Middle East Society & Culture

7/29/2019 Middle East Society & Culture

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Louay M. Safi

Executive DirectorISNA Leadership Development Center

Adapted by Yair Herrera F.


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Where Continents Meet The Middle East is not ageographical region,like Africa, Asia, or

Europe.

Geographically, itdenotes an area in

which Africa, Asia, andEurope interconnect.


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Soft and Shifting Boundaries There are no natural

borders that delineatethe boundaries of the

Middle East.

Egypt, Iran, Sudan,

Turkey, North Africa aredisputed parts of theregion.


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The Middle East

In fact theboundaries of theMiddle East are

political, and theykeep shiftingovertime.

Islam is the commonthread that joinMiddle EasternCountry together


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Presentation Outline

Islam and Judaism Who are Muslims and the Jewish Concept of God Islamic Belief and Practices Attitude towards other Religions

History

Islamic Civilization Colonialism

Society

Modernity Middle East Culture Women


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Islam and Muslims The world of Islam is as diverse as the world of

Christianity.

Islam is experienced differently across cultures. Inthe words of a contemporary scholar of Islam: Islamis like a river in that it takes its color from the culturalbed it flows through.


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What is ISLAM?Islam is an Arabic word derived from

the word peace, which also meanssubmitting to a higher will.

Islam means seeking peace by

submitting to the Divine Will.


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Who are the Muslims?

Individuals who completely andpeacefully submits to the will ofGod, believe in the Articles of Faithand practices the Five Pillars ofIslam.

Muslims constitute 1/5 of worldpopulation, about 1.4 billion, andform the majority in 40 countries.

Most Muslims live outside theMiddle East.


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Who is God in Islam?

Say: He is God, the One ; God, the Eternal andAbsolute; He begets not, nor is He begotten; And

there is none like unto Him.

Quran (112 : 1-4)


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Who is Prophet Muhammad?

Born in Makkah (Mecca) in the year

570 (CE).

Received his first revelation from God

at the age of forty, while engaged in a

meditative retreat, through Archangel

Gabriel (Holy Spirit).

Revelations continued for twenty-

three years, and are recorded in theQuran.


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Quran

The Quran is the record of thewords of God revealed to Prophet

Muhammad in Arabic through

Archangel Gabriel. This revelation

came in phases and continued fortwenty-three years.

Quran is the primary source of Islamic

guidance.


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SunnahSunnah, the practices, examples and sayingof Prophet Muhammad.

A major source of Islamic guidance.

Illustrates Islamic faith in practice.

Collected in hundreds of texts known asHadiths (narrations).


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Articles of Faith

Belief in the Oneness or Unity of the

Divine.

Belief in Angels created by God

Belief in the Revealed Books of God.


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The Five Pillars of IslamIslam is built on five pillars, the first of which is a statement offaith. The other four are major exercises of faith

Declaration of Faith (Shahadah).

Obligatory Charity (Zakah)

The Pilgrimage (Hajj)

Prayer (Salah)

Fasting (Siyam)


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Hajj

M


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Mecca


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Spirit of Islam O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a

male and a female, and made you into nations andtribes, that you may know each other. Verily the mosthonored of you in the sight of God is the mostrighteous of you. And God has full knowledge and iswell acquainted with all things.

Quran (49:13)


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Respect of Religious Diversity Muslims, like Christians and Jews, trace their religion

to Prophet Abraham. Israelites are the descendant ofIsaac and Arabs are the descendant of Ishmael.

Say (O Muslims), We believe in God, and therevelation given to us, and to Abraham, Ishmael,Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and that given to Moses

and Jesus, and that given to (all) Prophets from theirLord: we make no difference between one and anotherof them: and we bow to God in submission.

(Quran 2:136)


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Islamic CivilizationThe Muslims of Spain were the most culturedpeople of the West. Literature and art becametheir glories, and learning flourished when rulers,

often men of letters themselves, invited some ofthe best scholars of the Muslim East to settle inSpain. By the twelfth century scholars fromnorthern Europe were flocking to Spain to study,and through them much of the learning of the

Arabs was passed to Christian Europe.

