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InsigniaJournalofInternationalRelationsVol.8,No.1,April2021,55-70

P-ISSN:2089-1962;E-ISSN:2597-9868

MigrationandItsImpactonSustainableDevelopment

MuslihFaozanudinPublicAdministrationDepartment,UniversitasJenderalSoedirman

Email:muslih.faozanudin@unsoed.ac.id

ShainimaIslamMagisterofPublicAdministration,UniversitasJenderalSoedirman

Email:shainimaislam@gmail.com

AbstractPeople’smobilityandinternationalmigrationarequiteinterestingphenomenatodiscuss.Untilnow,therearestilldifferencesinviewsbetweenindustrializedcountriesanddevelopingcountriesregardingthecontributionofmigration to development for both sending and receiving countries. This paper aims to analyze based onexisting secondary data the linkage betweenmigration and sustainable development. For analysis, this studyusesadescriptiveapproach,withsecondarydataastheprimarysource.Theanalysisfound thatbothsendingandreceivingcountries-benefited frompopulationmobilityandinternationalmigration.Theleastdevelopedcountries in the economy and overall infrastructure are supplying countries for this migration process, andincreasingremittancesandskilledworkerstohelpothercountries.Althoughitisrealizedthatthisconditionisthe impact of theweak economic systemof developing countries on the one hand and the demographic thatoccur in advanced industrialized countries on the other. To maintain the stability of the supply chain foreconomicdevelopment,internationalmigrationisincludedasoneofthesustainabledevelopmentprogramsthatapply more humane values. Therefore, migrants should be seen as potential contributors to the growth ofsendingandreceivingcountries,andsomeevenclaimthattheyareheroesofforeignexchange.Keywords:migration,remmitance,sustainabledevelopment

Abstrak

Mobilitasmasyarakatdanmigrasiinternasionalmerupakanfenomenayangcukupmenarikuntukdibahas.sampaisaatinimasihterdapatperbedaanpandanganantaranegaraindustridannegaraberkembang,tentangkontribusimigrasiterhadappembangunan,baikbaginegarayangasalmigrantmaupunbaginegarapenerima.Makalahinibertujuan untuk menganalisis berdasarkan data sekunder yang ada mengenai keterkaitan antara migrasi danpembangunan berkelanjutan. Untuk analisis, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif, dengan datasekundersebagaisumberprimer.Hasilanalisismenemukanbahwakeduanegara-negarapengirimdanpenerima-mendapatmanfaatdarimobilitaspendudukdanmigrasiinternasional.Negara-negarakurangberkembangdalamekonomi dan infrastruktur secara keseluruhan menjadi negara pemasok untuk proses migrasi ini, danmeningkatkan pengiriman uang dan pekerja terampil untukmembantu negara lain. Meskipun disadari bahwakondisi inimerupakan dampak dari lemahnya sistemperekonomian negara berkembang di satu sisi dan faktordemografidankesuburanyangterjadidinegaraindustrimajudisisilain.Untukmenjagastabilitasrantaipasokanpembangunan ekonomi, migrasi internasional dimasukkan sebagai salah satu program pembangunanberkelanjutan yang menerapkan nilai-nilai yang lebih manusiawi. Oleh karena itu, para migran harus dilihatsebagai kontributor potensial bagi pertumbuhan negara pengirimdan penerima, bahkan ada yangmengklaimbahwamerekaadalahsebagaipahlawandevisa.Katakunci:migrasi,pembangunanberkelanjutan,remiten

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INTRODUCTIONThere has been increasing

recognition that international and internalmigrationpositively impactsdevelopment,asmigrants transfer knowledge and skillsto both receiving and origin locations,channel investments and remittances, andfoster economic linkages and businessopportunities between countries andregions (Migration and Development,2012).Whenmanagedcarefully,migrationhas ahigh impactonpromoting economicgrowth and innovation in destinationlocations and poverty reduction in originlocations. On theotherhand, receivingcountriesaretakingonmultipleassociatedchallenges,especiallythepolicytomanagelabor markets. Several studies have alsobeenconductedtoprovethatinternationalMigration has a positive impact onimprovingthewelfareofthepeople inthemigrant origin area, especially by usingremittances. This is because migrants donot necessarily cut ties with the familiesthey have left in their home countries.What happens is that thesemigrants tendto become contact points for their homecommunities, especially concerning thebenefits obtained by migrating. Thiscondition positively affects developmentfor their home countries because theybenefit, significantly increasing thecommunity'swelfare.Anotheradvantageisthat there canbeanessential exchangeofmoney,knowledge,andideasbetweenhostandhomecountriesthroughmigrants.

