3,( R?,-u/;06'(0#!!/;"9/;06"D90U"$>*%*,IKl w97 37/;OI%(6"$/;9/!("7 36%T9(K+q 39>9" Ra1p 39(%Vm?>"$/;06"032g+ #$9/!'(>*p #§/!6-9"$<'06'(96V*)/!6- #'F/;06"&032 ]0;%"$906fGq0"$06

Q7/;9*6?>'(;N #gKL%/!>KTa=¯'('> w%5 w f2e$0K¬ P:¤FE.+q9/;KL6?06 "$ 3"y0#2x6O- 39/;;,'5 #$O(%H+/!0#6"fGs0>6*%H0 G #6*%.6H/!"9030+s("75 NP9'((6-9;,T9F./%/;"7%/!"$'(>"$"9/!0#6 #6%H/;9" ²N³B³¶A³$½®¹A¿·¸FÀFÈ ¿ÁÀ¹Aºw³½vºw´^»R¹ ³B¼¸ÀÃsºw´F¶A³$¶¸^Ä5Å4Æ3½®µ·³$´^¼4ÇJ´¹¹ ³B¼9È

~#j

/!K+;/!'N w/!0#6")2e0/;6.uK(%*/!>K'*/! 3&%*,:65 #K/!'"(a:>'tFE.+s(9/;KL6-"Q7/;!§GqL+>9"$>(%t2e>B #6%TFE:9(6%%H90"$N #$'("12e0<m?>5 #"$/uGs0>6*%H6?>'!N 3<"$ w("10#2gnw #06"1 #6% K("$06"(a

&(1) 1 $ '% & /0& ¯+ #$P2e90K *8!0RQu6($O#,` #"9+s('F"fS$>"BMK(6-/;06(%@9I #$l"$+q'(/;C'IX]Y[+(6*0KL65 9p 39(%90I9+$0+5 #O- w/!0#60#2§/!O#.u6($O#,+5 3$/;'(;(")/;6Kl 3$08Q7/;'Q&U60RQr9>960>* 3$(6-9/!06ba

4"5576 ?3 ,16$>B>6(*$3! A

X)>5 #6->*K Y&*90K0.%.,.6 #KL/;'("]60#P06,+90R:/!%*("M T/!O#;,"$>'('("$"$2e>D%("$'(9/;+*/;06`032<"$9906Owu/!6-9( 3'/;06M+*(60K(6 ) 3/;OM6($O/!"(@G>./;y #!"$0!( #%"90)"9F #5$(KL #9nw #G;D+*9(%*/!'9/!06*"2e09]/!6- #'F/!0#6V0#2y"B90#6O;,l/!6- #'F/;6O+5 #B/!'!" N#(9"$/!6O%6"9J6?>'(;N #7KL 399((a

N’

rho

N

ª /;O>9 i W <7>-"/J$&FN*#%$(-.'0/ ' ,#%$(,$(-.'0/ 'I -.N$(,* ):7'*$&'0/ -.$( ;/ ,#F .!S$((6*F$FA $(7-"/J$&FN*#%$(-.'0/ 'M$( :,#%$(,$(-.'0/ -O1D(!,#%! *1 #%'0=D)N! $&' $(/7'*N=9* *7('0/-O#;-O/ $&FN*#%$(-"'0/ 4#%'0 .'0,7 $&N*/1&):(!/# ?-"1<1(*-O?$&' '+#F#F,7!AU$$( 1(*=D8$(-"=D $(7 7F)H!/7!/#%L' $(7 .!/76*$('Q$(7*7N'0/-"#,#%$(,$(-"'0/ T - A *A $(7 #%'0F(!/#% .!/6*$(:Y=92= -"=9-"#M#%'0 .'0,7<$&*/1&)(!/# H!#%$(1FA

¯6^E*+*!/!'/;fFE* #K+!P/!"f+90R:/!%%G-,*/!6-9( 3'/;060#2§ Ru+5 3/!Z0$/!O/;65 3/;6O2e90K 95 #%*906/;'8"$99>'F>$V0#2f :/!$9>5 #§+0#906x\JQ7/_ 6?>'!N 3 #$O(a¯/!O#t(60>*O 9uv+5 #/!f'N #6GsU #"$"9>K(%0V R# 8"9KL #!49 #6"$#($"9"9/ U #6%"$0T/ #'F"] #"] Z¦Q7/;9R\'0!0%/;+q0;/!6- #'F/;6O706;,Q&( #n?;,Q7/;9P96(/;O?Gq0>*9/!6*Of6?>'!(0#6"Ze"9 ª /;Oa i \^@# 36q('Fn?60RQ76 #"MY&0!0>*Pc= #6*"9+5 #$(6'F,ZAY&c1\Fa¯f;90>O/;""B9/;n?/!6OXJY[+*(60#KL606`Q& #"M+$(%/;'9(%QD(6-,l,#N #$"< #O0@?*fC5$"$F:/!%6'(2e0#D/&KL9O%806,U9('(6-,8 36%L2e>B&^E*+s($/!K(6- 3/!6-#("$9/!O- w/!0#6V/!"<6(%%ba