T. Walter Wallbank, et. al., Civilization Past and Present.


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Judaism is A 4000 year old tradition with ideas about what itmeans to be human and how to make the world a holyplace(Rabbi Harold Kushner, T o Life)

A covenant relationship between God and theHebrew people A celebration and sanctification of life A faith, a people, a way of life
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A 4000 year old tradition The Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob (Israel) origins of the Hebrew people (more than 3800 yearsago) Enslaved in ancient Egypt and freed by Moses (morethan 3300 years ago) Hebrew monarchy in the Promised Land (The Landof Israel), ends 6th century BCE


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As a faith, Jews Believe In one God, creator of the universe, personal butnon-corporeal In prophets of old especially Moses, throughwhom Torah was revealed to the Hebrew people In Torah (first five books of the Bible), containingreligious, moral and social law which guides the life

of a Jew the Hebrew Bible does not include the New Testament


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As a people, Jews are A nation in Diaspora (dispersed) 15 16 million in worldwide population United by a common heritage (an ethnic religion),divided in contemporary practice:

Orthodox: Modern Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox)

Reformed (18th century Germany) Conservative moderates, response to reform

Reconstructionalism (20th century America)
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As a way of life, Judaism is basedon 613 commandments found in Torah (Written Law) Talmud (Oral Law) commentary of ancient rabbis thatelaborates on how to apply Gods Law in everyday life

through: Dietary rules (Kashrut/Kosher) Dress and other symbols Prayer and devotion to the one God The Temple and Temple rites Observance of Holy days Proper social relations between male and female, inbusiness, judicial rulings, etc.

Thus sanctifying life, blessing it in every way
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How does Judaism sanctify life?Life cycle celebrations: Bris ritual circumcision, sign of the covenant Bar/Bat Mitzvah full adult status andresponsibility within the religion Marriage - "Be fruitful and multiply" (Gen. 1:22) Death funerals, mourning (sitting Shiva), andmemorials (Yartzeits)
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How does Judaism sanctify time?The Jewish Holidays: High Holidays:

Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)

Sukkot, the Festival of Booths (fall harvest festival) Simchat Torah celebrating Torah Chanukah, the Festival of Lights
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More Holy DaysPurim (Lots) a carnival (commemoratesevents told in book of Esther)Pesach (Passover) commemorates theexodus from Egypt (events told in Exodus)Shavuot (weeks, Pentecost) commemoratesreceipt of Torah at SinaiOther, minor festivalsShabbat (Sabbath, 7th day, on Saturday) the Day of Rest
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How is Judaism related toChristianity? Judaism predates Christianity it is the foundation ofChristianity but is not a part of it Jesus was Jewish, as were his followers and the

Apostles Jews do not believe that Jesus was anything more thana good and wise man who lived and died 2000 years ago Jews still await their messiah The Jewish messiah would not be divine. He would be apolitical figure who restores the Hebrew monarchy andcauses peace to reign on Earth Jews are not concerned about salvation and the worldto come


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What are Jews really concernedabout? Tikkun Olam - repairing thisworld through justiceand righteousness; through deed, not creed The heart of Judaism is in the home and family,social responsibility and doing Mitzvot (gooddeeds based on Gods commandments) Through education and hard work we make ourlives, the lives of others, and the world, what Godintended it to be Holy!
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LeChaim!To Life!

To Life!
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The Expansion of Islam


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Islamic Civilization

Alhambra Palace, Granada 715

Umayyad Mosque, Damascus 705

Khaju Bridge in Isfahan, built 1602


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Islamic Civilization Cordova University

(Cordova 786)

Al Azhar University

(Cairo 972)

The Blue Mosque(Istanbul 1603)


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Colonialism


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Continuity and Change

Middle Eastern society has been in a state of fluxfor over a century, searching for a new directionand identity, and experiencing a great deal oftension as rivaling forces compete for its future.

The most pronounced tension is betweenmodernity and tradition, that increasingly takesthe form of struggle between Islam and modernity.

Islam is viewed by many Muslims not simply as areligion, but also as a cultural identity and

heritage.While cultures and traditions vary markedly, the

following qualities are often shared by M.E.Culture.


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Middle Eastern Culture

Honor (self-respect to self-pride) and expectation ofequal treatment regardless of wealth, position, or rank.