Internationalmigrationseemstogivemore hope for a better life, especially formigrants who come from developingcountries, Somedo it to change their livesbylookingforajob,education,orfollowingfamily members who have emigrated(Durmaz&Kalca2013;Lubambu,2014).Inotherwords,migrationisahumanefforttomaintaintheirdignity,seekprosperity,andachieve dreams for a better life in thefuture (Kounani & Skanavis, 2019). Asreportedintheresearch,remittanceshaveremainedstableduringandaftertheglobal

economicdownturn.Theycontinuetobeasignificant source of income for familiesand play a crucial role of co-insurance orrisk mitigation in times of hardship.Moreover,remittanceshaveproventobeamore sustainable source of foreigncurrency for developing countries thanothercapitalinflowssuchasforeigndirectinvestment, public debt or officialdevelopment assistance (Lubambu, 2014).This is in line with Joan Marta's, et. al.study (2020) that indicate that migrationhave a positive and significant impact onmigrant household welfare based oninvestment motives,. even, mostdeveloping countries can benefit fromimmigrants – and this at all levels of theskills distribution. As countries developand go through a process of economictransformation and diversification, theneed for new skills emerges. By enrichingthestockofhumancapital,immigrantscanhelp destination countries that facesignificantskillsshortagestoupgradetheirproduction structures and move up theglobal value chains (OECD, 2013). At thesame time, there is a significant view thatinternationalmigrationisasourceofcheaplabor from poorer countries toeconomically dominant countries(Pritchett, 2006; Rodrik, 2011; LikicBrboric,2018).

In the recent decade, internationalmigration is heavily influenced byconditions of neoliberal globalization andeconomic inequality at the national andregionallevels.Thus,itismoreofaformtoavoid situations considered less favorable(Ackerman, et. al. 2000; Milanovic, 2016;Likic-Brboric, 2018; Kounani & Skanavis,2019). One of the effects of theseconditions is the occurrenceof large scalemigration inseveral countries, especiallycountries that are hit by prolongedconflicts, suchas those in theMiddleEast,Africa, and several other countries, due toincapable government regimes. Globally,thenumberofinternallydisplacedpersonsdue to violence and conflict reached 41.3

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million, This was the highest number onrecord since the Internal DisplacementMonitoring Centre began monitoring in1998. The Syrian Arab Republic had thehighest number of people displaced (6.1million)followedbyColombia(5.8million)and theDemocraticRepublicof theCongo(3.1 million) (IOM, 2020). This wasdemonstrated a flagrant lack of afunctioning authority of the internationalmovementofpeople,encompassingsharedrules,norms,procedures,andauthoritativeactors accountable for its implementation(Likic-Brboric,2018).

International migration issues arequite complex to solve, because theyinvolve many aspects and theorganizations involved.Thesolution isnoteasy and requires synergic cooperationbetween many stakeholders. The UN hasalsomade the internationalmigration hasbecome an integral component of theglobal development agenda. The 2015Addis Ababa Agenda for Action and the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentrecognize the positive contribution thatmigrants make to inclusive growth andsustainable development in countries oforigin, transit and destination. They alsohighlight the need to strengtheninternational co-operation to ensure safe,orderly and regular migration, with fullrespect for human rights, regardless ofmigration status. The SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs) incorporatetheseconcernsthroughtheneedtoprotectthe rights of migrant workers, especiallywomen (Target 8.8), adopt well-managedmigration policies (Target 10.7) andreduce remittance transfer costs (Target10.c) (United Nations, 2015a). The SDGsscheduled formigration in2030alsostatethat theywill use a cohesivedevelopmentapproach, which has succeeded inbalancing environmental, social andeconomicconsiderations,thetriplebottomline (Sachs, 2016). This paper aims toanalyze the relationship betweeninternational emigration and sustainable

development as proclaimed through theSDGs, based on available secondary data.This paper focuses primarily on thecontribution of migration economicdimension to sustainable development,especially the contribution of remmitanceoneconomicdevelpment.LiteraturReview

Based on a search of the literature,there are still not many theories thatexplain clearly the relationship betweenmigration and sustainable development,because the concept of sustainabledevelopment is a new concept and even aparadigm in development studies. Anoverview of the relationship betweenmigration and development has onlyexisted in the last decade. A study thatspecifically discusses migration anddevelopmentisdonebyDeHass(2010),inhiswriting“MigrationandDevelopment:ATheoreticalPerspective.