)60#2P9%/ '>;9/!("V/;6C56%/;6O_>65 #KMG*/!O>0#>"V:/!%*(6'2e0V'0!0#>89 #6"9+ #96',/;"*82 #'M95 30#q('F"KL R,9"9KMG!89V #6-9/!'(/;+5 39(%£$(%>'(%/!6- #'F/;06£q('F"a`¤v2* %+q6%6'(8032 #('F0PKL"906+90:%>'F/;060#66?>'!(//;"J'06"$/!%9(%@g2e0]/!6*"$ 36'(3@*P0G*"9(B%9 #6*"9+5 #$(6'F,IQ7/!!6*0#0#6;,VGsJO0R($6(%G-,I*P+s0"9"$/!G;P0:'('> 36'(P0#2y'0!0>*9 #6"$+5 #96',#@-G>*y #"gQD(;:G-,JD%>9 3/;060=!6O#90#29& #%90#6/!'§¨5>'9>5 39/!068Z"9 ª /;Oa i \Fa./;6'(M9'(0$9"9+s06%/;6OV'(0*(96'(U;(6O#9/!")/;6?#($"9(,+$0+s0$9/!065 3=90 @ 36/;6'($N #"$0#2 "$0B(6*"79'(0#($(6'J;([email protected](%*>'(/;6O)"B$06OU/!6- #'F/;06"0#249¨5>'F>5 w/!0#6I #6%?>"1K/!K/!'n?/!6OJ]F'f0#2'0!0#>&9 #6"$+5 #96',#a

fF(B!"9"(@/!6 $('(6-,#N #$"6Q FE.+q9/;KL6? #MF./;%(6*'("9>++s0B/!6*O'(0;0>9 #6"®u+5 #$(6'F, #"fGs(6'(0;!'%bWZe/¦\&*0G"$(B(%7u%+q6%(6*'(M0#2 ~ u;S$F+$0.%*>'9/!06H/!6H L+/;06/!6*%>'(%tFE.+s(9/;KL6-TZA¡ Z hk 3 ª ($KL/!4 #Gx\] 3 :#jj ] Z « 9« \J/!"P/!6t 3O9(K(6-Q7/;9H9Y&c&uvG5 #"9%+9%/!'F/;06tZ « \Z/;/¦\&*"9;0+sP0#29Pvuv%(+s(6*%(6'0#2y#('90K("$06

~J

+$0.%>*'/;06KL( #"9>*9(% 3 f¡ 7¯¥"90RQ7"JUFE.+s('F(%9%>'9/!06Q7/;9 lZ k "9$/!6nw #O# k \F@= #uGs(/;Q7/_+s0.0"$ w/!"B/;'("(@D #6%Ze/!/!/p\]9 %(+s(6*%(6'0#2f0#2f'(0*(96- +90:%>'F/;06_06« r/;6C*E.(%'(0*(96'(û;(6O#9G/!6"0G"9$#(% 3 ¡ H¡§"90RQ7"J 8'(06*"$ 36?]$/!"$Q7/!'/;"'(0#6"9/;"$6-fQ7/V]+$(%/;'9/!06VG5 3"9(%H06I'(0;0>9 #6"$+5 #$(6'F,a

[)("$+/;9$('(6-1+90O#9("$"(@K0$)%5 3 M #96*((%*(%I02e>;;,("B #G*!/!"$8/;"7X]Y[ +9%/!'û/;06ba ª >*$*(FE.+s($/!K(6- #*"$>*%/!"y0"$<'0!0#>9 #6"$+5 #96',U-,:+s0#"9/;"D 392e0$("9(6 3 f¡ DH¡§ #6%U w§Y< H ¯)q@Q79</;gQ7/!;.Gs<+q0#"9"9/;G!§0Ê.9(6%U*n?/!6Kl 39/!'D #6O#0#2*KN #"$>9KL6?9"(a HH0$(0R(@ 3Y< H ¯/7Q7/!!GsJ+q0"$"9/;G!]0L"9(+ # 39P9 #6"$+5 #$(6'F,q('F"72e0<!0#6O/;9>%/;65 #q #6%I 36"$#(9"$(,I+q0! #9/ %8./;$9>5 #b+*0#06*"(a