Fierce sense of independence and resentment ofimposed rules or decisions not sanctioned by socialnorms and customs.

Strong loyalty to extended family, friends, and locality,and a great expectation of solidarity.

Hospitality to guests and visitors.


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Family Role Family is often inclusive of cousins

Family loyalty and obligation is paramount

Family is seen as a persons ultimate refuge andsupport system

Children are taught profound respect for adults


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Traditional City

Narrow Allies, Plain External Design


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Traditional City

Privacy

Open space is located within the traditional house.

All Houses look alike form outside no decoration.

Court yard is located inside the house.


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Traditional City

Umayyad Mosque built 705-715 AD.

Suq (Shopping Mall) Al-Hamiddiyyah.


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Modern City

Modern Dubai Modern Cairo

Multi-Story apartment buildings is the new residential pattern.


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Middle Eastern Women


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Middle Eastern Women


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Status of Women

Statements on womens status vary in applicabilitydepending on the country involved. For instance, inTurkey, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt, educatedwomen have been very active at all levels of society.

In the Persian Gulf States, most women do not work.Those who do, work only in all-female environmentssuch as schools and banks for women, except those inthe medical profession

Traditionally-oriented men and women dont seeprevailing customs as restrictions-rather as protections


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Women Social Participation Traditional Muslim societies are patriarchic.

Modern Influence and Muslim feminism

Islamic Influence and Revisiting Islamic Sources:

Believing men and women are the guardian and

protector of one another, they both enjoin the goodand prohibit evil, establish prayers, give for charity,and obey God and His Messenger.

(Quran 9: 71 )


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Politicization of Hijabwomen attire (hijab) have been frequently viewed

via a political lens.

Kemal Attaturk prohibited Islamic outfit. Syrian government placed ban on the hijab in the

1980s.

Turkey and Tunisia persecutes women who wear

hijab since early 1990s. Iran and Saudi Arabia continue to enforce hijab.

France outlawed hijab in late 2003.


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Web resources Judaism 101: http://jewfaq.org/an online encyclopedia of Judaism, covering Jewish beliefs,people, places, things, language, scripture, holidays,practices and customs

ReligiousTolerance.org on Judaism:http://www.religioustolerance.org/judaism.htm This P0werpoint presentation available at:

http://www.nvcc.edu/home/lshulman/Rel232/resource/judaism.ppt
http://jewfaq.org/http://www.religioustolerance.org/judaism.htmhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.kidsdomain.com/holiday/chanukah/clip/menorah.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.kidsdomain.com/holiday/chanukah/clip.html&h=160&w=197&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmenorah%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN%26as_qdr%3Dallhttp://www.religioustolerance.org/judaism.htmhttp://jewfaq.org/


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Why is there a long

lasting conflict in TheMiddle East?


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Conflict in the Middle East


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Balfour Declaration European Jews face persecution in late 1800s.

Founded movement called Zionism to establishJewish homeland in Palestine. Begin establishing communities in Palestine prior to World

War One.

British Foreign Secretary Balfour supported theidea of a national home for the Jews. Hoped to gain Jewish support for World War One. Balfour Declaration endorses this homeland as well

as an independent state for Arabs. Arabs interpret the independent state clause to specify

Palestine; Brits say that isnt what they had in mind.


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The British Mandate Ottoman Turks on losing side of WW I;British gain control of Palestine in 1920. 90k Jews

Palestinians and Jews begin arming themselvesand conducting terrorist attacks against theircounterparts.

Rise of Nazism brings flood of new Jewish

settlers to Palestine from Europe in 1930s. UN votes to divide Palestine into Jewish and

Arab states in 1947, giving the Jews 55% of theland west of the Jordan River and designating

Jerusalem as an international enclave.


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Arab-Israeli War of 1948 14 May 1948: Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion

declares that Israel is an independent state.

Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraqinvade on 15 May.

Fighting continues until Jan 1949.

Israel prevails and gains territory in Galilee to thenorth and the Negev Desert to the south.

Jerusalem is divided between Israel and Jordan.

Fate of 700k Palestinian refugees is left undecided.


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Arab-Israeli War of 1956 USSR signs arms agreement with Egypt in 1955.