As noted by de Hass (2010) threegroups of theories can be used to analyzemigration and development, namely thetraditional ''optimistic'' and ''pessimistic''views(Taylor,1999).Thisgroupdescribeamore intenseparadigmaticdivide insocialtheory (that is, the functionalist versusstructuralist paradigm) and developmenttheory(thatis,balancedgrowthversustheasymmetric development paradigm). Thedebate also illustrates a sharp differencebetween the two paradigms, namelybetweenideologiesbasedonneoliberalismandstate-centric.Thefirstviewrepresentsthe optimist group, namely the neo-classical and development theory, whichviews migration as an optimal form ofallocating production factors to benefitbothsendingandreceivingcountries.Thistheory is in linewith theviewpointof theidea of "balanced growth '' which arguesthat the allocation and delivery of laborfrom rural areas based on agriculture tourban areas are freer to the industrialsector. It is a prerequisite for economicgrowth, and thismigration process is one

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of the influencing factors on thedevelopment process as a whole (Todaro,1969: 139). In time, this free labormovementwill lead to a shortageof laborin theareaoforigin, leading toadecreasein the level of productivity in migrant-sendingcountries.Suchconditions,inturn,lead to an increase in wage levels inmigrant-sending countries. Thus, the flowof capital is contrary, namely fromcountries that lack labor and a lot ofmoney, towards countrieswith a shortageof labor in migrant-sending countries tocountries that are short of capital butabundant in theworkforce. If this processrunssmoothly,thenatthesametime,therewill be a similarity in prices in the tworegions, namely workers sending andreceiving labor. Furthermore, Migrationwill stop when the level of wages at theplace of origin and destination is notdifferent(Massey,et.al.,1998).

The second view represents thepessimistic group, which is heavilyinfluencedbythethinkingofthehistorical-structuralist and dependency theory putforwardbyFrank(Frank,1966,1969),whosees that the historical-structuralistparadigm. This group views migration as'aneffort toavoid theconditionsofmisery'caused by global capitalist expansion,which are therefore inherently unable toresolvethestructuralconditionsthatcauseMigration. The view is slightly different,where migration is seen as a problem ofunderdevelopment, which will worsendevelopment efforts. This is as stated byPapademetriou (1985: 211–212), that insendingcountries,migrationwillleadtoanincreasing scarcity of skilled workersowned by migrant-sending countries,which also have labor limitations, eventhough those who migrate are of citizenswhoarehealthy,dynamic,andproductive'.Sending skilled labor to destinationcountriesisaneffortthatisdetrimentaltosending the country's end. It consideredneglecting experienced and professionallabor resources scarce in developing

countries, even though sending countrieshave invested a lot—much for education(Baldwin,1970).Thereisalsoaviewofthecontribution of development and theupside-down. Remittances of migrants tosendingcountriesleadtoconsumptionandinflation in the origin area, and thatmigrants, empirically, rarely invest theirmoney in productive sectors. Thus, it willimposeaburdenonsendingcountriesandbenefitthereceivingcountries

Furthermore, between the twoapproaches above, there is a moremoderate view of the pluralist group,which canbe categorized third view. Thestatement recognizes the heterogeneous,non-deterministic nature of the impact ofmigrationondevelopment. Thisapproachis influenced by postmodernism, whichseeks to harmonize agency and structure-oriented approaches. Recognizing therelevance of both structure and agency isimportant, as this makes it possible tobetter address the heterogeneity ofdevelopment-migration interactions. Theemergenceofthisnewperspectivehasledto new debates related to migration anddevelopment. There are at least threeviews that can fill in this debate, (1) thenew conomics of labor migration (NELM)that adopts the household-orientedapproach.(2)TheLivelihoodapproachasahouseholdlivelihoodstrategy.Thisdefinedas strategic or deliberate choices of acombination of activities by householdsand their individualmembers tomaintain,secure and improve their livelihoods.Livelihoods consist of abilities, assets(including material and social resources),and activities activities that generatehousehold income, and social institutions,household relationships, and mechanismsfor access to resources necessary for ameansofliving,(Carney,1998;Ellis,1998).(3)Transnationalperspectiveonmigrationand development, whict relates to thedevelopment of technological revolutionsthathavesubstantiallyincreasedthescopefor migrants and their families to pursue

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transnational livelihoods on a moreconstant, day-to-day basis. With thedevelopment of technology, it has becomepossible for migrants to maintain contactwith their home communities via cellphone, fax, television (satellite) and theinternet, and to send money through theglobalized formal or informal bankingsystem(deHass,2010).

The approach framework ofdevelopment proposed by deHass cannotbe used as a basis for comprehensivelyexplaining how migration has arelationship with sustaibale development(SD).becauseitdeferrentfromcoveredbySD. SD centers around inter- andintragenerational equity anchoredessentially on three distinct butinterconnected pillars, namely theenvironment, economy, and society(Mensah, 2019). Even if indistinctive, thethreedimensionsplay their role insettingthe spotlight on core aspects of thesustainability concept and theirinterconnectedness. The economicdimension takeson theuseandallocationofcommonresourcesandthedispersionofwealth;theecologicaldimensionmakesuspay attention to the vulnerability ofecological systems and often taken forgranted ecosystem services. The socialdimensionofsustainabilityreferstoissuessuch as human rights, public health,equality, inclusion and participation.(Boström,et.al.:2018).

