ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

STEM Carib 2012

Mike Cowdery Corporate Electric amp UCCI

1

CONTENTS

IntroductionWhy engineering a sustainable future matters

Energy sourcesWhere does energy come from

Energy alternativesRenewable energy optionsOther alternative energy sources

Conclusions2Some material courtesy Tom Murphy UCSD

INTRODUCTIONWhy engineering a sustainable future matters

3

4

Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of

the rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold

Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we

want Or will it be somewhere in the middle

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC

year

ener

gy u

sage

Fossil fuels

People animals firewood

Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood

5

Global Energy Where Does it Come From

Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of Total

Petroleum 158 400

Coal 92 232

Natural Gas 89 225

Hydroelectric 287 72

Nuclear Energy 26 66

Biomass (burning) 16 04

Geothermal 05 013

Wind 013 003

Solar Direct 003 0008

Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away

Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)

6

The Great Energy Divide

Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle

Cayman

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

CONTENTS

IntroductionWhy engineering a sustainable future matters

Energy sourcesWhere does energy come from

Energy alternativesRenewable energy optionsOther alternative energy sources

Conclusions2Some material courtesy Tom Murphy UCSD

INTRODUCTIONWhy engineering a sustainable future matters

3

4

Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of

the rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold

Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we

want Or will it be somewhere in the middle

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC

year

ener

gy u

sage

Fossil fuels

People animals firewood

Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood

5

Global Energy Where Does it Come From

Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of Total

Petroleum 158 400

Coal 92 232

Natural Gas 89 225

Hydroelectric 287 72

Nuclear Energy 26 66

Biomass (burning) 16 04

Geothermal 05 013

Wind 013 003

Solar Direct 003 0008

Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away

Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)

6

The Great Energy Divide

Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle

Cayman

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

INTRODUCTIONWhy engineering a sustainable future matters

3

4

Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of

the rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold

Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we

want Or will it be somewhere in the middle

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC

year

ener

gy u

sage

Fossil fuels

People animals firewood

Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood

5

Global Energy Where Does it Come From

Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of Total

Petroleum 158 400

Coal 92 232

Natural Gas 89 225

Hydroelectric 287 72

Nuclear Energy 26 66

Biomass (burning) 16 04

Geothermal 05 013

Wind 013 003

Solar Direct 003 0008

Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away

Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)

6

The Great Energy Divide

Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle

Cayman

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

4

Fossil fuelshellip Our per capita energy consumption is many times that of

the rest of the world Most energy comes from fossil fuels - a short finite lifetime What will our future hold

Will it be back to a simple life Or will we find new ways to produce all the energy we

want Or will it be somewhere in the middle

2000 3000 4000 5000 6000100001000BC2000BC

year

ener

gy u

sage

Fossil fuels

People animals firewood

Nuclear geothermal solar energy ORPeople animals firewood

5

Global Energy Where Does it Come From

Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of Total

Petroleum 158 400

Coal 92 232

Natural Gas 89 225

Hydroelectric 287 72

Nuclear Energy 26 66

Biomass (burning) 16 04

Geothermal 05 013

Wind 013 003

Solar Direct 003 0008

Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away

Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)

6

The Great Energy Divide

Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle

Cayman

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

5

Global Energy Where Does it Come From

Source 1018 Joulesyr Percent of Total

Petroleum 158 400

Coal 92 232

Natural Gas 89 225

Hydroelectric 287 72

Nuclear Energy 26 66

Biomass (burning) 16 04

Geothermal 05 013

Wind 013 003

Solar Direct 003 0008

Sun Abs by Earth 2000000 then radiated away

Ultimately derived from our sun Courtesy David Bodansky (UW)

6

The Great Energy Divide

Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle

Cayman

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

6

The Great Energy Divide

Many countries in the world lie in this quarter-circle

Cayman

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

7

Economic Growth and Energy Use

Energy use is directly correlated with economic

prosperity

Energy usage

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

8

Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

9

Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

10

Why sustainability matters ndash climate change

Pasterze Glacier Austria 1874

Pasterze Glacier Austria 2000

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

11

What are we going to do

We are borrowing money from China to buy oil from the Gulf -and it all goes up in smoke

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Energy sources and uses

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

13

Kinetic energy amp wind Kinetic Energy the energy of motion

KE = frac12mv2

KE of wind can be used (eg windmills sailing boats etc)