4"55 4 1,1$3=3 ,68?$ 8 $ ) ,,1(2

c<I(6*(9O3,t!0"$" | FE.+s(9/;(6'(%dG?,`+5 #B06"+*90+5 3O- 3/;6O990>*O_6:>*'(!( #KL 399(M/;" #6_/!K+s0$ #6-/!"$"9>3ad¡E.+s(9/;KL6- #/;6*2e0$Kl 39/!06`06_+5 #$906_(69O#,_;0"9"/;6Z'(0#!%x\P6?>'!( #KL 399('( #6VGq0#G* #/;6(%82e$0K"9(K/uv/!6'!>"$/;#%(+.uv/!6p #"B/!'f"9'( 399(9/;6O06V( N:,86:>*'(!/ a o ,'(0#KL+5 39/!6*O95 3%906T,:/!(;%+s([)¤BT#(6-]06H6:>*'(!/=90L9"9 #KLJ,:/!(;%H0#6%(>.($/!>KT@q #6Z6($O#,%(+s(6*%(6-^\§ 399(6?>5 39/!06UQ7/!;5Gq10G"$(B(%a§c<*/!"§5 #%$068 3$6:> 3/;06L'( #6lGs19(! 3%0Jf(69O#,;0"9"§0#2b9+$0+5 #O 3/;6OP+ #$9068 #6*%l1!6O#9l0#2/"9 S$('F0B,@*0# /!60#QD09%" 9/!K)/;< #n#"fGs2e0$)]5 3%906T/!"2e0#9K(%ba

¡E*/;"$9/!6OTn?60RQ7!(%*Ol 3Gq0>.+5 #B06(69O#,;0"9"J #6*%5 3%9062e0$Kl 39/!06H/!K("]/;"FE?u$(K(,P;/!K/;9(%ba 10QD#(@:/gQD0>;%MGs&$,P/!6-9("B/;6O00G* 3/!6Ê.+q9/!K(6- #*/;6*2e09KL 39/!0606T"9Mm?>5 #6-9/;/;("1"9/;6'(JF,H$(+$("$(6-2e>6%5 3KL6? #!,V6FQ n:6*0Q7;(%O#0#2'0K+q0"$/;9P"B,."®uKL"L0#2m?>5 #$n?"V #6%O#!>06*"(a HH0$(0R(@7m?>5 #6-/ 39/;H/!6*2e0#9KL 3/;06t069+5 3$0#6(6*(9O3,!0#"9"7/!6TKl w91 #6% #%90#6T2e0$Kl w/!0#68/!K("7/;"16*((%*(%2e0<9P/;6-($+9F 39/!06T0#29(! 3/:/!"$9/!'( R?,/!0#6'0!;/!"$/!06"@#Q7/;'l/;/;"0+s(%LQ7/;!+*90R:/!%7:/;%(6'f2e0§ ]6Q"$ w10#2KL 3$(Wg9m?>5 #$n-uvO!>*06I+p #"$Kl .a

¡E*+s($/!K(6- 3</!6*2e0$Kl w/!0#6`06_+5 #B06_+$0+5 #O 3/;06tq('F"/!6tKL 399('N 36GsI0G* #/!6%G-,(KMGs(%*%/!6OI*L5 3%9062e0$Kl 39/!06+*90:'(("$"/;6 I6?>'(;(>"@y #"J%+/!'F(%/!6 ª /;Oa Z a¤696?>'(;(>"@H+90:%>'(% #%90#6Q7/!;<9(/;6-(9 #'Q7/;9d9"$>9$0>6%/;6O`6?>'!06"(@7 36% #"l 9"9>2eQD(75 3%906*"&Q7/!;qGs+90:%>'(%bac<$(%>*'/;06V/!689)0G*"9(B%6?>KMGs(032g #%90#6"%+q6%"106HGs0#9T9]+5 #$906I(69O#,I;0"9"1 #6*%T9]5 #%$06T2e0#9KL 3/;06l/;KL3a f6'(]]9 3/;00#296?>KMGs(0#24 #%90#6"<+90:%>'(%V06I M*N N?,86?>'(;(>"90 3<06V%>*9/;>K'( #6V+$0:/;%/!6.2e09KL 3/;06l0#6T9("$Pm?>5 #6-9/;/;("a

¡E*+s($/!K(6- 3y/!6*2e0#9KL 3/;06065 3%906 3$6:> 3/;06/!63 #$/!0>"6:>*'(!/5 #"$('(6-;,Gq(60G* #/!6*(%G-,H9 ¡ H¡§FE.+q9/;KL6? 3][¡§ aqc< w/!0l0#25 #%$06"+$0.%*>'(%0#6 « Z0# \J #6% .Z6*09KL #!/ % 3O- #/!6*"$JL6:>*KMGqM0#2<%*((+:u/!6*(p 3"$/;'L"$'N 3$9/!6*O#(6-"/;6N 3''( #"9N\F@Q 3"KL( #"9>$(% #"] l2e>6'F/;060#2§M2e9 #'9/!060#29(69O#, 36"$2e'N #$9/!%G?,*T0#G"9$%5 #%*906ba_¯f"9/!"M2e9 #'9/!06_/!6*'(9( #"9"(@§I%5 3 "$0RQz %('9( #"9H0#2f9T 390#2< #%90#6"M+$0.%>*'((%t/;6`6/$0O(6Z0Pn?$,:+*0#6x\J$(p w/;#L90%>*9/!>*KHaX)>5 #!/ 39/;#(;,/;"/!K+;/!("f5 3]2 #"BJ5 #%$06"]5 Nl I$(! 3/(,"$0$J2e0$Kl 39/!06H/!K#@4;N #%/;6O80H I9(! 3/;,"$9906*OL$(%>'F/;06I0#2g9] 39/!0a