Migration as an inseparable part oftheSDGsprogramdoesnotstandalone,soconceptuallyso thatmigrationcanmakeaproper contribution to sustainabledevelopment requires support from otherdimensions. Therefore, the pluralistapproachdescribedabovecanbeusedasabasis and analytical framework related tothe conceptofmigration in relation toSD.The links between migration and SDGsshow thatmigration is not a development“problem” to be solved, but a mechanismor a strategy that can contribute to theachievement of many of the goals (ODI,

2018).Therefore,SD, iscomplex,coveragemany dimension of life, which whichincludes economic, social, health,environmental, and sustainability dimen-sions for the next 15 years. SeventeenSustainable Development Goals (SDGs)were devised, including redressing equityandinequalitywithinandamongcountries(Short, Macrus, Balasubramanian, 2016;Cerin, 2006) This concept is related toglobalconcernforthewiseuseofavailableresources(Kuliga,et.al.,2019). RESULTANDDISCUSSION

Migration as an internationalphenomenonhasasignificantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofanation.Bylookingatthewondersandtrendsthatarehappeningat this time, it will undoubtedly have aconsiderable impact on the developmentprocess.Migrationhasbeen recognizedasa prime factor in bringing about socio-cultural and economic changes and asignificant contributor to a country'sdevelopment. Next, an overview of thetrendofmigration,especiallyinternationalmigration that occurs throughout theworld,will be presented, both in terms ofsending and receiving countries; theeconomiccontributionofmigration, in theform of remittances, and problemssurrounding migration, such as unwantedmigration,namelydisplacement.TrendandDevelopmentofInternationalMigration

Trends in international migration in2019, it is known that there are anestimated 272 million internationalmigrants(3.5%oftheworld'spopulation).It up from 221 million in 2010 and 174million in 2000. More than half of allinternationalmigrants lived inEurope(82million)orNorthernAmerica(59million).Northern Africa and Western Asia hostedthe third largest number of internationalmigrants (49 million), followed by sub-Saharan Africa (24 million), Central andSouthern Asia (20 million), Eastern and

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South-Eastern Asia (18 million), LatinAmerica and the Caribbean (12 million),and Oceania (9 million) (UNDESA, 2019).While most people leave their homecountries for work, millions have beendriven away due to conflict, violence, andclimate change. The United States is theprimary destination for migrants, though,as a proportion of its population, theUnited Arab Emirates has the largestmigrant contingent. On the other hand,India continues to be the central origin ofinternational migrants, with 17.5 millionIndian-born people living abroad. Mexicoand China both also have more than 10millionformerresidentsspreadaroundtheworld(TheWorldEconomicForum,2020).

It isundeniable thatnot allmigrantsgo to developed countries, but towardscountries that are still developingeconomically and almost the sameenvironmentalconditions.Inmanypartsofthe world, migration occurred primarilybetweencountrieswithinthesameregion.Most international migrants in sub-SaharanAfrica(88.9%),EasternandSouth-Eastern Asia (83.1%), Latin America andthe Caribbean (72.5%), Central andSouthern Asia (63.0%), and Europe

(51.6%) originated from another countryin the same region where they resided(UNDESA,2019).

Migration problems have also beenrecorded, especially those related torefugees, with estimates that up to 2020,259 million people will migrate. Besides,return migration is increasing becausemigrants are refused to enter the labormarket or expire employment contracts.The number of newly registered SouthAsian workers in the Gulf countries hasdecreasedsignificantly-from12%to41%- over the past two years. Between 2011and 2017, the number of potentialreturnees in Europe - asylum seekerswhoseapplicationswererejectedorfoundto be undocumented - quadrupled,reaching 5.5 million. During the sameperiod, the number of potential returneesintheUnitedStatesmorethandoubled,tomore than threemillion.Returnmigrationfrom Saudi Arabia and South Africa hasincreased as well. Regardless of all that,some migrants still experience manyproblems,whicharesometimesdifficulttoresolve.

Table1.KeyFactandFiguresFromtheWorldMigrationReport2000-2020

2000Report 2020reportEstimatednumberofinternationalmigrants 150million 2727millionEstimatedproportionofworldpopulation 2,8% 3,5%Estimatedproportionoffemaleinternationalmigrants 47,5% 47,9%Estimatedproportionofworldpopulationwhoarechildren

16.0% 13,9%

Aregionwiththehighestproportionofinternationalmigrants

Oceania Oceania

Acountrywiththehighestproportionofinternationalmigrants

UnitedArabEmirates

UnitedArabEmirates

Numberofmigrantworkers - 164MillinGlobalinternationalremittances(USD) 126Billion 689billionNumberofRefugees 14Millin 259millionNumberofinternallydisplacedpersons 21million 41,3millionNumberofstatelessperson 39millionNumberofIOMmemberStates 76 173NumberofIOMFieldOffieces 120 436Source:(WorldEconomicForum,2020:10).

