Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahanadi Delta
1
Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahanadi Delta Shouvik Das, Sugata Hazra* , Tuhin Ghosh*, Somnath Hazra, and Amit Ghosh (*Presenting Authors) School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, India Adaptation Future 2016, Rotterdam, Netherlands Abstract Number: ABSSUB-989 21% 13% 3% 37% 4% 12% 1% 9% Main workers as Cultivators Main workers as Agricultural Labourers Main workers as Household Workers Main workers as Other Workers Marginal workers as Cultivators Marginal workers as Agricultural Labourers Marginal workers as Household Workers Marginal workers as Other Workers 26% 14% 2% 38% 5% 9% 1% 5% 61 65 68 72 73 74 78 80 80 81 81 81 81 89 90 91 91 96 96 97 103 105 121 122 123 127 146 157 170 205 0 50 100 150 200 250 Bargarh Jharsuguda Sambalpur Debagarh Sundargarh Kendujhar Mayurbhanj Baleshwar Bhadrak Kendrapara Jagatsingh… Cuttack Jajapur Dhenkanal Anugul Nayagarh Khordha Puri Ganjam Gajapati Kandhamal Baudh Subarnapur Balangir Nuapada Kalahandi Rayagada Koraput Malkangiri Index of Percapita Income Change in land use & Land cover • Changes in Agricultural area • Increase in Urban areas • Land degradation Demographic Change • Population Size/Density • Population Structure • Sex Ratio Climate Change • Change in Temperature • Change in Rainfall • late arrival of monsoon Change in Production In-situ adaptation Autonomous/ Planned Change in Livelihood options Change in Income(+/--) DECISION Stay or Migrate Migrate Economic Change • Per capita Income • Work Participation Rate Natural Hazards • Frequency & Intensity of Cyclones • Flood Frequency • Coastal Erosion Trapped Population Willing Migration Distress Migration Introduction Socio-Economic Profile Study Area Conclusion - 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Total Population Year Bhadrak Kendrapara Jagatsinghapur Khordha Puri • The economy is largely agriculture based which are being increasingly affected by frequent floods, cyclones, salinization etc. and lack of transportation facilities/markets . • The repeated crop loss and lack of returns from existing livelihood are forcing them to take up jobs in construction industry outside the state. • Preferred destinations: Internal destinations are Chennai, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Kerala and International destinations are Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Dubai. • A lot of women who have school education are now going to Puri, Bhubaneswar for work in small industry. • Contractors and Early migrants provide a network for new migrants. • Migration is bringing limited economic success. • Agriculture and fishery sectors of natural resource based economy of deltas are increasingly becoming unprofitable due to Climate Change. • This results in large scale labour migration, in absence of alternative livelihood option in the Mahanadi delta, Odisha, India. • Labour migration increased manifold in the coastal region of Odisha in the aftermath of super cyclones of 1999 and 2013. • The present research discusses whether migration can be considered as an adaptation option when the mainstay of livelihood, i.e. agriculture is threatened by repeated flooding, sea level rise, cyclone and storm surges, salinization of soil and crop failure due to temperature stress imposed by climate change. • Risk induced migration : From the block level (sub-district) risk and migration analysis, it has been observed that several coastal blocks which are adversely affected by climate change and low level of economic growth exhibit higher risk and high rate of out-migration. Dhamnagar, Ersama, Balikuda, Tihidi blocks are bio-physically and socio- economically at very high risk where out migration dominates. • On the other hand, several blocks of comparatively lower risk like Khordha, Puri districts or other urban growth centres show positive net migration or in- migration. • Migration has been analysed in the context of climate change using the concept of risk, represented as probability of occurrence of hazardous events, degree of vulnerability of the area as well as migration analysis using the indirect methods (vital statistics and census survival ratio). • The methodological framework of Risk Assessment has been designed by analyzing the term vulnerability in terms of sensitivity and adaptive capacity (IPCC AR5) with an equal weightage to the components and GIS overlay . Risk (R) = f [Hazard (H), Exposure (E), Vulnerability (V)] (IPCC AR5, 2014) or, Risk (R) = f [Hazard (H), Exposure (E), Sensitivity (S), Adaptive Capacity (AC)] • The estimation of Net Migration (the difference of in-migration and out-migration of an area in