Middle East

Middle East Middle East

Global StudiesGlobal Studies

Mr. GroceMr. Groce

The LandThe Land

►Originally, the Middle East was covered Originally, the Middle East was covered with dense tropical forests and swamps.with dense tropical forests and swamps. This vegetation rotted, which resulted in rich This vegetation rotted, which resulted in rich

oil fields.oil fields.

►The river valleys formed the “cradles of The river valleys formed the “cradles of civilizations” due to their fertile land.civilizations” due to their fertile land. The Fertile CrescentThe Fertile Crescent NileNile

DesertsDeserts

►The shifting winds in the M.E. create The shifting winds in the M.E. create large deserts.large deserts. The Empty QuarterThe Empty Quarter NegevNegev

►The Bedouins, a nomadic people, The Bedouins, a nomadic people, move to where water is available (not move to where water is available (not aimlessly).aimlessly). More recently they are settling.More recently they are settling.

CitiesCities►Where water was available, cities grew.Where water was available, cities grew.

BaghdadBaghdad CairoCairo IstanbulIstanbul

►At the heart of cities is its At the heart of cities is its sūq.sūq.►Many of the cities have been centers of Many of the cities have been centers of

trade for thousands of years.trade for thousands of years.►Where freshwater is not available, Where freshwater is not available,

some countries have created it through some countries have created it through the process of desalination or building the process of desalination or building dams.dams.

Availability of FreshwaterAvailability of Freshwater

DesalinationDesalination

The PeopleThe People

►More than half the people of the M.E. More than half the people of the M.E. are Arabs.are Arabs.

►Several countries comprise of many Several countries comprise of many peoplespeoples Iraq: Arabs, KurdsIraq: Arabs, Kurds Turkey: Turks, Armenian, ArabsTurkey: Turks, Armenian, Arabs Israel: Israeli Israel: Israeli (Jewish)(Jewish), Palestinian , Palestinian (Arab (Arab

Muslims)Muslims)

Questions?Questions?

In groups of 3, discuss your In groups of 3, discuss your

questions that you wrote.questions that you wrote.

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Review what is CLEAR and UNCLEAR Review what is CLEAR and UNCLEAR regarding the preceding slides.regarding the preceding slides.

3 Major Religions of the M.E.3 Major Religions of the M.E.ReligioReligio

nnPeoplePeople Holy Holy

BookBookImportant Important

PersonPersonTheisTheis

mmBuildinBuildin

gg

JudaisJudaismm

JewsJews Torah Torah (1(1stst five five books books of the of the Bible)Bible)

Abraham Abraham (prophet)(prophet)

MonoMono SynagoSynagoguegue

ChristiChristianityanity

ChristiaChristiansns

BibleBible Jesus (Son Jesus (Son of God)of God)

MonoMono ChurchChurch

IslamIslam MuslimsMuslims Qur’aQur’ann

MuhammaMuhammad (later d (later prophet)prophet)

MonoMono MosqueMosque

3 Major Religions of the M.E.3 Major Religions of the M.E.ReligionReligion BeliefsBeliefs

JudaismJudaism Abraham made a covenant with God that Abraham made a covenant with God that called for the Jews to worship and obey called for the Jews to worship and obey God for “a land flowing with milk and God for “a land flowing with milk and honey” (Israel). Waiting for a messiah to honey” (Israel). Waiting for a messiah to save them. save them.

ChristianiChristianityty

Jesus was the Son of God (Jesus was the Son of God (messiahmessiah). ). Anyone who believes and follows Jesus can Anyone who believes and follows Jesus can be forgiven, saved from hell, and rewarded be forgiven, saved from hell, and rewarded with everlasting life and happiness after with everlasting life and happiness after death in heaven. death in heaven.

IslamIslam An angel spoke to Muhammad and told him An angel spoke to Muhammad and told him to write the Qur’an. Believe in Allah (God) to write the Qur’an. Believe in Allah (God) and practice the Five Pillars of Faith. and practice the Five Pillars of Faith. Follow and protect the Islamic faith by Follow and protect the Islamic faith by military exertion against non-Muslim military exertion against non-Muslim combatants (combatants (jihadjihad). ).

Five Pillars of FaithFive Pillars of Faith1.1. Confession that there is not other god but Confession that there is not other god but

God and that Muhammad is the messenger of God and that Muhammad is the messenger of GodGod

2.2. Pray five times a day facing Mecca.Pray five times a day facing Mecca.

3.3. Give money to charity each year.Give money to charity each year.

4.4. Once a year, during Ramadān, Muslims must Once a year, during Ramadān, Muslims must fast every day from dawn to dusk.fast every day from dawn to dusk.

