MIGRATION, SETTLEMENT, AND THE RISE OF AGRICULTURE• Bering Strait (Beringia)

• Land bridge connecting Asia and North America

.

SSUSH1 THE STUDENT WILL DESCRIBE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA DURING THE 17TH CENTURY

A. EXPLAIN VIRGINIA’S DEVELOPMENT; INCLUDE THE VIRGINIA COMPANY, TOBACCO CULTIVATION, RELATIONSHIPS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS SUCH AS POWHATAN, DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES, BACON’S REBELLION, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SLAVERY.

THIRTEEN BRITISH COLONIES

THE VIRGINIA COMPANY

The King of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company which established Jamestown as their settlement in 1607.

TOBACCO• At first the Virginia Company failed to produce a cash crop and

the Jamestown colony nearly failed.

• John Rolfe established a blend of tobacco that was sold in England and produced a cash crop that made the colony prosper (1614).

THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES• The Virginia Company established a representative

body to help run the colony in 1619.• The House of Burgesses was made up of a governor

and 20 representatives, or burgesses, from the colony’s 10 towns.

RELATIONS WITH THE NATIVES

• The local natives, the Powhatan, had an uneasy peace with the Virginia Company settlers and traded them food, helping the colony to survive for the first few years.

• Relations eventually deteriorated and in 1622 the Powhatan attack Jamestown, killing many settlers.

• The uprising is put down, but causes the King to revoke the Virginia Company’s Charter, turning Virginia into a Royal colony led by a governor appointed by the King.

BACON’S REBELLION

Nathaniel Bacon: -a frontier farmer who was upset with the way the Governor was ruling the Virginia colony . -Governor took away many voting rights and failed to protect frontier farmers, who wanted more western land, from Native attacks.

BACON’S REBELLION

Bacon raised a militia and took over Jamestown in 1676

The Governor retook the colony later that year after Bacon became ill and died

SLAVERY COMES TO VIRGINIAThe first Africans came to Virginia in 1619 and were not used as slaves but as baptized servants.By the 1680s slaves began to replace indentured servants as workers in Virginia.

QUESTIONS

1. What role did the Virginia Company and tobacco have in saving the Virginia colony?

2. What type of government did the House of Burgesses form?

3. What was the relationship between the Powhatan and the colonists? How did it change and why?

4. Why did Nathaniel Bacon lead a revolt in Virginia?

5. What did role did the first Africans play in the development of Virginia?

SSUSH1 THE STUDENT WILL DESCRIBE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA DURING THE 17TH CENTURY

B. DESCRIBE THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND; INCLUDE RELIGIOUS REASONS, RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS (E.G., KING PHILLIP’S WAR), THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TOWN MEETINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LEGISLATURE, RELIGIOUS TENSIONS THAT LED TO COLONIES SUCH AS RHODE ISLAND, THE HALF-WAY COVENANT, SALEM WITCH TRIALS, AND THE LOSS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS CHARTER.

NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENT• The Pilgrims, which were a separatist group that

broke away from the Church of England, established the Plymouth Colony in 1620.

• The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by John Winthrop in 1630 as a refuge for Puritans who were being persecuted in England.

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY• Laws were passed requiring

everyone to attend the Puritan church.

• The government collected taxes used to support the established Puritan church.

• The Puritan Church was intolerant of other religions.

• Settlers could be charged with heresy and banished from the colony if they spoke out against the church.

RHODE ISLAND

• In 1635 a preacher named Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for speaking out against the Puritan way.

• Williams founded Providence: he separated the church and state and allowed differing religious beliefs.

HALF-WAY COVENANT

Created in 1662, it provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of Puritan church members as a means of keeping the church's influence in society.

KING PHILLIP’S WAR

• By the 1670s colonial governments began demanding that natives follow English laws and customs.

• King Phillip (a Native leader), led an uprising against the colonists .

• King Phillip was killed in 1676 and the war ended in 1678 ending any further Native resistance in New England.

SALEM WITCH TRIALS

• .

• 20 residents of Salem executed for being witches.