Example wind passing through a square meter at 8 meters per second (18mph) Each second we have 8 cubic meters Air has density of 13 kgm3 so (8 m3)(13

kgm3) = 104 kg of air each second frac12mv2 = frac12(104 kg)(8 ms)2 = 333 J 333J every second 333W per square meter (but

to get all of it yoursquod have to stop the wind) Stronger winds more power (~ v3)

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

14

Challenges for small islands

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

15

Gravitational energy

Raising a Weight W through height h against gravity requires an energy input (work) of E = W = F h = mgh

Rolling a boulder up a hill gives it gravitational potential energy

The higher the cliff the more kinetic energy the boulder will have when it reaches the ground

mgh

becomes

frac12mv2

Conservation of energyfrac12mv2 = mghv2 = 2gh

h

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

16

Energy of the hydrologic cycle Evaporating 1g of water takes 2250J Raising 1g of water to top of the troposphere

(10000 m or 33000 ft)mgh = (0001 kg)(10 ms2)(10000 m) = 100 J

A tiny bit of PE remains IF rain falls on suitable terrain (eg higher than sea level) hydroelectric plants use this tiny left-over

energy damming concentrates PE in one location 401015 W of solar power goes into

evaporation Gravitational PE given to water vapor in the

atmosphere (per second)mgh = (161010 kg)(10 ms2)(2000 m) = 321014 J = 320 TW

US uses only 125 of that available

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

2012 17

Gravitational energy - water

Pumped storage

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

18

Waves global distribution of annual mean wave powerA GLOBAL WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT Andrew M Cornett Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Vancouver BC Canada July 6-11 2008

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Chemical Energy

Electrostatic energy (associated with charged particles like electrons) is stored in the atomic bonds of substances

Rearranging these bonds can release chemical energy (some reactions require energy to be put in)

Typical numbers 100ndash200 kJ per mole a mole is 60221023

moleculesparticles typical molecules are tens of

grams per mole several thousand Joules per gram

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

20

Chemical Energy Examples

Burning a wooden match releases about 1055 Joules a match is about 03 grams Energy release gt3kJg (3kJg)

Burning coal releases about 20kJg of chemical energy

Burning gasoline yields about 39kJg

Very few substances yield over about 45kJg

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Power generation from diesel power plant

CUCs power system comprised of 17 generating units (15 diesel and two gas turbine) - capacity 1512 MW

Electricity price heavily dependent upon fuel cost

21

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

22

Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil Shale gas = natural gas

formed trapped within shale formations

An increasingly important source of natural gas in the US amp rest of the world

In 2000 shale gas provided 1 of US natural gas production by 2010 it was over 20

US governments Energy Information Administration predicts by 2035 46 of the US NG from shale gas

Source New York Mercantile Exchange

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

23

Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence

Source BP energy outlook 2030 Jan 2012

Are fossil fuel resources finiteknown

May be too much fossil fuel - prices may be too low not too high

Availability not cost Abundant low-cost ldquoconventionalrdquo

oil (Middle East) has limited other sources

The revolution in shale gasshale oil has been transformational in the US

Is there another way forward using cheaper gas without increasing emissions Yes ndashfor the next couple of

decades Switching from coal to gas is

cheap ndash amp cuts emissions by roughly half

Does not solve climate change but gets emissions down much faster and cheaper than wind farms

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

24

Energy from crops - food

Human energy derived from food (stored solar energy in the form of chemical energy)

Energy sources recognized by our digestive systems Carbohydrates 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Proteins 17kJg (4 Cal per g) Fats 38kJg (9 Cal per g - like

gasoline) A 2000 Calorie per day diet means

20004184 J = 8368000 J per day corresponds to 97 Watts of power

This product has 150 Calories = 636 kJ enough to climb about 1000 meters (64 kg person)

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

25

Biomass

Biomass any living organism 40x1012 W out of the 174000x1012

W incident on the earth from the sun goes into photosynthesis 0023 this is the fuel for virtually all

biological activity half occurs in oceans

Compare this to global human power generation of 12x1012 W or to 06x1012 W of human biological activity

Fossil fuels represent stored biomass energy

15 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

26

How much land

How much land to replace US oil Cornfield ~ 15 efficient at turning

sunlight into stored chemical energy Conversion to ethanol is 17

efficient Growing season is only part of year

(say 50) Net efficiency ~ (15 x 17 x 50)