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Contribution of Migrants to EconomicDevelopment:ThroughRemmitance

Migration has also providedsubstantial economic benefits to thecountry of origin.With only around 272.7million migrants or 3.5 percent of theglobal population, they can contributemore than 9% of GDP Migrants tend tosendmoneytosupport their familiesbackhome. The amount of money sent to thehometown has been developmentassistance originating from donorcountries from the existing data. In 2018,remittances to low and middle-incomecountries increased by 11%, reaching $528 billion, exceeding FDI flows to thesecountries (The World Economic Forum,2019)(seetable2).Moneysenthomefrom

abroad has proven more stable thanprivatedebtandportfolioequityflowsandseveral times greater than internationaldevelopment assistance (The WorldEconomicForum,2018).

Remittances are now the largestsourceof foreignexchangeearnings intheLMICs, excluding China. They are morethan three times the size of officialdevelopment assistance (ODA). Moreover,since foreign direct investment (FDI) hasbeenonadownwardtrendinrecentyears,remittances reached close to the level ofFDI flowed in 2018. Excluding China,remittances were significantly larger thanFDI flows (The World Economic Forum,2019)(seefigure1).

Source:WorldBankGroupandKNOMAD,2019.

Figure1.RemittancesexceedODAandFDIflowstolow-andmiddle-incomecountries

Furthermore, when viewed from theflow of remittance funds to low andmiddle-income countries, it grew by 9.6percent in 2018 (up from the 8.8 percentrise in 2017) to reach $529 billion (table2). The increase in remittances wasinfluencedbyhighergrowth in theUnitedStates and a surge in remittance outflowsfrom several countries of the Gulf

CooperationCouncil(GCC)andtheRussianFederation (World Bank Group andKNOMAD,2019).

Table 2 shows that regionally,Europe, and Central Asia saw incomingremittancesgrowby11.2percentin2018.Remittances to East Asia and the Pacificincreasedby6.7percentandLatinAmericaand the Caribbean by 9.5 percent.

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Remittances to South Asia increased by12.3percent,withremittancestoIndiaandBangladesh rising by double digits. Thegrowth rate of remittances to the MiddleEastandNorthAfricawas9.1percent, ledby Egypt. Remittances to Sub-SaharanAfricaincreasedby9.6percent(seesection3fordetailsofregionaltrends).In2018,in

current U.S. dollar terms, the top fiveremittance recipient countrieswere India,China, Mexico, the Philippines, and Egypt(Table 3). As a share of gross domesticproduct (GDP) for 2018, the top fiverecipientswere smaller economies: TongaKyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Haiti, andNepal.

Table2.EstimatesandProjectionsofRemittanceFlowstoLowandMiddle-IncomeRegions

2010 2015 2016 2017 2018e 2019f 2020f($billion)

LowandMiddleIncome 342 451 444 483 529 550 574EastAsiaPAcific 96 128 128 134 143 149 156Europe&CentralAsia 38 43 43 53 59 61 64LatinAmerica&TheCarribean 55 67 73 80 88 91 95

Middleeast*NorthAfrica 39 51 51 57 62 64 66SouthAsia 82 118 110 117 131 137 142Sub-SaharanAfrica 31 43 38 42 46 48 51World 470 596 589 633 689 714 746LowandMiddleIncome 11,6 0,5 -1,6 8,8 9,6 4,0 4,3EastAsiaPacific 19,9 3,7 -0,5 5,1 6,7 4,2 4,7Europe&CentralAsia 5,1 16,3 0 22,2 11,2 3,9 4,6LatinAmerica&TheCarribean 2,5 6,6 7,6 10,8 9,5 3,9 3,9

Middleeast*NorthAfrica 18,2 6,2 0,2 10,6 9,1 2,7 3,5SouthAsia 9,5 1,5 -6,1 5,7 12,3 4,3 4,1Sub-SaharanAfrica 11,1 8,8 -10,4 9,2 9,6 4,2 5,6World 8,6 -1,2 -1,1 7,4 9,0 3,6 4,5Source:WorldBankGroup&KNOMAD,2019.

Globally, the largest recipients of

remittances are India ($80 billion),followedbyChina,thePhilippines,Mexico,and Egypt. As a share of GDP, the largestrecipients are Tonga, Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan, and Nepal. The increase inremittances during 2018 was due to theUS's improving labor market and therestoration of Russia and the Gulfcountries' flows. Whereas data onremittance outflows typically get lessattention thandataon remittance inflows.The largest remittance-sending countriesare a mix of high-income countries fromthe Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD), GCCcountries and large middle-incomecountries. The United States was thelargest sender in 2017, recording around$68 billion in outflows, followed by theUEA ($44 billion) and Saudi Arabia ($36billion). Russia is a large sender ($21billion) among middle-income countries,given its sizable immigrant stock fromtheEuropeandCentralAsia.Atthesametime,Chinaalsohas largeoutflows($16billion)owing partly to amounts paid toexpatriates working for multinationalenterprises.