• Accused by a group of teenage girls.

• The group admitted later that they had made up the accusations.

• Reasons for the accusations may have been from cultural/economic differences. http://www.youtube.com/v/wDdtOwYi8vY

NEW ENGLAND GOVERNMENT

• Town Meetings: town residents met to discuss local issues and to pass laws for the local community.

• Town meetings gave the locals a chance at self government (Why would this lead to the American Revolution?).

MASSACHUSETTS LOSES IT’S CHARTER

• The Glorious Revolution in England led to the removal of King James II.

• William and Mary issue a new, Royal Charter in 1691.

The new charter held that:•The people could elect an assembly, however King William held the power to appoint the Governor.•Voters had to own property, but no longer had to be members of the Puritan Church. (How did this spell the end of Puritan Power in New England?)

QUESTIONS

1. Why did the Puritans colonize Massachusetts and how did their religion influence their government?

2. Why was Rhode Island founded?

3. How was the half-way covenant a response to the founding of R.I.?

4. What were the causes and results of King Phillip’s War?

5. What type of local government did the Massachusetts colonists develop?

6. How did Massachusetts lose it’s charter?

SSUSH1 - THE STUDENT WILL DESCRIBE EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA DURING THE 17TH CENTURY

C. EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MID-ATLANTIC COLONIES; INCLUDE THE DUTCH SETTLEMENT OF NEW AMSTERDAM AND SUBSEQUENT ENGLISH TAKEOVER, AND THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA

D. EXPLAIN THE REASON FOR THE FRENCH SETTLEMENT OF QUEBEC

NEW AMSTERDAM

• Henry Hudson first discovered the area for the Dutch.

• By 1614, the Dutch establish fur-trading posts and name the area “New Netherland” .

NEW AMSTERDAM

• New Amsterdam, located on Manhattan Island, was the main Dutch settlement.

• To increase the population, the Dutch allowed anyone to buy land in the new colony, making the colony very diverse.

• King Charles II of England felt the Dutch were growing too strong, and seized the colony in 1664 for England.

• England divides the area into two new colonies, New York, and New Jersey.

PENNSYLVANIA

In 1680 William Penn, a Quaker, inherited an area south of New York as a debt from King Charles II.

QUAKERS• Quakers believed that there was no need for

churches or ministers (How did this differ from the Puritan beliefs?)

• They also advocated pacifism, and objected to political and religious authority

PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania was Penn’s “holy experiment” -complete political and religious freedom -friendly relationship with the natives lasted over 70 years -made land available to all settlers

THE FRENCH IN QUEBEC

• The French find “New France” and use it as a base for fur trading.

• Fur became fashionable in Europe, increasing the demand.

• Quebec becomes the capital of New France.

JAMESTOWNJamestown was founded on a small island, which was located several miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean on the James River.

JAMESTOWN• The island offered protection from attacks by the local natives

and Spanish ships.

• The location also made it ideal to ship goods (tobacco) back to England, and access to a food source (fish).

NEW YORK CITYNew York was founded by the Dutch on the tip of Manhattan Island just inland from the Atlantic Ocean. It was established as a fur trading post.

NYC Circa 1609 (National Geographic)

NEW YORK CITYNew York is also located on a large, natural harbor, making it suitable for shipping and trade.

QUESTIONS

1. Why did the French settle in Quebec?

2. What geographic features each made Jamestown and New York City ideal

for settlement?

3. Why did the English take of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam?

4. How was the settlement of Pennsylvania different from the settlement in

Massachusetts?

SSUSH2: THE STUDENT WILL TRACE THE WAYS THAT THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY OF

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA DEVELOPED

a. EXPLAIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MERCANTILISM AND THE TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE.

b. DESCRIBE THE MIDDLE PASSAGE, GROWTH OF THE AFRICAN POPULATION, AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN CULTURE

MERCANTILISM

Believed that for a country to become rich and powerful it had to accumulate gold and silver -Had to sell more goods than what it bought -Should be self-sufficient in raw materials -Needed to establish colonies to get the raw materials from -Would then turn around and sell finished goods back to their colonies

MIDDLE PASSAGE

The portion of the triangular trade which brought enslaved Africans to the Caribbean and American colonies

ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

EARLY SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES• The first Africans brought to Virginia and Maryland

were treated more like indentured servants, and could win their freedom by converting to Christianity.