a period of time) has been done using indirect method, in absence of data on place of birth and place of enumeration. • The average estimation of Census Survival Ratio method at district level and Vital Statistics method at block (sub-district) level have been applied to estimate the net migration of the study area. Methodology Conceptual Framework : Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change Migration Scenario • Mahanadi Delta is drained by a network of three major rivers: Mahanadi, Brahmhani and Baitarani into the Bay of Bengal. • The coastline of the delta is about 200 km long which stretches from south near Chilika to north up to Dhamra River. • Using SRTM 30m digital surface elevation data, area within 5m contour from the coast line has been extracted within the vicinity of Mahanadi delta . • The total study area is 13137.679 Sq. Km. The 5m contour spread across 45 Blocks of Khordha, Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara and Bhadrak districts. Chilika lake falls within 5m contour line. Risk Assessment Annual Index of Real Per Capita NDDP, 2010-11 (Per Capita Real NSDP = 100) Year: 2001 Year: 2011 The Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 Odisha: 270 persons per sq. km. India: 382 persons per sq. km. Mahanadi Delta Distribution of Total Workers 0 10 20 30 Bhadrak Kendrapara Jagatsinghapur Khordha Puri Growth Rate (%) In Situ Adaptation Activities 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity Hazard Dhamnagar Tihidi Chandabali Basudebpur Marshaghai Bhadrak Balikuda Rajnagar Garadpur -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity Hazard Satyabadi Kakatpur Delanga Tangi Brahmagiri Astaranga Gop Kanas Puri Krushnaprasad Road construction including earthwork, concrete pavement, metalling, construction of box cell bridge pair casting, earthen embankment construction Construction of Cyclone shelters with the help of World Bank, State Govt., Red Cross and other NGOs Mangrove restoration and mangrove fisheries implementation by the community at different parts with help of NGOs generating alternative livelihood. Programme on vegetable garden management, nutrition, income and self- reliance in selective areas. Programme on clean water, sanitation and hygiene facilities (provision of community latrines, bathing cubicles), hand pump repair and chlorination, and in Cyclone affected villages of Odisha. Key Findings of Focus Group Discussions Adaptation Infographic Population Growth Rate (%), 2001-2011 • Rapid-onset events like cyclones or floods have the potential to cause considerable damage to infrastructure and property, as well as resulting in loss of life, and are therefore often associated with distress migration. • Slow-onset changes like erosion, salinization, water scarcity/drought often stimulate permanent displacement as a first-order household adaptation. They may, however, initiate as temporary migration as a short-term adaptation. Satabhaya Gram Panchayat: Migration as Adaptation • 1930: approximately leading to a land loss of 155 sq.km. • Early 1980’s: the GP has lost the villages of Govindpur, Mahnipur and Kuanriora & Mid 1990’s: two villages of Kharikula and Sarpada were lost. • 2000: a land loss of 165 sq.km. [Source: Land Records of Satabhaya GP, Government of Odisha] • Some of the displaced population temporarily resettled on government land and finally migrated to other areas sometime around 1986-88. • Planned migration and resettlement is being carried out by the Department of Relief and Rehabilitation, Government of Odisha from the villages of Satabhaya and Kanhupur of Satabhaya GP in Kendrapara district, to Bagapatia under Rajnagar Tehsil of the same district (Revenue and Disaster Management, 2011). • A total of 571 families is proposed to be resettled. Villagers from Satabhaya and Kanhupur are planned be relocated. • Migration over past several decades in Mahanadi Delta has taken place for survival and livelihood opportunities. • Intra-State migration is common whereas inter-state migration is mostly found for migrant labours. • The number of male migrants dominates over female migrants. • The age of the migrants ranged from 15-40 in the case of male and 26-40 in the case of female migrants. • The migrants mostly belong to Below Poverty line ($ 1.25 per day per person, World Bank, 2008) category, have low level of literacy, are small or marginal landowners and mostly unskilled. Three districts namely Bhadrak, Kendrapara and Jagatsinghpur show negative net migration for female population. Bhadrak district only shows negative net migration for total and male population Khordha district ranks first (7.23%) in positive net migration followed by Puri (3.01%). Negligible