Israelis feel threatened by arms build up and

launch pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Attack and seize the Sinai and Gaza Strip.

Relinquished in 1957.

French and British retake Suez Canal which Egypt

had seized several months earlier. UN establishes peace keeping force in Sinai that is

still in place today.


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Arafat and the PLOArafat forms Al-Fatah (Palestinian National

Liberation Front) in 1959. Goal was to liberate Palestine from Israel through

guerilla warfare.Variety of Palestinian factions form the Palestinian

Liberation Organization in 1964. Arafat becomes chairman in 1969.

Charter calls for elimination of state of Israel. Hussein feels threatened and expels PLO from

Jordan in 1970. Arafat moves HQ to Lebanon.

PLO driven out of Lebanon by Israel in 1982.


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Six Day War 5-10 June 1967 Egypt, Jordan, and Syria begin military

mobilization.

Israel launches surprise pre-emptive strike. Destroys most of Egyptian Air Force on the ground.

Knocked out 350 aircraft in first three hours.

Armored forces supported by air and infantry quickly

take Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank (includingArab portion of Jerusalem, and Gaza. Destroyed over 200 Arab tanks in two days.

UN arranges cease-fire, but terms did notspecify exactly what land Israel was required to

ive u .


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Yom Kippur War 6 Oct 1973 Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack onholiest day of Jewish year.

IDF not fully mobilized and is initially pushed back.

Arab integrated air defenses and anti-tank missiles takeheavy toll on IDF.

10-14 Oct IDF pushed Syrians out of Golan and enteredSyria.

15-24 Oct IDF pushes Egyptians back across the Suez. Soviets threaten to intervene when Egyptians are surrounded. Kissinger/US convince Israel to accept truce.

Israeli invincibility brought into question; Arabsemboldened. OPEC doubles oil prices and embargoes Israeli supporters.


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Lebanon Israel launches air strikes against PLOpositions in Lebanon in retaliation forterrorist attacks.

Subsequently invades Lebanon andsurrounds Beirut in 1982. US-led UN coalition establishes presence

ashore to keep the peace. Departs after bombing of barracks.

PLO agrees to leave Beirut.

Israel completes withdrawal of itstroops from Lebanon in May 2000. Nearly 1k IDF soldiers killed during 22

year occupation.


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The government of Ariel Sharon claimed that the

Separation Wall is a security project. Upon completion, the

Separation Wall is projected to be 788 kilometers long,

twice the length of the Green Line.

LEGENDThe green line

Palestinian territory

Israeli territory

Wall underconstruction

Approved pathof the wall

Suggested pathof the wall


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The planned and suggested path of the Wall will

leave some 500,000 Palestinians outside the Wall,

but inside the Green Line. In order to prevent these

Palestinians from moving freely outside the Wall, a

sub-system of smaller enclaves will be constructed

outside the main Wall.

Palestinians who live in thesesmall enclaves will be allowed

in or out of them only

according to the instructions

of the Israeli army.

LEGENDThe green line

Palestinian territory

Israeli territory

Wall underconstruction

Approved pathof the wall

Suggested path

of the wallEnclave under

construction

Suggestedenclave


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What does the wall look like? Here it is!


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Security Wall

Temporary securitymeasure?

Route to furtherannexation ofPalestinian land?

Justifiable? Just?

Hamas Victory in Palestinian


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yElections

Fundamentalist group thatwants to establish an Islamicstate on what it considers"historic Palestine," including

modern-day Israel. Political wing won a landslide

victory in Palestinianparliamentary elections

Charter calls for Israelsdestruction

Should Hamas be recognized bythe international community?


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On-going violence since 2000

According to BBC: 3,300 Palestinians killed by

Israelis

1,000 Israelis killed byPalestinians

Most Pal. deaths by Israelimilitary

Most Israeli deaths by acts of

terrorism Can peace be made while

violence persists?

What will stop the violence?


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Why Americans Should Care

$96,765,000,000

How Should the U.S. Effectively


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How Should the U.S. Effectively

Use its Power?

Policeman?

Enforcer of laws

Nation-builder?

Democratization

Humanitarian?

Imperialist?

Peace Keeper? Disinterested 3rd Party

Stay out!


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