• Slave codes: In 1705 Virginia formed a set of laws which defined and regulated slavery.

• Slavery became a recognized institution by the early 1700s.

AFRICAN-AMERICAN CULTURE IN THE COLONIES• Africans in the colonies came from differing regions

in West Africa and spoke many different languages. • In South Carolina, a common language combining

English and African words called Gullah was formed by slaves as a means of communicating.

AFRICAN-AMERICAN CULTURE IN THE COLONIES

African and Christian beliefs, and musical forms, were also culturally mixed.

REVIEW: COLONIAL CULTURE

• 1. The colonial business in which Europeans transported African slaves to America and sold them to white slave owners was called what?• A. mercantilism C. individualism

• B. triangular trade route D. the Atlantic slave trade

• 2. Which of the following is true regarding African Americans in the American colonies?• A. Most of them were slaves who gained freedom after 7 yrs. of service.

• B. They came to America from a variety of different backgrounds.

• C. They were all slaves because the law prevented blacks from ever being free.

• D. Most enjoyed a great amount of social mobility in the colonies.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

THE GREAT AWAKENING

C. IDENTIFY BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AS A SYMBOL OF SOCIAL MOBILITY AND INDIVIDUALISM

D. EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GREAT AWAKENING

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

• Born in Boston as one of 17 children.• Worked for his brother in Boston as a printer’s apprentice.• In 1723,at the age of 16, he ran away to Philadelphia, with a little

more than a dollar in his pocket.• Became an inventor, a supporter of the American Revolution, a

statesman, and a major figure in the Enlightenment.

THE GREAT AWAKENING

• Stressed a dependence on God and was widely accepted by farmers and slaves

-Preachers used revivals as a means of spreading their message

-Jonathan Edwards: Preached in New England stressing the need for repenting in order to be born again

THE GREAT AWAKENING• George Whitefield: Based in Philadelphia, believed that all

ministers must be reborn.

• In the South, the Baptist movement reached out to freemen and slaves.

• The Great Awakening was one of the last major cultural developments prior to the American Revolution.

• http://www.youtube.com/feature/player_detailpage&v=n-dk4-HBNWQ

UNIT 2 TERMS TO KNOW• Powhatan

• Bacon’s Rebellion

• Massachusetts settlement

• Half-Way Covenant

• King Phillip’s War

• Massachusetts charter

• Salem Witch Trials

• Mid-Atlantic Colonies

• Pennsylvania

• New Amsterdam (New York)

• Quebec

• Mercantilism

• Transatlantic trade

• Middle Passage

• Benjamin Franklin

• Individualism

• Social Mobility

• The Great Awakening

THE FIRST EUROPEANS

• I. The Spanish and French• First inhabitants (Native Americans) of North America migrated

from Asia using a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

• they established the first societies• Some were advanced in art,

science, technology, and agriculture

• First Europeans arrived in the

15th & 16th centuries (Spain,

France, Great Britain

JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA

• Jamestown became the first successful English colony in 1607• Founded by a joint-stock Company (company owned by investors) called the Virginia Company sponsored the colony and hoped to make money

off the production of raw materials• The settlers were not used to doing hard, manual labor –

they came to get rich

JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA

• The settlers did not concern themselves with raising crops; they came looking for gold and other riches

• Jamestown was in a swampy area, vulnerable to disease-carrying mosquitoes

• Freezing winters, infectious diseases, and starvation killed many settlers

JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA

• Captain John Smith took over the colony and forced the settlers to work – “He who does not work, shall not eat.”