in-migration can also be seen at Kendrapara (0.13%) and Jagatsinghpur (0.06%) particularly for male population. The migrants moved to urban areas like Puri, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack etc. for better job opportunities and social well-being. Net Migration Analysis Census Survival Method 1. Dhamnagar 2. Tihidi 3. Rajkanika 4. Aul 5. Kendrapara 6. Derabisi 7. Marsaghai 8. Garadpur 9. Kujang 10. Balikuda 11. Astarang 12. Nimapada 13. Satyabadi Vital Statistics Method Resettlement in Mahanadi Delta 1.Dhamnagar, 2.Tihidi, 3.Bhadrak, 4.Basudebpur, 5.Chandabali, 6.Rajnagar, 7.Marsaghai, 8.Garadpur, 9.Balikuda, 10.Ersama Mahanadi Delta, a socio-economically backward region, has emerged as a key sending region of migrant labours to different parts of India and also abroad. The study indicate migration in sustaining rural livelihoods in Mahanadi Delta to a considerable extent. Both autonomous and planned migration to adapt to changing climatic vagaries are observed. With declining agricultural incomes and increasing inability of rural households to sustain with farming alone, the countryside in Odisha is witnessing an emergence of what one can term “migrarian” livelihoods – where migration and agriculture form the major providers (Sharma et al., 2014), accounting for more than 55-60 per cent of the annual incomes. NSS data shows that the dependence on domestic remittances has risen most strikingly in Odisha since the 1990s (Tumbe, 2010). In 2007-08, rural Odisha received 14.25 billion dollar in domestic remittances, 6 th highest in the country. The benefits of remittances positively contributed to autonomous climate adaptation by the community . Migration either autonomous or planned are serving as a positive contributor to enhance the adaptation capacity of the community . Satabhaya GP High Risk Blocks References High Risk Blocks Low Risk Blocks IPCC AR 5 Contributing Factors Blocks with Negative Net Migration Cultivators have been transformed to Marginal Workers. **NDDP = Net District Domestic Product, NSDP = Net State Domestic Product Odisha: 14.05% •Census of India (2011) Primary Census Abstract, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India •Census of India (2001) D Series, Migration Tables, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India •Census of India (2011 ) Table C-14, C-Series, Socio-Cultural Tables, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India •Census of India (2001 ) Table C-14, C-Series, Socio-Cultural Tables, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India •Census of India (2011) Table A-2, General Population Series, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India •District Statistical Handbook: Khordha (2011) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Odisha. •District Statistical Handbook: Kendrapara (2009) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Odisha. •District Statistical Handbook: Jagatsinghpur (2011) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Odisha. •Hahn, M.B., Riederer, A.M., Foster, S.O. (2009) ‘The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique.’ Global Environ. Change. • IPCC, 2007a. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report (Ch. 9). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. •M., M. Campos, R. Warren, J. Birkmann, G. Luber, B. O’Neill, and K. Takahashi (2014): Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1039-1099. •Revenue and Disaster Management (2011). Letter No.R&REH-45/11-/8573 dated 30.04.2011. Package for relocating the villagers of Satabhaya and Kanhupur in Bagapatia. Revenue and Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha. •Sharma, A., Kulkarni, R. and Khandelwal R. (2014) Studies, Stories and a Canvas: Seasonal Labor Migration and Migrant Workers from Odisha, Center for Migration and Labor Solutions (CMLS), Supported by sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts. • Tumbe C. (2010) Remittances in India: Facts & Issues, Working Paper no: 331, IIM-Bangalore Email IDs: Prof. Sugata Hazra: [email protected], Dr. Tuhin Ghosh: [email protected], Shouvik Das: [email protected], Dr. Somnath Hazra: [email protected], Amit Ghosh: [email protected] Multi-Hazard Parameters: Flood Frequency Frequency & Intensity of Cyclones Coastal & Riverine Erosion Map of India Mahanadi Delta Data Source: Census of India (2001 & 2011), Economic Survey 2014-15, District Statistical Handbook 2011
Transcript of Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahanadi Delta
Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change in Mahanadi Delta
Shouvik Das, Sugata Hazra* , Tuhin Ghosh*, Somnath Hazra, and Amit Ghosh (*Presenting Authors)