c<M%5 w 8 #$PQD(;%"9'($/!Gs(%G-,XJY[fuv/!6"$+/!$(%H'N #;'(>! 3/;06"7/;2 # 3!>P0#2§ | j a B2eK /;" #n3(62e09M+5 3$0#6/!'M6($O#,;0"9"/!6'0!%6?>'!N 3)Kl w9(a]c</;"3 #!>'N #6Gs'(0#KL+5 39(%098(6*(9O3,£!0#"9"032 j a ~ : ]w2eK %9/(%t2e$0K 9('(6- ¡<f¤ z% 3 0#6 +$0.%>*'/;06/;6¯f> )¯>'(0#!!/;"9/;06"7 3 R#j ]Max¤v2* ¡<f¤ 6?>KGq/!"1'(0#6?#(B(%0 '(0$9("$+q0#6%/!6*O(69O#,`!0"$"M/!68/;6/;9/p #*0#M"B #Ol0#278¯f> )¯>t'0!;/!"9/;06b@g H3 #!>*0#21 #Gs0>* : B2eK /;"P2e0>*6%baY&0K+5 #$/!6OT/;"6?>KMGs(P2e003M6?>'(;N #PKl w9PQ7/`93 #!>*L%9/(%2e90K9 f¡ H¡§%5 w T2e0#P'0!%6:>*'(!( #JKl 3$(@/J'N #6£Gs"9(6£5 wP9O;>06%6"9/,ZeQ7/;'%9/("9(69O#,!0"$"\/!"+q0"$"9/;G;, #609%*(0#2DKl 3O6/;9>%M! #9O#(/;6

~~

*P/;6/;9/p #s+5 #"$P032*P¯f> )¯>T'(0;!/!"$/!06ayc</!"19"9>19¨('9") U6Q"$,:6($O#,TGqFQ&(6QD0C5!%" 3J>"9%0TGs"9"$(6-/! #!,/!6%*(+s(6%6-NW$(! 3/./;"$9/!'M( N:,-uv/!06'(0;!/;"9/!0#6") #6*%%(+/!6*(p 3"$/;')"9'( 399($/!6Oa

eh

e’

~ 6 fm

fτ

ª /;O>9 Z W M*7('0/ '*N=9$(-"'0/ -"/FF)-"/7! "*1($(-"#3! .!#%$&('0/1(#F$&$&FN-"/6 N'0= / ,#F .!,1FA , -"/'0/7L' $(7 /J,#F .F'0/1U-"1U-"$F4 N!1(, .$(-"/68-"/;$(7 '*N=9$(-.'0/2'Q*7N'0/1FA RS,7L$&'D)($&'0/2!/7FN6; .'01N1U*/*7N'0/N!1(#F$&$&FN-"/76D$( /J,=8GHF' *('0/1E'*G1&F(I*!-" " :GH (!,#%!?#%'0=D)(! $&'D$(7 NFS#F*1(*A

c<U2eQ N3 #/;p #G;%5 w I"90RQ 9U+q0#9(6-/! #y0#2§*/!"6FQ C5(;% 3]U/!6-9($2 3'(U0#2D%(+.u/!6*(p 3"$/;'L"$'N 3$9/!6*O #6%t9p 39/;:/!"B/;'*N N?,?uv/!06t'0!;/!"$/!06"a:,:"B(KL 39/!'l% 3 06_ H #6O#80#26?>'(;(/g #9J6'(("$" #B,H2e0# #6H/!6.uv%(+."B>%.,0#2+5 #B06H+90+ #O- 39/!06Tq('F"/;6KL 399(a f/;O"$ 3/;"$9/!'(" #96(%%T90FE.+;09)93 #9/;0>"n?/;6(KL 3/;'%+q6%6'("/!6*%(+s(6%*(6-,@5 #6*%I90"$)X]Y[r+9%/!'F/;06"<2e0<J+5 #B06H(69O#,T;0"9"7/!6T6?>'(;N #1KL 399((a HH0$(0R(@s"9>'KN wu"9>*9(K(6-9"fQ7/!;bKL #n#]/;1+s0"9"$/!G;)0'N #$$,I0>.f"B>%*/!("10#2g¨x N0>1%+q6%(6*'(MG-,I'(0#KL+5 39/!6*O%5 3 M2e03 #9/;0>"<5 #%*906I,:+q"MZ @ 36%?s\Fa