• John Rolfe saved the colony when he discovered tobacco (“brown gold)• Became extremely profitable and the colony’s chief source of

income• Created a class of wealthy, large landowners

• To attract more settlers to the colony, Virginia instituted the headright system• Promised 50 acres of land to those who settled in the colony

VIRGINIANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS

• When the British colonists arrived they found Indians living under a tribal confederation led by Chief Powhatan

• Native Americans initially helped the settlers survive its first winter• Later 200 Native Americans attacked Jamestown

• The settlers used canons, then negotiated a peace• Powhatan remained distrustful and watchful

• March 1622, Powhatan’s brother, led a surprise attack on Jamestown killing 300 colonists• Jamestown residents retaliated killing just as many Indians

VIRGINIA’S SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• A small group of wealthy landowners exercised most of the power in each colony

• In Virginia• Landowners, poor farmers, indentured servants, slaves• Indentured servants – people who could not afford to

come to North America on their own; they agreed to work for a landowner for up to seven years in exchange for the landowner paying for their trip

SLAVERY ARISES IN VIRGINIA

• Slavery a system in which people are “owned” like property.

• English colonists eventually viewed Africa as their most efficient source for slaves

• The first Africans came in 1619 as indentured servants• The plantation system resulted from slavery

• Plantations were huge farms owned by wealthy landowners who raised cash crops (crops grown for trade and profit)

• Plantations required lots of manual labor

VIRGINIA’S GOVERNMENT

• 1619 Virginians established the colonies’ first elected legislative body the - House of Burgesses• Helped lay a foundation for the ideas about

representative government that would develop in the colonies

SOUTHERN, MIDDLE, AND NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• New England colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut

• Middle colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware• Southern colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South

Carolina, and Georgia• Some colonies were established as royal colonies, governed direct by the king

through an appointed royal governor

• Other colonies were proprietary or charter colonies• Proprietary – colonies granted to a group of private owners for development

• Charter – colonies to which the crown granted a charter for the purpose of establishing a government

SOUTHERN COLONIES

• Southern Colonial Society• Strong class distinctions• People believed that male members of the upper class

should be the ones in positions of power and authority• Public education did not exist – some education took place in

homes; wealthy used private tutors or sent their children to Europe

• Rich landowners remained part of the Church of England • Methodist and Baptist congregations became common

among poorer southerners

SOUTHERN COLONIES

• Southern Colonial Economy• Tobacco became an important cash crop for Virginia, Maryland,

and North Carolina

• Rice and indigo were important crops for South Carolina and Georgia

• Staple crops (crops in large demand and provide income) such as tobacco and rice led to plantation system and more reliance on slave labor

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• Besides wealth, people came to North America because of religious dissent (disagreement with the Anglican Church) • English leaders viewed any protest or refusal to follow Anglican

teachings as a betrayal

• Many left to escape persecution

• Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church and have a community built on “pure biblical teaching”• In 1620 Puritans, called Pilgrims established a colony in Plymouth, MA

(celebrated first Thanksgiving in 1621)

• Another group of Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• New England’s Colonial Economy• Didn’t raise cash crops

• Relied on the Atlantic Ocean

• Leading industries were shipbuilding, trade, and fishing

• Transported goods from England and the West Indies• Acquired sugarcane, molasses, rum in that they traded for African

slaves

• Boston, MA became a major urban center

• Had small farms for self-sufficiency

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• New England Government• Mayflower Compact defined New England’s first efforts at self-

government

• Document was drafted while the Puritans (Pilgrims) were still on board the Mayflower ship

• Established an elected legislature and said the government derived its power from the people

• Wanted rule by local government not England

• Used town meetings where local, tax-paying citizens met to discuss and vote on issues

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• Religion and Dissent• Puritan church was central part of life in New England

• In Massachusetts every settler had to attend and support the Puritan church

• Dissenters were often banished from the colony

• Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison both left Massachusetts because they disagreed with teachings of the Puritan Church

• Founded Rhode Island

• Massachusetts lost is charter in 1684 and became a royal colony in 1691

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials• Puritans established the Half-way Covenant to allow the offspring

of early Puritans to stay in the church without undergoing “conversion experiences”

