MigrationUnit II Chapter 3

Migration

To est. the ecumene, humans have spread across earth through Migration

Geographers document from where people migrate and to where they migrate. Also why they migrate

Humans traveled through harsh and dangerous environments for new opp.

3 main reasons for migration: economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

Migration

REMEMBER!? Diffusion spreads characteristics from one

area to another

Relocation diffusion was the spread through bodily movement

Migration: permanent move to a new location specific type of relocation diffusion

Migration

Migration involves a two-way flow A B, B A

Emigration: migration from a location

Immigration: migration to a location

Net migration: different between # of immigrants and # of emigrants + immigrants = positive net migration (net in-

migration) + emigrants = negative net migration (net out-

migration)

Migration

Mobility: all types of movements from one place to another Many forms of mobility going to work, school, groceries, house of worship

circulation: short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

Migration disrupts traditional cultural ties and economic patterns in a region we take w/ us; language, religion, ethnicity, etc.

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

REASONS FOR MIGRATING

Push/Pull factors

Push factor: induces ppl to move out of their present location

Pull factor: induces ppl to move into a new location 3 major push/pull factors

Economic Push/Pull Factors

Aren’t many jobs in current situation

Possibly more jobs in a new location

Have a job, more attractive ones elsewhere

Cultural Push/Pull Factors

Big push factors: slavery and political instability

Wars have pushed ethnic groups out of redrawn borders

Refugees: ppl who have been forced to migrate and cannot return for fear of persecution of their race, religion, nationality, or political party Palestinians and Afghans 2 largest international

groups Sudan and Columbia 2 largest internal groups

Democracy

Refugees: Sources & Destinations

Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

Environmental Push/Pull Factors

Pull towards physically attractive regions Mountains, sea sides, and warm climates

Push from hazardous ones Water +/-

floodplain: area subject to flooding during a specific # of years based on historic trends

Hurricane Katrina Migrants

A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced migration.

Scene from The Grapes of Wrath

The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to California and elsewhere.

Intervening Obstacles

Intervening obstacle: an environmental or cultural factor that hinders migration We don’t always end up where we intend Historically physical (mountains, deserts,

water)

DISTANCE OF MIGRATION

Short distance and remain in their own country

Long distance and head to another country for centers of econ. activity

Internal Migration

International migration: permanent movement from one country to another

Internal migration: permanent movement within the same country similarity to distance decay…int’l mig. less

numerous

interregional migration: movement from one region of a country to another

intraregional: movement within on region

International Migration

Two types

Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move for economic improvements

Forced: migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors

Migration transition: changes in society comparable to those in the demographic transition International=stage 2 Internal=stage 3 and 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS

Most long-distance migrants are male

Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families

Gender of Migrants

Theorized a cent. Ago

Men more likely to be employed, therefore more likely to migrate

55% men in 18th/19th Cent.

1990’s reversed 55% women (changing role of women)

Family Status of Migrants

40% 25-39

5% 65+

Since more women are migrating, children are going with them 16% 15 and younger

WHERE ARE MIGRANTS

DISTRIBUTED?GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS

3 largest flows To Europe from Asia To NA from Asia and Latin America

Substantial in-migration To NA from Europe From Asia to Oceania

LDCsMDCs

Global Migration Patterns

Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Net Migration (per

population)

Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

WHERE ARE MIGRANTS

DISTRIBUTED?U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS

3 main eras of immigration All pulling from different regions of the world

Stage 2 is why people left

Colonial Immigration

Europe and Africa Africans forced, Euro’s voluntary (mostly)

90% of immigrants prior to 1840 were from GB

400K slaves were brought to the 13 colonies

19th Century Immigration

First Peak: Lots of Germans and Irish ¼ German ancestry, 1/8 Irish-British Economic pull factors, political unrest push

factors

Second Peak: Still Irish, more Scandinavian Beginning to enter _______?

Third Peak: Southern/Eastern Europe Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary Reasons for migrating?

Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin

Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

Recent Immigration

ASIA: most immigrants in the 60’s & 70’s China, Philippines, India, &Vietnam (2/3 all

Asian imm.) 40% of Canadian immigration

LATIN AMERICAN: 13M from 60-2005 2006: Mexico passes Germany as most imm.

ever to US

Same reasons of migrating as Europeans

Migration from Asia to the U.S.

Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Migration from Latin America to

the U.S.

Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON

U.S.LEGACY OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION

Europe’s demographic transition American Safety valve

Diffusion of European culture So many migrated (65M), they took culture

with them “seeds of conflict”

Imposing European culture

IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON

U.S.UNDOCUMENTED IMMIGRATION TO U.S.

Undocumented immigrants: unauthorized imm. Looking for economic opportunity 24% farming, 17% cleaning, 14%

construction, 12% food prep

Come into the U.S. by: Stay after “touring” Sneak across the border (2,000 Miles)

Immigration reform

U.S. - Mexico Border

at Tijuana

The U.S. side of the border is uninhabited and separated from Mexico by a fence

IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON

U.S.DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS IN U.S.

California, Texas, Florida, and New York ¼ CA, ¼ TX, ¼ NY-AZ-IL-GA-NJ, ¼ Rest of U.S.

Mexicans: CA, TX, IL

Caribbean’s: NY or FL

Asians: NY or CA Chain migration: migration of ppl to a

specific location bc family members or same nationality moved there

Undocumented Immigrants in the US

Fig. 3-7: California, Texas, and Florida are the leading destinations for undocumented immigrants to the U.S.

IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN HOST

COUNTRIES U.S. QUOTA LAWS

Quotas: max # of ppl who could immigrate to U.S. in a 1 year period. Changed dramatically over the years

Current law: 620K ppl, no more 7% from each country 480K family sponsored 140K employment related

Brain drain: large scale emigration by talented ppl

Guest Worker

s in Europe

Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION ON

U.S.TEMPORARY MIGRATION FOR WORK

Guest worker: ppl of poor countries who obtain jobs in western Eur. and ME

Helps deal w/ unemployment and stimulates econs.

Most from N.Africa, ME, Eastern Europe and Asia

TIME-CONTRACT WORKERS

Serve a contract for an X # of time

Economic Migrants & Refugees

CUBANS Seen as refugees since ’59 “Mariel Boatlift”

HAITAINS Economic advancement rather than political U.S. settled lawsuit

VIETNAMESE “Boat people”

Migration of Vietnamese Boat People

Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

CULTURAL PROBLEMS

U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMMIGRANTS

Hostility toned down in the 20th century

Southern/Eastern Europeans faced lots of hostility “inclined toward violent crimes” “racially inferior” “drove native’s out of work”

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS

IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S.

American West

Center of population “balance on a pin”

Settlement of the interior Canals Westward expansion

Center of Population in the U.S.

Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS

IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S.

Settlement of the Great Plains Filling in

Railroad helps advancement European offices

1980 population center moves west of the mighty miss

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS

IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS W/IN U.S.

Recent growth of the Sunbelt Greater economic opportunities Better climate

African American migration

U.S. Interregional Migration, 1995

U.S. Interregional Migration, 2003

MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS

IN A COUNTRYMIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS IN OTHER COUNTRIES

Russia: Forced migration, incentive migration

Brazil: Brasília

Indonesia: Java small island (incentives)

Europe: Italy ^, Great Britain v

India: Permits, State of Assam

Brasilia, Brazil

Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted thousands of migrants in search of jobs.

MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION

MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS

Urbanization since early 1800s

¾ U.S. is urban dwellers (also other devel. Countries) I bet you can’t guess why they’re moving to cities!

MIGRATION FROM URBA NTO SUBURBAN AREAS

2x as many ppl moving out of cities to suburbs as there are suburbs to cities

Non-economic reasons

Intraregional Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION

MIGRATION FROM METRO TO NONMETRO AREAS

Late 20th Cent. We saw more people immigrate to rural areas that emigrate from Counterurbanization: net migration from

urban to rural areas

Lure of rural life

Net-out = net-in U.S. Poor farming conditions

Net Migration by County, 2000-04

Fig. 3-15: Rural counties in the southwest and Florida have had net in-migration, while there has been net out-migration from rural counties in the Great Plains