4"55 /0,16$ (K$ ! < =)+( 67&"8$) ,,1(2

¯60$%/!65 3$,6?>'!>"P/;"J IKL #6-,-uGs0.%.,"$,:"$9(K '(0#KL+s0"9%032&+$0#0#6"J #6%6(>*9906*"(aL*(606H0lK0$-,:+q906"I 39/;KL+*p #6-%d/;6*6?>'(;N #lKL%/!>K 6Q m?>5 #6->*K 6?>KMGs(@"$9 #6*O(6"9"@/!" #%%*(%_0I6?>'!(>*"(@&9($(G-,_0+s(6/;6O 6FQ%/;KL6"9/;06t0*T6?>'!( #'5 #BNa 1,:+s($6:>*'(!( #l+*?,:"$/!'("lKL9O"l/!"$0"9+*/!6d #6%"B 36O(6*("9"l/!6-0H(6! #9O#(%dC(!%d0#2¨x N0#> MZ \8KL #6-,-uGs0.%*,%.,.6 #KL/;'("a¢c<Kl #/;6(K+5 #"$/!"I/!"T06606.uv+q$9>9G5 w/;#%*,:65 #K/!'")0#2§ 36%Um?>5 #$n"B,."BKL"J 3)C6/;9M%(6*"9/;, #")9( #!/ %G?,+90306"@b6>*$06" #6%T-,:+q906"1/!6T 6?>'(;(>"1'(;0"9)90]O$0>6%T"$ 33a

c<("$8FE.0#9/!'L6:>*'(!/+90R:/!%l T3 #$/!,032<6Q 36%£FE.'/;/;6OT+q9+s('9/;#("(@9 #6O/;6OI2e90K*FE.+!0# 39/!060#2§6?>'!N 3"$$>'9>9:/p 89"9/;6O!^u+5 3$/;'(;PGs(5 N:/!0#>0#2§-,.+s($06"J/!696?>'(;(>"10J"$9>%*,T0#2y9PG #$,#06.uG #$,#06"$9 #6*O(6"9")' #6O/;6OQDN 3nH/;6?9(9 #'9/!06b@Q7*/!''N 36GqP #%%*9("$"9%06;,I/;6T96*06.uK("$06/;'JQDN #nI%'N N,H0#2-,:+q96?>'(;(/Aa1c<*,H'N #6 #!"$0l #/;%*FE.+s($/!K(6- #s"$9>%*,L0#2-,:+q906:u6?>'(;(06V/;6-(9 #'9/!06*"§Q7/;'V #$#@ w&+$("$(6-N@"B/;!x+q0:0$;,n?60RQ76ba HH0#9(0R#((@9&"B>%.,0#2G5 #"9/;'&+$0+s($9/!"g0#2x-,:+s(90#6" #6%"$9 #6ODFE.0#9/!'§0G:S$('F"y;/!n3*-,:+q0#99/!'( #0<u+5 3$/;'(;#@Q7/;'8/!"§0#2b2e>6*%5 #K(6- #x/;KL+s0$ #6'72e0#§9>6*%($"$ 36%/!6*OM0#2X]Y[M@'N 36 #;"90UGsP 3%%9"9"$(%HQ7/I-,:+q96?>'(;(/Aa

1,:+s(96?>'!( #+-,:"9/!'"M5 #"Kl #%*l"9/;O6/C5'N #6-+90O#9("$"M/!6Lp #"BC2¦9((6£,#N #$"(@KL #/!6, 3 o f@ ]¡ #6%`Y<] Q7($L/P #"]% NQ769L 399(6-/;06032 Ip #$OU'(0KKM>6*/;,a¡E?u+s(9/;KL6- #1"$9>%/!"V06-,:+q96?>'(;(/] #$'(0#6?9/!6?>/;6O_ 3V%/96?8p #Gs0 w0$/!("/!6d F.¯

~#

Z4 #Gl #6% o =\F@?/!6 #+5 #6Z ]¡ J\F@. #6%l/;68¡>$0+qf>"9/;6OP9)[7¯Sf¡tKl #'*/!6f 3 ª 9 #"9'( 3/ w/!0#65 #b4 #Gs09 30B,a