• Children and grandchildren only needed to be baptized to be partial members

• In 1692, commitment to protect the Puritan faith led to the Salem Witch Trials

• Young girls were accused of being witches and put to death

• Also affected independent-minded women

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

• New Englanders and Native Americans• First interactions were peaceful

• Series of wars broke out as settlers continued to move west, pushing Native Americans off their land

• 1675, Metacom (“King Philip”) united Native Americas in New England unsuccessfully against English settlers

• King Philip’s War: nearly 2000 colonists killed; Metacom was forced to retreat and was killed in Rhode Island

• English colonists gained firmer control over area

MIDDLE COLONIES

• Culturally diverse – settled by other nationalities (Dutch, Swedes, etc.)

• Mid-Colonial Economy• Depended on farming and commerce

• Raised staple crops like wheat, barley, rye

• Had urban centers such as New York and Philadelphia – important ports for shipping products

• Few slaves; had a fur trade

• Had an economic relationship with Natives

MIDDLE COLONIES

• Diversity in the Middle Colonies• William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a homeland and haven for

Quakers

• Did not recognize class differences, promoted equality of the sexes, pacifists, dealt fairly with Native Americans

• Believed in religious tolerance: attracted German Lutherans, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, and Swiss Mennonites

• New York was founded as a Dutch colony

• Jews and Christians made New York home

MIDDLE COLONIES• From “New Amsterdam” to New York• Dutch (Europeans form the Netherlands) originally

settled the area known as New York – calling it New Netherland, establishing a trading post at New Amsterdam• Built a successful trading industry

• Area was taken from the Dutch by England in 1664 when King Charles II put his brother, the Duke of York, in charge

• Area renamed New York

COLONIAL CULTURE

• Slavery and African Americans• The Atlantic Slave Trade

• Portugal established the slave trade in the 15th century

• Grew drastically from the 15th to the 19th centuries, ending the 1800s

SLAVERY AND AFRICAN AMERICANS• Soon the Dutch, British, Spanish, and French

joined the slave trade• Slave ships carried millions of Africans to the

Americas• They arrived via the Middle Passage – route taken by

ships carrying slaves from Africa to North America

• The Middle Passage the middle leg of the “triangular trade” (Europe, Africa, the Americas)

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

COLONIAL AFRICAN AMERICAN CULTURE

• Africans came from many different cultures within Africa• Spoke different languages, had different religious beliefs, different

traditions

• Adopted aspects of Christian religion mixed with their African traditions

• Regional differences determined work of slaves

• South – worked on plantations

• North – worked as artisans

• Some slaves bought their freedom, others were freed by masters, others escaped and began maroon settlements – communities formed in frontier areas by escaped slaves

INDIVIDUALISM AND SOCIAL MOBILITY

• Many Europeans came to North America for social mobility (moving from one social status to another)

• In the colonies land was abundant• Indentured servants could eventually own land, earn the

right to vote

• Every individual could work hard and advance – individualism• Led to universal suffrage for white males and democracy

INDIVIDUALISM AND SOCIAL MOBILITY

• Benjamin Franklin• Inventor, scientist, writer, ambassador, founding father

• Example of individualism and social mobility• Not born in the upper class

• Parents could not afford to educate him

• Quit school at 10, became an apprentice in his older brother’s print shop

• Built a fortune as a writer, inventor, scientist

• As a political theorist he became very respected in government

• Used his natural abilities, hard work, and creativity to climb the social ladder

RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION

• First Great Awakening

• Religious movement that featured passionate preaching from evangelists like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield

• Believed colonists had forsaken God

• Wanted to “awaken” religious feelings through the use of revivals

• Encouraged colonists to think for themselves on religious matters

• Ensured principles like freedom of religion and separation of church and state

MERCANTILISM AND TRADE

• Mercantilism – countries grow wealthier and maintain their national security by consistently exporting more than they import• Wanted to maintain a “favorable balance of trade” (export more than the

import)

• Needed the colonies for additional resources and markets

• Shipped colonies’ products and raw materials to England and the West Indies (trans-Atlantic trade)