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Table3.TopRemittanceRecipientandOutwardRemittancefromMajorsendingCountries2018

TopRemitanceRecipient2018($billion) OutwardRemittance($billion)Country Remittances Country RemittanceIndia 78,6 UnitedStates 68

China 67,4 UnitedArabEmirates

44,4

Mexico 35,7 SaudiArabia 36,1Philippines 33,8 Switzerland 26,6Egypt,ArabRep 28,9 Germany 22,1

Nigeria 24,3 RusianFederation

20,6

Pakistan 210 China 16,2Vietnam 15,9 Kuwait 13,8Bangladesh 15,5 France 13,5Ukraine 14,4 Qatar 12,8

Source:WorldBankGroup&KNOMAD,2019. Furthermore, in 2018, migrant

remittances reached an estimatedUS$688billionglobally.Remittances todevelopingcountries have risen from around US$76billion in 2000 to an estimated US$498billion in 2018. Countries in Europerecordedthehighestinflowofremittancesin 2018 (US$173 billion), followed byEastern and South-Eastern Asia (US$155billion), Central and Southern Asia(US$142 billion), Latin America and theCaribbean(US$90billion),NorthernAfricaand Western Asia (US$69 billion),subSaharan Africa (US$46 billion),Northern America (US$9 billion), andOceania (US$4 billion) (UNDESA,2019). Inthe past decade, even remittances todeveloping countries have lagged behindforeign direct investment, the secondlargestsourceofexternalfinancialflowstodeveloping countries. In some countries,remittances are equivalent to more thanthreetimesofficialdevelopmentassistanceand can have profound implications forhumanwelfareandeconomicdevelopment(WorldBank(2012).Basedonthisdata, itis illustrated that, remittance has animportant role for the improvement ofhumanlife:

“Studies show that remittances alleviatepoverty in lower- and middle-incomecountries, improve nutritional outcomes,

are associated with higher spending oneducation, and reduce child labor indisadvantaged households. A fall inremittances affect families’ ability tospend on these areas as more of theirfinances will be directed to solve foodshortages and immediate livelihoodsneeds.”(WorldBank,2020)

Thus, remittances have a significantroleinincreasingtheeconomiccapacityofthe community. Even though there areseveral studies there that claim that, asAmuedo-Dorantes and Pozo (2006)concluded that income increases inmigrant receiving countries significantlyraises both the propensity and theproportion of labour earnings sent homeforfamily-providedinsuranceaswellasforself-insurance. However, the extent towhich migration and remittances cancontribute to sustainable developmentdepends fundamentally on the moregeneral conditions of development inmigrant-sending societies (World Bank,2020).MigrationandSustainableDevelopment

The concept of migration andsustainable development can beconsidered to have a positive relationshipwhen it fulfills the assumption thatmigration can bring changes towards the

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improvementofhumanandsociallife,bothmacro and micro. Sustainability means acapacity tomaintainsomeentity,outcomeor process over time (Masood&Nijkamp:2017). Even, the inclusion ofmigration inthe 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment confirms and reinforces theimportant relationbetweenmigrationanddevelopment.Byintegratingmigrationintothe SDGs, it has become recognized thatmigration needs towork for developmentand that development needs to work formigration, while not neglecting itspotentialnegativeimpacts(OECD:2017).

According to Nijkamp, et. al. (2011),the socioeconomic impact ofmigrants canbedivided into twotypesofeffects:directeffects (e.g., tax payment, unemploymentbenefits, increase in consumption, etc.);and indirect effects (international trade,foreign direct investment, etc.). Theimpacts can have short-run or long-runeffects on the countries of origin anddestination. Nijkamp, et. al. (2011) alsopresent a detailed classification of theseshort-run or long-run impacts, and divide

them into two major classes: the micro-effects on the country of origin/destination/ both, and the meso/ macro-effects on the country of origin/destination/ both. As migration is acomplicated phenomenon, theseclassifications can help us to form a two-by-two way of economic analysis ofmigration, even if they are unable topresentanobviousdivision,becausesomeshort-run impacts can have a permanenteffect, such as path-dependency (Nijkampet. al., 2011).Nijkamp, et. al. (2011) alsopresentaclassificationoftheshort-termorlong-termimpactsofmigration,anddividethem into twomain classes: micro-effectson countries of origin/ destination/ both,and meso/ macro effects on countries oforigin/ destination/ both. Thisclassification is helpful in shaping a two-by-halfeconomicanalysisofmigration,andsum up the main findings from the vastnumberofstudies,as“...migrantstendtohaveaneutralormodestpositiveeffectonlocal labormarkets,regionaldevelopment,andspatialdistribution.