School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, India
Adaptation Future 2016, Rotterdam, Netherlands Abstract Number: ABSSUB-989
21%
13%
3%
37%
4%
12%
1%
9%
Main workers as
Cultivators
Main workers as
Agricultural Labourers
Main workers as
Household Workers
Main workers as Other
Workers
Marginal workers as
Cultivators
Marginal workers as
Agricultural Labourers
Marginal workers as
Household Workers
Marginal workers as Other
Workers
26%
14%
2%
38%
5%
9%
1%
5%
61
65
68
72
73
74
78
80
80
81
81
81
81
89
90
91
91
96
96
97
103
105
121
122
123
127
146
157
170
205
0 50 100 150 200 250
Bargarh
Jharsuguda
Sambalpur
Debagarh
Sundargarh
Kendujhar
Mayurbhanj
Baleshwar
Bhadrak
Kendrapara
Jagatsingh…
Cuttack
Jajapur
Dhenkanal
Anugul
Nayagarh
Khordha
Puri
Ganjam
Gajapati
Kandhamal
Baudh
Subarnapur
Balangir
Nuapada
Kalahandi
Rayagada
Koraput
Malkangiri
Index of Percapita Income
Change in land use & Land cover
• Changes in Agricultural area
• Increase in Urban areas
• Land degradation
Demographic Change
• Population Size/Density
• Population Structure
• Sex Ratio
Climate Change
• Change in Temperature
• Change in Rainfall
• late arrival of monsoon
Change in Production
In-situ adaptation Autonomous/ Planned
Change in Livelihood options
Change in Income(+/--)
DECISION
Stay or Migrate
Migrate
Economic Change
• Per capita Income
• Work Participation
Rate
Natural Hazards
• Frequency & Intensity of
Cyclones
• Flood Frequency
• Coastal Erosion
Trapped Population
Willing Migration
Distress Migration
Introduction Socio-Economic Profile Study Area
Conclusion
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
To
tal Po
pula
tio
n
Year
Bhadrak
Kendrapara
Jagatsinghapur
Khordha
Puri
• The economy is largely agriculture based which are being increasingly
affected by frequent floods, cyclones, salinization etc. and lack of
transportation facilities/markets .
• The repeated crop loss and lack of returns from existing livelihood are
forcing them to take up jobs in construction industry outside the state.
• Preferred destinations: Internal destinations are Chennai, Gujarat, Tamil
Nadu and Kerala and International destinations are Qatar, Saudi Arabia
and Dubai.
• A lot of women who have school education are now going to Puri,
Bhubaneswar for work in small industry.
• Contractors and Early migrants provide a network for new migrants.
• Migration is bringing limited economic success.
• Agriculture and fishery sectors of natural resource based
economy of deltas are increasingly becoming unprofitable due to
Climate Change.
• This results in large scale labour migration, in absence of
alternative livelihood option in the Mahanadi delta, Odisha,
India.
• Labour migration increased manifold in the coastal region of
Odisha in the aftermath of super cyclones of 1999 and 2013.
• The present research discusses whether migration can be
considered as an adaptation option when the mainstay of
livelihood, i.e. agriculture is threatened by repeated flooding, sea
level rise, cyclone and storm surges, salinization of soil and crop
failure due to temperature stress imposed by climate change.
• Risk induced migration : From the
block level (sub-district) risk and
migration analysis, it has been
observed that several coastal blocks
which are adversely affected by
climate change and low level of
economic growth exhibit higher risk
and high rate of out-migration.
Dhamnagar, Ersama, Balikuda, Tihidi
blocks are bio-physically and socio-
economically at very high risk where
out migration dominates.
• On the other hand, several blocks of
comparatively lower risk like
Khordha, Puri districts or other urban
growth centres show positive net
migration or in- migration.
• Migration has been analysed in the context of climate change
using the concept of risk, represented as probability of
occurrence of hazardous events, degree of vulnerability of the
area as well as migration analysis using the indirect methods
(vital statistics and census survival ratio).
• The methodological framework of Risk Assessment has been
designed by analyzing the term vulnerability in terms of
sensitivity and adaptive capacity (IPCC AR5) with an equal
weightage to the components and GIS overlay .
Risk (R) = f [Hazard (H), Exposure (E), Vulnerability (V)]
(IPCC AR5, 2014)
or, Risk (R) = f [Hazard (H), Exposure (E), Sensitivity (S),
Adaptive Capacity (AC)]
• The estimation of Net Migration (the difference of in-migration
and out-migration of an area in a period of time) has been done
using indirect method, in absence of data on place of birth and
place of enumeration.
• The average estimation of Census Survival Ratio method at
district level and Vital Statistics method at block (sub-district)
level have been applied to estimate the net migration of the
study area.