= 013 Need 4x1019 Jyr to replace

petroleum - this is 13x1012 W thus need 1015 W input (at 013) at 200 Wm2 insolation need 5x1012

m2 or (2200 km)2 of land thatrsquos a square 2200 km on a

side

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

27

Mass-energy

Einstein theory of relativityE = mc2

Relates mass to energy one can be transformed into the

other physicists speak generally of

mass-energy Seldom experienced in daily life

directly Happens at large scale in the

center of the sun and in nuclear weapons and reactors

Happens in all energy transactions but the effect is tiny

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

28

E = mc2 Examples

The energy equivalent of one gram of material (any composition) is (0001 kg)(30108 ms)2 = 901013 J = 90000000000000 J = 90 TJ equiv 568000g gasoline

If one gram of material undergoes a chemical reaction losing about 9000 J of energy how much mass does it lose

9000 J = mc2 so m = 9000c2 = 910391016 = 10-13 kg

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

29

E = mc2 in Sun

Helium nucleus is lighter than the four protons

Mass difference is 4029 40015 = 00276 amu 1 amu (atomic mass unit) is 1660510-27

kg difference of 45810-29 kg multiply by c2 to get 41210-12 J 1 mole (60221023 particles) of protons

251012 J typical chemical reactions are 100-200

kJmole nuclear fusion is ~20 million times

more potent

4 protonsmass = 4029

4He nucleusmass = 40015

energy

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Utilising solar energy PV types

Energy reaching the Earthrsquos atmosphere is 174 x 1015W rarr 89 x 1015W at surface Compare to total energy

production on earth of 331012 W

Even a small fraction of could solve world energy problems

Single-crystal silicon η~15ndash18 expensive (grown as big

crystal) Poly-crystalline silicon η~ 12ndash

16 cheaper (cast in ingots)

Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline) η~ 4ndash8 ldquothin filmrdquo easily deposited on

a wide range of surface types Max Si PV efficiency around

23

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Alternative energy options

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

32

The main energy alternatives

Wersquove now seen all the major energy alternatives kinetic energy (wind ocean currents) gravitational PE (hydroelectric tidal wave) chemical energy (batteries food biomass

fossil fuels (incl shale gas)rarr heat energy (power plants))

mass-energy (nuclear sources sunrsquos energy) radiant energy (solar energy)

WHAT WORKS HERE

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

33

Renewable Resources

Renewable = anything that wonrsquot be depleted sunlight (the sun will rise again

tomorrow) biomass (grows again) hydrological cycle (will rain again) wind (sunlight on earth makes

more) ocean currents (driven by sun) tidal motion (moon keeps on

producing it) geothermal (heat sources inside

earth not used up fast)

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

34

Solar energy economics

Current electricity cost in GC is about CI$035 per kWh

PV output assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day = 1800 hy one Watt delivers 18 kWh in

a year installed cost is CI$5 per

peak Watt capability panel lasts at least 25 years

so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity

CI$0111kWh Assuming energy inflation a

few per year payback is ~ 6 years

thereafter ldquofreerdquo $$ up front = loss of

investment capability Cost today is what matters

to many

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

35

The downside of solar The sun is not always shining 100 energy availability is not fully

compatible with direct solar power Hence large-scale solar

implementation must address energy storage techniques small scale feed solar into grid amp

let other power plants take up slack

Methods of storage conventional batteries (lead-acid) exotic batteries (need

development) hydrogen production (consume

later transport) Pumped storageglobal electricity

grid (not for Cayman)

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

36

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC uses heat stored in ocean

waters The temperature of the water

varies top layer normally warmer

than that nearer the bottom Works best when there is at least

20degC difference This ΔT often found in tropical

areas Closed cycle uses low-boiling

point fluid (eg ammonia) Warm ocean water is pumped

through a heat exchanger to vaporize the fluid

Energy extracted in a turbine Cold water pumped through a

second heat exchanger to condense vapor to be recycled through the system

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

37

Transportation

About 13 of US annual energy usage for transportation

Gasoline is a good fuel Around 40kJg engine efficiency only around 20

Problems with ethanol (from corn) Solar cars are impractical at 1ndash2 horsepower Electric cars need batteries (but can use solar

as a source of electricity) batteries store only 014 to 046 kJg some gain in fact that conversion to

mechanical is 90 efficient Desperately need a replacement for portable

gasoline

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Working design

2012 Legislation changed HSEVs now available

(eg Wheego) meeting US crash-test standards

14 businesses have signed letters of intent for solar-panel powered EV stations

Cayman Automotive + UGO Stations + Corporate Electric working on installation plan