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The empirical work confirm thatmigration can also contribute todevelopmentinbothoriginanddestinationcountries, but the full potential ofmigrationremains tobeexploited inmostpartner countries (table 4). Even thoughmigration can have adverse effects on theeconomic and social fabric of migrant-sendingandreceivingcountries,inthelongrun it offers many opportunities fordevelopingcountries. Migration also has a fairly broadinfluence on economic development. Thisinfluence shows that, migration has thepotentialtoincreasetheeconomiccapacity

of the community. Even though thisinfluence is not always the same betweenone country to another, or even betweenone individual and another. This is asreported by the OECD (2017), that howdifferent migration dimensions affect thekey policy sectors: the labor market,agriculture, education, investment andfinancialservices,andsocialprotectionandhealth. Furthermore, it analyzes howsectoral policies influence differentmigration outcomes, such as the decisiontomigrateorreturn,theuseofremittancesand the integration of immigrants (seetable5).

Table4.Emigration,SectoralPoliciesandDevelopment

Howdoesemigrationaffectcountriesoforigin? Howdosectoralpoliciesaffectemigration?• Certainsectorsaremorelikelythanotherstoloselabourtoemigration,whichcangenerateshortages,butalsoreleasepressureandrevitalisesectorscharacterisedwithunderemployment.

• Policiesthatprovidecashtransferstohouseholdstendtoincreaseemigrationinthepooresthouseholdsandcountries,especiallywhentheyarenotconditiona

• Theemigrationofhighlyskilledindividualscanbepartly●Trainingprogrammesseemtoincreaseemigration,probablycompensatedbythefactthatthosewhostaymighthavemorebecausetheydonotprovidewhatthedomesticmarketneeds.incentivestoupgradetheirskills.

• Trainingprogrammesseemtoincreaseemigration,probablybecausetheydonotprovidewhatthedomesticmarketneeds.

• Mechanismsthatprovidebetterinformationonlabourmarketneeds,suchasgovernmentemploymentagencies,contributetoreducingemigration.

• Theemigrationofmenprovidesanopportunityofanincreaseintheresponsibilitiesandautonomyofwomenwhoareleftbehind.

• Theintentiontoemigrateislowerincountriesthatinvestsocialprotectionmechanisms.

Note:Thesefindingsdonotapplytoallcountries.Morecountry-specificfindingscanbefoundintheIPPMDcountryreports.

Source:(OECD,2017:210).

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Table5.TheimpactofMigrationonFiveKeyPolicySectors

LabourMarket Agriculture EducationInvestment&FinancialServices

SocialProtection&Health

Emigration • Emigrationcangeneratelabourshortagesincertainsectorsandskillsgroups,butalsoalleviatepressureinthelabourmarket.Emigrationtendstoreducehouseholdlaboursuppl

• Emigrationrevitalisestheagriculturallabourmarket,asemigrantsarereplacedbyworkersfromoutsidetheemigrant’shousehold

• Emigrationofhighlyeducatedpeoplecannegativelyaffecthumancapital,atleastintheshortterm.

• Low-skilledemigrationcaninsomecasesencourageyoungpeopletodropoutofschool.

Remittances • Remittancescancontributetoreducinghouseholdlaboursupply,butalsohelpstimulateself-employment.

• Remittancesincreaseinvestmentinagriculturalactivities.

• Remittance-receivinghouseholdsofteninvestmoreineducationandincreasethedemandforqualityeducation.

• Remittancessupportbusinessownershipinurbanareasandstimulateinvestmentinrealestate.

• Remittancesarenotoftenusedforsocialexpendituresgenerally,butareusedforspecificexpendituresonanduseofhealthfacilities.

Returnmigration

• Returnmigrationcanhelpencourageself-employment.Return

• Migrationhelpsenrichtheskillssetsinthehomecountry.

• Returnmigrationincreasesinvestmentinagriculturalactivities,butalsoinothertypesofactivitiesinagriculturalhouseholds,creatingopportunitiesfordiversification

• Eventhoughonlyalimitedshareofthehighlyskilledreturn,theyhelpraisethestockofhumancapitalinorigincountries.

• Householdswithreturnmigrantsaremorelikelytorunbusinessesthannon-migranthouseholds.

• Returnmigrantsarelesslikelytobenefitfromgovernmenttransfersthannon-migrants.

Immigration • Immigrationprovidesanamplesupplyoflabourfortheeconomyandcanfilllabourshortagesincertainsectors.

• Agriculturalhouseholdswithimmigrantsaremorelikelythanotheragriculturalhouseholdstohire-inlabourandselltheirproduce.

• Immigrantchildrenarelesslikelytoattendschoolthannative-bornchildren.

• Householdswithimmigrantsaremorelikelytoownanon-agriculturalbusinessthanhouseholdswithoutimmigrants.

• Immigrantsarelesslikelytoreceivegovernmenttransfers,butalsotopaytaxesbecauseoftheirconcentrationintheinformalsector.

Source:(OECD,2017:24).