Methodology
Conceptual Framework : Migration as an Adaptation to Climate
Change
Migration Scenario
• Mahanadi Delta is drained by a network of three
major rivers: Mahanadi, Brahmhani and Baitarani
into the Bay of Bengal.
• The coastline of the delta is about 200 km long
which stretches from south near Chilika to north
up to Dhamra River.
• Using SRTM 30m digital surface elevation data,
area within 5m contour from the coast line has
been extracted within the vicinity of Mahanadi
delta .
• The total study area is 13137.679 Sq. Km. The
5m contour spread across 45 Blocks of Khordha,
Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara and Bhadrak
districts. Chilika lake falls within 5m contour
line.
Risk Assessment
Annual Index of Real Per
Capita NDDP,
2010-11
(Per Capita Real NSDP =
100)
Year: 2001
Year: 2011
The Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901
Odisha: 270 persons per sq. km.
India: 382 persons per sq. km.
Mahanadi Delta
Distribution of Total Workers
0
10
20
30
Bhadrak Kendrapara Jagatsinghapur Khordha Puri
Gro
wth
Ra
te (
%)
In Situ Adaptation Activities
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive
Capacity
Hazard
Dhamnagar
Tihidi
Chandabali
Basudebpur
Marshaghai
Bhadrak
Balikuda
Rajnagar
Garadpur
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive
Capacity
Hazard
Satyabadi
Kakatpur
Delanga
Tangi
Brahmagiri
Astaranga
Gop
Kanas
Puri
Krushnaprasad
Road construction including earthwork, concrete pavement, metalling,
construction of box cell bridge pair casting, earthen embankment construction
Construction of Cyclone shelters with the help of World Bank, State Govt.,
Red Cross and other NGOs
Mangrove restoration and mangrove fisheries implementation by the
community at different parts with help of NGOs generating alternative
livelihood.
Programme on vegetable garden management, nutrition, income and self-
reliance in selective areas.
Programme on clean water, sanitation and hygiene facilities (provision of
community latrines, bathing cubicles), hand pump repair and chlorination, and in
Cyclone affected villages of Odisha.
Key Findings of Focus Group Discussions
Adaptation Infographic
Population Growth Rate (%), 2001-2011
• Rapid-onset events like cyclones or floods have the potential to cause
considerable damage to infrastructure and property, as well as resulting in loss
of life, and are therefore often associated with distress migration.
• Slow-onset changes like erosion, salinization, water scarcity/drought often
stimulate permanent displacement as a first-order household adaptation. They
may, however, initiate as temporary migration as a short-term adaptation.
Satabhaya Gram Panchayat: Migration as Adaptation
• 1930: approximately leading to a land loss of 155 sq.km.
• Early 1980’s: the GP has lost the villages of Govindpur, Mahnipur and
Kuanriora & Mid 1990’s: two villages of Kharikula and Sarpada were lost.
• 2000: a land loss of 165 sq.km.
[Source: Land Records of Satabhaya GP, Government of Odisha]
• Some of the displaced population temporarily resettled on government land
and finally migrated to other areas sometime around 1986-88.
• Planned migration and resettlement is being carried out by the Department of
Relief and Rehabilitation, Government of Odisha from the villages of
Satabhaya and Kanhupur of Satabhaya GP in Kendrapara district, to
Bagapatia under Rajnagar Tehsil of the same district (Revenue and
Disaster Management, 2011).
• A total of 571 families is proposed to be resettled. Villagers from Satabhaya
and Kanhupur are planned be relocated.
• Migration over past several decades in Mahanadi Delta has taken place
for survival and livelihood opportunities.
• Intra-State migration is common whereas inter-state migration is mostly
found for migrant labours.
• The number of male migrants dominates over female migrants.
• The age of the migrants ranged from 15-40 in the case of male and 26-40
in the case of female migrants.
• The migrants mostly belong to Below Poverty line ($ 1.25 per day per
person, World Bank, 2008) category, have low level of literacy, are small
or marginal landowners and mostly unskilled.
Three districts namely Bhadrak,
Kendrapara and Jagatsinghpur
show negative net migration for
female population. Bhadrak district
only shows negative net migration for
total and male population
Khordha district ranks first (7.23%) in
positive net migration followed by
Puri (3.01%). Negligible in-migration
can also be seen at Kendrapara
(0.13%) and Jagatsinghpur (0.06%)
particularly for male population.