¯][7¯S¡* ª ¤( F[7¯ FE.+s(9/;KL6-Q7/!;4FE.+!0#/;f!0RQu6($O#,`Z Ri HTB]\ +5 #B/!'!"2e90#K `%('( N,0T+90:%>'! #9O#6:>*KMGq9"J0#2 §u-,:+s(96?>'!/§G-,9HZ \9N 3'/;0606"9F #56?>'!N 3y #$O9"(ayc<7K0K(6->K 9 #6"B2e(/!6-#0;#(%U/!""$>'95 3y9<Q70;"9+s('F9>*K0#2 #!;0RQ&%V?,:+s($6:>*'(!( #1"$ w("<Q7/;!Gs+s0+>! 3%bac<]O0:0.%V6($O#,V9"90;>*/;06V0#2 Z :#j n3B2e06?>'!( #<!F(;"(@:Q7/!'(] 3"<O0.0:%V #"9Gs("$7"$02 #(@:Q7/!!s!( #%80U M"$>G"B #6-/! #b"B(+V2e0BQ 39%/!6I-,:+q96?>'!N 31"$+q'990"$'(0+-,a: 3$/;6O/!6 ~#j#j @ ª ¤( F[7¯Q7/!;q 3n#]%5 3 2e0#2e0;!0RQ7/!6O*9(0D2e0>*§,#N #$"(a¤v"KL #/;6LO0 #sQ7/;!xGsf0"$>*%*,LQ7/8>*6+9'(%(6-%H+*9('/!"$/!06l9fQDN 3n9( #'9/!06 Q7*/!'T'N #6I0:'('(>*<06;,L/!6I 6?>'!N 3<KL%/!>KTac<*/!"<+$0.'("9"7O/"1G #"9/;'/!6*"9/!O#?9"</!6-09]"$9 #6O6("$"f' #6O/;6OLG #$,#06.uG #$,#06TQDN 3nV/!6- #'F/!0#6ba

ª 0*y2e>*>$#@wnw #06GsN #K"bQ7/;9/!6-6"9//!"b060#9%0#2:Kl #O#6/;9>%y! #9Oq95 #6]+9"96?9;, N3 #/!! #G!'0>!%Gq`+90R:/!%% G-,9 #+ #6("$ #%*906 ª #'/!;/;,¬Z# ª \âf¯ ?,:+s($6:>*'(!( #+-,:"9/;'("+$0O 3K /!") 3!"902e09"9(6/!6TM'06-Ê. f¡§ ¬+*90wS$'] 3P:¤aqc</;")'N 36!( #%0L U% #/!;(%I"9+s('F90#"9'(0#+/!'J"$9>%*,T0#2g"9/!6*O;,I 36%HK>;9/!+,l"B 36O]-,.+s($6?>'(;(/=+90:%>'(%/;6'(0#!!/;"9/;06"&032y #6-9/!+$0#06*"Q7/;I6?>'!(/Aa

1,:+s(96?>'!/ #9TTC59"BVFE* #K+;("l032]FE.0#/;' $ 6?>'!(/Aac<*/!6-"$9/!O- 39/!06d0#2'5 #$KL%L-,:+s(96?>'!/ @?'(06- #/!6/;6O '5 #$KL%LG #$,#06b@?/!" #6U/;6?9($("$9/!6O0#+*/;06U0#2x7+-,:"9/;'("+$0O 3KLKP032@f¡§ r 3 P.¤aqc<!/;O-"$)K("$06")'( #9B,:/!6OV'5 39K #$*

"$ 3"MQ7/;9_ Kl #"$"M0#21 #Gs0>* i : HTBM@gQ7/!;ll"9+s('99>K 0#27'5 #$KL%G #$,#06""$ #$9"Q7/;9V w1 #Gq0#>* ~ a Bax.02 #6*0#/;6OU/!"n?60RQ76 #Gq0#>*7'5 #$KL%T6?>'!/4 #6%I(6*'(FE.+s($/!K(6- #]"B>%/;("T0#2M"$>'"B,."BKL"H0#H6*Q /;6"9/;O-"I/!6-0_*%*,:65 3KL/;'("T9(! 3%°90G$N #n?/!6*O032 MZ \&¨x N#0>7"$,:KKLF$,8G?,V9]p #$O)KL #"9"70#2=*J' #9K(%Tm?>5 #9nxa

¯603L60R#(7/;9(K/;6_9T"9'(/;(6-/C5'I+90#O #KK8'(0R9%G-, ¯3f[1¯ 3 f¡D #J.¤Q7/!;gGs"B>%.,0#2 uK("$06"/;6?9(9 #'9/!6OlQ7/ 86?>'(;N #K(%*/!>KTaPc<* UuK("90#6/!"9+$0#0#,:+sP032 *N N?,?uv!/;O-fm?>5 39nu® #6-9/!m?>5 #$nT"B,:"$Kz/!6XJY[M@x"$0L*/!"7+90S$('0#q(9"1>6/;m?>+s0"9"$/!G/;!/;9/!"2e0UFE.+;09/;6O` "9/;6O;#@&;0.'( #!/;"9%t!/!O#?Um?>5 39n_/!6- #'F/;6OQ7/6?>'(;(06"L/!6d 6?>'(;(>"f #6%V2e0</;6-("B/;O- 3/;6O]$("9>*;/;6O'5 #6*OP032g9 uK("$06IKl #"$"</!6IKL 399((a