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From table5, it canbe seen that thewaysectoralpoliciesaffectmigrationisnotdirect.Thelinkagesbetweenpublicpolicy,migration and development are highlydependenton thecountrycontextand thedifferent conditions of programimplementation. Hence, there is no one-size-fits-all solution to curbing (orencouraging) migration flows, turningremittancesintoproductiveinvestmentsorbetter integrating immigrants into hostcountry societies. It is actually a mix ofmigration and non-migration policies thatare more likely to impact not only ondecisions to migrate, send money orreturn, but also on how migration, indifferent dimensions, contributes todevelopment(OECD:2017).

From the Economic view, themagnitude of the flow of remittancesgenerated from migration cannot beignored, especially for efforts to improvethe lives of a group ofmigrants, includingsending countries. At the micro-level,individual migrants can be motivated toleave their homes to pursue what areperceivedtobebettereconomicandsocialopportunitieselsewhere.Onamacro-level,Migrationisstimulatedbytheglobalizationof trade, transport and communicationstechnologies, and demographic dynamics.The decline in fertility and working-agepopulationsinmanyhigh-incomecountriesleadstoanincreasingdemandforworkersfrom abroad—many of whom are youngand have limited opportunities at home—to help sustain national economies(UNFPA, 2005). United Nations reportedthat without international migration, theworking-agepopulationinmoredevelopedregionswoulddeclineby77million,or11percent, by 2050. Besides, the PopulationDivision reports that migration can helpslow the continuing decline in populationsizeinregionssuchasEuropeandincreasepopulation growth in areas such as NorthAmerica (Henning, 2012). With this fact,developed countries have no reason toreject or avoid migration flows that have

anincreasingtendency.Theresultscarriedout by IOM (TheWorld Economic Forum,2018), show that remittances lift familiesout of poverty, improve health andnutritionalconditions,increaseeducationalopportunities for children, improvehousing and sanitation, promoteentrepreneurship and reduce inequality.Apart from that, other influences includeefforts to increase the abilities and skills,knowledge,ideas,andvaluesthatmigrantstransmit to their homes. There is also abroaderdevelopmenteffect, intheformofsocial remittances felt by relatives andfriendstothebroadercommunity.

From the above reality, it can bestated that, the SDGs 2030 agenda onsustainable development, with migration-specific target, calls on countries to"facilitate orderly, safe, regular andresponsible migration and mobility ofpeople, including through theimplementation of planned and well-managed migration policies", will faceobstacles,whentherearestillconflictsthatoccur in several countries. This conditionwill also add to the list of problems frommigration, where many people in realitymigrate because they are forced, namelytheinabilitytofacesecuritypressures,andthe increasingly difficult economic life inhiscountry.

When viewed from this perspective,the SDGs expectations and targetsregarding migration may be achieved. Toavoid these problems, migrants mustovercome high barriers to economicsuccess. For example, unskilled workers,especially those from emerging countries,often pay very high fees to unscrupulouslabor agents to find employment outsidetheirowncountries.

CONCLUSION

Migration as a component insustainable development is relatively new,therefore we need to interpret thatmigration is a process that is an integralpart of a broader transformation process

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which is manifested in the term``development''. Although there are manyreasons for the migration phenomenon,However, in general, there are economicand security problems. From an economicperspective, migration can be seen fromtwo perspectives, namely the supply anddemand side. However, migrants must beseenaspotentialcontributorstogrowthinsendingandreceivingcountries,andsomeeven claim that they are heroes of foreignexchange.Furthermore,migrationalsohasinternal dynamics and uniquecharacteristics,and it isan integralpartofmore comprehensive social anddevelopment functions. Therefore, whenthe United Nations schedules the SDGsprogram, with a specific target of a morehumane migration, it is necessary to getsupport. Although getting there is not aneasy way, it needs commitment from allcountriesinvolvedinit

Migration and sustainabledevelopment is part and parcel of eachother.Basedonthisanalysis,itcanbesaidthat migration and sustainabledevelopmentare inseparablepartsofeachother. Limiting the opportunities forcitizenstomigrate,inturn,slowsdownthe

development process in any area.Migration can balance the distribution ofwealthbetweencountriesandincreasethesustainabilityofresources.Thus,actionstofacilitate and improve the abilities, skills,knowledge, and jobs of migrants must bepartofthestate'staskforthewelfareofitscitizens. The debate on migration andsestainable development is stillfundamentaly limited and much of thedebate has foucsed on facilitatingremmitance flows. The debate has notfound satisfactory results because theconcept of sustainable development iscomplex, consisting of several interrelateddimensions. Therefore discussing SD intermsofmigrationseen fromonepointofview is not sufficient, however, to draw acomprehensiveconclusion

Finally, it can be concluded that,migrationwillalwaysbeanimportantpartof livelihoods. This tends to increasebecause of the many new opportunities.Policy makers must be aware of thissituation,andappreciate thepotentialandtangible contributions of migrants tosustainable development and povertyreductioninhostandhomeregions.

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