The migrants moved to urban areas
like Puri, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack etc.
for better job opportunities and social
well-being.
Net Migration Analysis
Census Survival Method
1. Dhamnagar
2. Tihidi
3. Rajkanika
4. Aul
5. Kendrapara
6. Derabisi
7. Marsaghai
8. Garadpur
9. Kujang
10. Balikuda
11. Astarang
12. Nimapada
13. Satyabadi
Vital Statistics Method
Resettlement in Mahanadi Delta
1.Dhamnagar,
2.Tihidi,
3.Bhadrak,
4.Basudebpur,
5.Chandabali,
6.Rajnagar,
7.Marsaghai,
8.Garadpur,
9.Balikuda,
10.Ersama
Mahanadi Delta, a socio-economically backward
region, has emerged as a key sending region of migrant
labours to different parts of India and also abroad.
The study indicate migration in sustaining rural livelihoods in Mahanadi Delta to a
considerable extent. Both autonomous and planned migration to adapt to changing
climatic vagaries are observed. With declining agricultural incomes and increasing
inability of rural households to sustain with farming alone, the countryside in
Odisha is witnessing an emergence of what one can term “migrarian” livelihoods
– where migration and agriculture form the major providers (Sharma et al., 2014),
accounting for more than 55-60 per cent of the annual incomes. NSS data shows
that the dependence on domestic remittances has risen most strikingly in Odisha
since the 1990s (Tumbe, 2010). In 2007-08, rural Odisha received 14.25 billion
dollar in domestic remittances, 6th highest in the country. The benefits of
remittances positively contributed to autonomous climate adaptation by the
community . Migration either autonomous or planned are serving as a positive
contributor to enhance the adaptation capacity of the community .
Satabhaya GP
High Risk Blocks
References
High Risk Blocks
Low Risk Blocks
IPCC AR 5 Contributing Factors
Blocks with Negative
Net Migration
Cultivators have been
transformed to Marginal
Workers.
**NDDP = Net District Domestic Product, NSDP = Net State Domestic Product
Odisha: 14.05%
•Census of India (2011) Primary Census Abstract, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India
•Census of India (2001) D Series, Migration Tables, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India
•Census of India (2011 ) Table C-14, C-Series, Socio-Cultural Tables, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India
•Census of India (2001 ) Table C-14, C-Series, Socio-Cultural Tables, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India
•Census of India (2011) Table A-2, General Population Series, Odisha, Census of India, Government of India
•District Statistical Handbook: Khordha (2011) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Odisha.
•District Statistical Handbook: Kendrapara (2009) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Odisha.
•District Statistical Handbook: Jagatsinghpur (2011) Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Odisha.
•Hahn, M.B., Riederer, A.M., Foster, S.O. (2009) ‘The Livelihood Vulnerability Index: A pragmatic approach to assessing risks
from climate variability and change—A case study in Mozambique.’ Global Environ. Change.
• IPCC, 2007a. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth
Assessment Report (Ch. 9). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
•M., M. Campos, R. Warren, J. Birkmann, G. Luber, B. O’Neill, and K. Takahashi (2014): Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities.
In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working
Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1039-1099.
•Revenue and Disaster Management (2011). Letter No.R&REH-45/11-/8573 dated 30.04.2011. Package for relocating the
villagers of Satabhaya and Kanhupur in Bagapatia. Revenue and Disaster Management Department, Government of Odisha.
•Sharma, A., Kulkarni, R. and Khandelwal R. (2014) Studies, Stories and a Canvas: Seasonal Labor Migration and Migrant
Workers from Odisha, Center for Migration and Labor Solutions (CMLS), Supported by sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts.
• Tumbe C. (2010) Remittances in India: Facts & Issues, Working Paper no: 331, IIM-Bangalore
Email IDs: Prof. Sugata Hazra: [email protected], Dr. Tuhin Ghosh: [email protected], Shouvik
Das: [email protected], Dr. Somnath Hazra: [email protected], Amit Ghosh: [email protected]
Multi-Hazard Parameters:
Flood Frequency
Frequency & Intensity of Cyclones
Coastal & Riverine Erosion
Map of India
Mahanadi Delta
Data Source: Census of India (2001 & 2011), Economic
Survey 2014-15, District Statistical Handbook 2011
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