)(y(Vc<0+*/!'("4%"9'9/!Gs(%P/!6*/!"gY&5 #+*9(=%(K06"B9 3 34§"$9>%*,]0#25XJY[ #6%J"B9>*'>*90#25 #%$06"1/!"7(6-9/;6O8 U6Q+5 #"$#a HH>*'6Q */!O.uv+9'(/;"9/!0#6V%5 3 Q7/!;Gq'(0KJ N# 3/!p 3G!/!6d6*N #2e>*>$2e90#K Ê./!"$9/!6O2 #'(/;!/;9/!"(ac<("$FE.+q9/;KL6? #1%#(!0#+KL6-"VKM>"B8Gs #''(0K+5 #6/;(%G-,"9/;KL/;p #109F/;'N #yF0#$"aLY&06"9/;%(9 #G;+90O#9("$"]'N #6GqUÊ*+s('F%`06 /;KL"9'( #!I0#2)C*90`"9F6,N 39"(a f0RQD(@7/;L/!"L #;"90'(!( #U5 3LKL #6-,d032)Hm?>("B/!0#6"0>*9!/;6(%*(9MQ7/;!=9Kl #/;6>6 #6"$QD($(%Q7/;*0>*)6*Q Ê.+q9/!K(6- #g2 #'/!;/;/;("a)6G #"9/;"0#2g"9>'H'(06*"9/!%*( w/!0#6"2e0;!0RQ7/!6*OM!/;"$<0#2g9'(0KK(6%5 w/!0#6"<5 #"7Gs((6T+$(+5 #$(%ba

8$-,18$I$ ( &3$ 5< (*6( $ (*!#( 1A! ,6< ( 8 $ : 6B, 3! ,6 6( : ( 03 ,(,6< (2=(C,68!# >1, 8$ ,6< (I%>(* : 5"$#!% %'&)(* ,+-.0/$ #,1 %('2 $$&43%3657 3%"*8 # ( $ 9 1 ":/;(* %'& #,1 # ,<: = %> # 5 "**$@? % $A3*&(%'& $ # 3B? $ % ',&436C $@? % ',/A3*&)(C3:DFE0+G3$A.H?$ %('2*I3* "*3%) # %J&J+K& # C3%J5L # %3M& # ( $57N% %O %J& $ # +H& # ?$93%'$ 2(%' ,IPC<: ,&QR? $S+- 1 *N)3A(+4S+- % %J&)(C6TVUXWY(+4(* +- %J& $ # 3:D

?8?, ,6< (!C 6=(*$-, 36(2$ : 6$-,68?(2E: !C8 8 ,68?(*I8$ E% (* Z 8 $3!C 38 $ )+ 3(*B,K33= 3(* 5<3(26( >36>=8? ,1([ >$-,18 D,6< (CA6( =3B( 40A $ (: !C8 8?,18(* 5\ '2! # &J<: ];,C % N>& # *+-3%'&)(83A( % %>**& #,1 ?^,(*&Q+_&(%J&)C3` %8UXacbRd eCUgfihjElk2knm[ # oW0aikqp

~

eRacbRhaqk]N "" mIC3 % C(*&J+Q+_/03 ' $ ,+- "*H?$ ,+Q+_/M % + $&(%@ % ', $ 1 'F5L3* *5L # %Q3$@? % '2 1 +_ $ #% $+-$&A %J& $ # . 1 # *9+_& % %$ # &43%J*& ": %J& $ # 3i # %'9 # 3**3*&(%J/l&43%J$& ": %J& $ # 3:DcE%]3$5L*N '= %g+ $ * # * 1 &)C3C. %('2 ?^,(%$*/! % 3A( %J& e'W E Rd a m! # % '2 # +4 % %$ # "*5?^,(*&Q+_&(%J/; % h & # `e'h8Elh " N$Um &Q+Q+ % $A&J,8( $5 % %'&(%J&Q65L3* ,C*5L # %Q3 $@?F5LC3$ # # "C$/$ # 3%'$ 2(%' ,C. C3 % C(%J&Q*+_/nD 3%'+_/ % '2Vn&43%J& #,1 ?^,(*&Q+_&(%J&)C3R& # $ #2# e'a kEmA. # $N":+4[eibE E]mA., 2*+_&)( ' eCUgfBkqp2mo # % % 3:+- eCUXa k " Hknm[ % C(%> % $ % $A&J,&Q5 % $ %) # %B %) $ # $& $ 3'= $ # &)(I( '= #2# *+G3:D

