Migration, Shadow Economy And Normalization
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Transcript of Migration, Shadow Economy And Normalization
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Migration, Informal Economy and Normalization
Bretones, F. D.; Rodriguez, M.J. & Gonzalez, J.M. (2007)
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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European Community Psychology Association
II International Seminar. Seville (Spain). September 19th to 21st, 2007
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Informal Economy: Definitions
• The sum total of income-earning activities with the exclusion of those that involve contractual and legality regulated employment
• It is unregulated by the institutions of society; in a legal and social environment in witch similar activities are regulated
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Marginal Informal Economy
• Entrepreneurship• Illegal o quasi-legal means• Personal work• A networked-based embeddedness• A restrictive institutional environment
(Light, 2004)
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Size of the shadow economy (%GNP)
• Developing countries: 35-44%• Transition economies: 20-25%
• Developed– OECD countries: 12%– Spain: 18% – Andalucía: 21,8% (Avila, 1997; Scheniedir and Enste, 2003)
Differences between developed (growth) and less developed (survival) countries
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Social factors in informal economy
• Business identity and professional career (Snyder, 2004)
• Limited social networks (Portes et al. 1989, 2004)• Poor language skills and uncertain social reality
/rumor (Harney, 2006)• Family, ethnic, linguistic and cultural ties
Migration and shadow economy in a developed country
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Methodology
• 67 questionnaires face-to-face
• 3 focus group (n=22)– Immigrant– Local– Immigrant & Local
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Sample
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Sample
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Ethnic business
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Activity
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Activity
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Family background
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Family background
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Results: activity and social networks
• Work experience/Business activity (rs=0.189 p=0.078).
• Family activity/Business activity (rs=0.338 p=0.011).
• Social support: friends and family
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Results: motives of informalization
Local/Migrants: Limited support• Lack economic resources(t=-1,573 p=0,002)• Lack information (t=-0,431 p=0,032)
Family/Non-Family background: Economic motives• Avoid labor costs (t=-1,740 p=0,007)• Income increased (t=-1,687 p=0,012) • Regulations and licensing requirements (t=-
1,201 p=0,031) Integrating New Migrants in New Europe
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Results: normalization and attribution
Local/Migrants• Financial aids (t=-1,245 p=0,002)• Social support (t=-0,711 p=0,011)• Publics aids (t=-0,339 p=0,018)
• Family allowances (t=0,255 p=0,009)
Integrating New Migrants in New Europe