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

How the EV charger works

Equipment required Solar panels inverter and charger etc Mounting installation amp infrastructure

Energy exchange with electricity grid Sunshine = power generation to car charger

or send electricity grid Car charging from solar electricity or grid

Vehicle energy costs (Grand Cayman experience) Gasoline 22mpg $6gallon = 27cmile =

$2430y Mains electricity 14kWh 40 miles = 12cmile

= $1080y Electric (solar) 0cmile = $0y

Engineering considerations

Technical Type 1 2 or 3 ndash

charge times Power source

CUC Renewable ndash

solarwind Mechanicalstructural

Withstand to natural and man-made hazards

Aesthetics Local or remote PV

array Harmonisation with

surroundings

Motor vehicles in the future

42

Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear

Nuclear energy Fission Fusion

Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of

fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +

radiation energy (γ) Energy release E

= mc2

1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of

gasoline

43

Nuclear energy atomic structure

Structure of the atom Nucleus

Protons Neutrons

Electrons

44

How a reactor works

Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa

45

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

Motor vehicles in the future

42

Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear

Nuclear energy Fission Fusion

Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of

fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +

radiation energy (γ) Energy release E

= mc2

1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of

gasoline

43

Nuclear energy atomic structure

Structure of the atom Nucleus

Protons Neutrons

Electrons

44

How a reactor works

Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa

45

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

42

Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear

Nuclear energy Fission Fusion

Fission energy release 85 kinetic energy of

fission products (heat) 15 ke of neutrons +

radiation energy (γ) Energy release E

= mc2

1g equivalent 215 kilotons of TNT 568000 USG of

gasoline

43

Nuclear energy atomic structure

Structure of the atom Nucleus

Protons Neutrons

Electrons

44

How a reactor works

Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa

45

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

43

Nuclear energy atomic structure

Structure of the atom Nucleus

Protons Neutrons

Electrons

44

How a reactor works

Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa

45

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

44

How a reactor works

Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa

45

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa

45

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

46

Small modular reactor Hyperion Modern small reactors

Simple design Mass production economies Reduced siting costs

High level of passive or inherent safety

Many safety provisions necessary in large reactors are not necessary in the small designs

Hyperion Uranium-nitride fuelled lead-bismuth cooled small reactor

70 MWt 25 Mwe Claimed to be modular

inexpensive inherently safe and proliferation-resistant

Could be used for heat generation production of electricity and desalination

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

Conclusions

47

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

48

What are the alternative-energy options

Do nothing Maintain dependence on diesel gasoline

Use more natural gas - rely on shale gasoil from overseas Global warming

Become more energy-independent Economy benefits Renewables solar OTEC Transportation electric vehicles

Solar-assisted Nuclear Small modular reactor technology

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think

49

What do you think

Energy costEnergy security of supplyEnvironment amp climate changeLand useSafetyWasteEmployment

• ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES STEM Carib 2012
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Fossil fuelshellip
• Global Energy Where Does it Come From
• The Great Energy Divide
• Economic Growth and Energy Use
• Why sustainability matters ndash price of oil
• Why sustainability matters ndash security of supply
• Why sustainability matters ndash climate change
• What are we going to do
• Energy sources and uses
• Kinetic energy amp wind
• Challenges for small islands
• Gravitational energy
• Energy of the hydrologic cycle
• Gravitational energy - water
• Waves global distribution of annual mean wave power
• Chemical Energy
• Chemical Energy Examples
• Power generation from diesel power plant
• Alternative fossil fuel source shale gas amp oil
• Is peak oil a myth - The path to US energy independence
• Energy from crops - food
• Biomass
• How much land
• Mass-energy
• E = mc2 Examples
• E = mc2 in Sun
• Utilising solar energy PV types
• Alternative energy options
• The main energy alternatives
• Renewable Resources
• Solar energy economics
• The downside of solar
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• Transportation
• Working design
• How the EV charger works
• Engineering considerations
• Motor vehicles in the future
• Another alternative energy option Go Nuclear
• Nuclear energy atomic structure
• How a reactor works
• Nuclear waste Oklo minesite Gabon West Africa
• Small modular reactor Hyperion
• Conclusions
• What are the alternative-energy options
• What do you think