6(*36(9: ,6<3(9!#-$3B,1=3! ,68?-$ : ,6< (I8< $3(26A /-,16( 8$3 / , / 5\ '2 % +- #2# Bk " "$# %@* # %J& $ # + E0(C(C*+4*9 % $ H,(*&Q+_&(%J/? $ 5I3$@? " $ # 3S # E # %'& % $N%$ # 3 '=3 "*C # % % $ # &Q+Q+ % +-/ (*$ ](*&J+ $+4V& #% $5 $&%'& #,1 $ ,S # ,*3%) # & #,1$@? %('2 % ',/ 3*&)(C3#$@? %('283%' $ #,1 & # %>*,(%J& $ # D \ ',&43S?^,(*&Q+_&(%'/ &Q+Q+ % $A&J,"! D$#&%'!(#) +*+,.e9( $$+4*m # %J&QN % $&% $ # "*5I3c&Q5 % & #,1 & #,1 $ #- IeO& # %>* # + m %O 1 %Q3:D " % &Q+Q+ 56/. % $A3C3*& ":+43A( '2C3q? $ # ( '=$5 $ # &Q 5 3%) %@C3M& # (*+_ & #,1 ',/ ":*&J3 e¦ m8 # +G3$ ? $ 1 +_ 2 "C+Q+G3C. ',&Q+4&Q5 % $A& #,1 $ ,0. # $ +4 1 $@? $&% '2*63%O %>C3:D " % &Q+Q+B+G3$ $ % # # % *3 % C(%J&QC3? $ % + $$& #,1 & # %>*9,(%'& $ # 3!$@? ( '=$5L '= $ # 3 &(%(' # 2(*+4M3*/ 3%>*5I3:D " %R&4373%J $ #,1 +_/C( $575L # , %('= % ai $ % *N &J,21 $& # %V,(%J&QA&(%'&)C3!"*8&QC(%@ %$ %('2!( $ # 3%J$ ](%J& $ #$@?Raqk b # 6&(%3 1 # *9+_N % , % $A3AS,%@C(%$l3*/ 3%>*5 jE0d WgEPD

6(*36( : 3 >6 : 5+<38< 3)98 $ 8 ,A (2 ,1$ !# ,,(*=8$3 : !C88?,.A 5\ ',&43 &Q+Q+ "* %('2 # ?$ $ # %'&)*FTVUXW ?^,(*&Q+_&(%'/F& # %('2l3AC( $ # ,C( , $@? %('2435!3%(C # %' ,$/nDa6 % *$&Q5L # %3 % 3* ]( ' ?^,(*&Q+_&(%'/ &Q+Q+ % $A&J, % C(*&43*& $ # %>C3%3 $@?i3A**+ TVUXW % C&)(%J& $ # 3? $63 % C(%Q3 $@? '= $ # 3%J* 2(%J 87:95; $57& # %@ ":/ 1 +_ $ # &)( ( $ # %J*& ": %J& $ # 3:D \ '2C3AF& # N(*+_ =,%'9 # 3**3*&(%J/ &43%J$& ": %J& $ # 3M # 1 # *9+_&43A <: <. &43%J*& ": %J& $ # 3C.B3 *+Q+ 3 % '2*&Q* $+_ %'& $ # &(%(' D \ '2 % $ % $A3:+B( $ +-#"*!"C3A $ # 3A**9+ C(C # %'+_/ % % C; $A(* ,N5L # %Q3 ',&)( ' ,C3A(*$& "* ' $ 3* 2( ' % $=1 C(%R( $ ,+- "*I& # ( $ % $9 %>L& # *&(%('2*Mn&43%'& #,1 $% +- #2# +- 1 *N)3A(+4S,(C(C*+4* %$ ?^,(*&Q+_&(%J&)C3S& # ai $ % I # & # %('2> # &(%@k %) %@C3:D

$-,68$ (9$ : 1,6< (* 3( (* 8 $,1(2 $ ,68?$3 = "8 (9!# ?46 ,68?$ 8 $,6< (I%>(* : 5ai , $ % #M% %J&)(*& % %'& $ # & # # +- 1 *N)3A(+4 % $=1 C(%Q3 & # "$&%(' % '2?HkE # % # &43S # N( $ ,9 1 D \ '2 ( '= #,1 $@?q&J,3C. & # 3%'$ ,5L # %O %J& $ # # % *C3$ #2# *+"*% C # %('2qa . %('2HkE # 8= % # &Q+Q+,3%'&Q57 ,+- %@ % $ 1 C3C3:Dgh $ $*. % '2V( $5 % +4*5L # %)$&(%'/ $@? % $ % $A3:+G3? $ % $=1 C(%Q3P $ # % '2 $*+- &Q+Q+ # 3* ,CS'2+%(',/8( $5 % %J&(%J& $ # &(%(' $ %c #2# C(CC3C3:*/$*$+- % 3:D

~ :

theory.physics.manchester.ac.ukmikeb/qcd.pdf · /1032547698!6;:a@cbedf4agh@jik>l@nm o 032 gqpk= @j=...

Documents

Transcript of theory.physics.manchester.ac.ukmikeb/qcd.pdf · /1032547698!6;:a@cbedf4agh@jik>l@nm o 032 gqpk= @j=...