5.5. Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Pilgrims pray towards the their lifetime. Pilgrims pray towards the Kaaba (Kabah), a large cubicle in the center Kaaba (Kabah), a large cubicle in the center of the Sacred Mosque.of the Sacred Mosque.




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Persian Gulf HistoryPersian Gulf History

►European nations were establishing European nations were establishing commercial bases in the Middle East commercial bases in the Middle East during the 1500s.during the 1500s.

►By the 1800s, Britain emerged as the By the 1800s, Britain emerged as the dominant power in the region.dominant power in the region.

►Now linked with India and Middle East Now linked with India and Middle East trading is made simple. =$trading is made simple. =$

►Made treaties with the Gulf States, Made treaties with the Gulf States, which generally favored Britain. which generally favored Britain.

►Other nations would become interested Other nations would become interested with the East and Britain would make with the East and Britain would make treaties that created a bond with Britain.treaties that created a bond with Britain.

►Oil was found in the early 1900s, which Oil was found in the early 1900s, which gave the Middle East a new importance.gave the Middle East a new importance.

► Iran became nationalistic and tried to turn Iran became nationalistic and tried to turn anti-western.anti-western.

►Western nations boycotted Iranian oil and Western nations boycotted Iranian oil and within two years the economy collapsed.within two years the economy collapsed.

►The British company was restored.The British company was restored.

Arab – Israeli RelationsArab – Israeli Relations

►At the core was disagreement over who At the core was disagreement over who owns the land of Israel, once called owns the land of Israel, once called Palestine.Palestine.

► Jews from Europe began to immigrate into Jews from Europe began to immigrate into Palestine and by the 1930s about 1/3 of Palestine and by the 1930s about 1/3 of the population of Palestine was Jewish.the population of Palestine was Jewish.

►During WWII, a large number of Jews fled During WWII, a large number of Jews fled to Palestine to escape Nazi persecution.to Palestine to escape Nazi persecution.

►The Arabs and Jews did not get along for The Arabs and Jews did not get along for that reason.that reason.

► Riots broke out.Riots broke out.► In 1947, the United Nations, voted to In 1947, the United Nations, voted to

partition Palestine into two states—one Arab partition Palestine into two states—one Arab and one Jewish. and one Jewish.

► Arabs refused to accept the partition, and in Arabs refused to accept the partition, and in 1948 the forces of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, 1948 the forces of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, and Iraq invaded Israel, where Trans-Jordan, and Iraq invaded Israel, where the Israeli army defeated them.the Israeli army defeated them.

► Since Israel won and occupied Arab Since Israel won and occupied Arab territory, about ¾ million Palestinian Arabs territory, about ¾ million Palestinian Arabs fled to neighboring countries.fled to neighboring countries.

► 1967, the Six-Day War occurred.1967, the Six-Day War occurred.

► 1977, Israel and Egypt tried to create peace—1977, Israel and Egypt tried to create peace—Camp David Accords.Camp David Accords.

► Many nations felt that Egypt let down the Many nations felt that Egypt let down the Arabs.Arabs.

► Three major issues were not resolved:Three major issues were not resolved:1. Control of East Jerusalem1. Control of East Jerusalem2. Fate of the 1.8 million Palestinians in 2. Fate of the 1.8 million Palestinians in

the the West Bank and Gaza Strip West Bank and Gaza Strip3. Control of the Golan Heights3. Control of the Golan Heights

► IntifadaIntifada—1987, Palestinian uprising led by —1987, Palestinian uprising led by Yasir Arafat. Many Arabs went into Israel to Yasir Arafat. Many Arabs went into Israel to riot.riot.

► Even today, they are still fighting over the Even today, they are still fighting over the land in issue. Palestinians are sending land in issue. Palestinians are sending suicide bombers into Israel.suicide bombers into Israel.

War in the GulfWar in the Gulf

►Khomeini, a Shiite Muslim, came into Khomeini, a Shiite Muslim, came into power in Iran and appealed to the power in Iran and appealed to the Muslim leaders in Iraq to try and spread Muslim leaders in Iraq to try and spread an Islamic revolution in Iraq, since Iraq an Islamic revolution in Iraq, since Iraq had a non-religious government.had a non-religious government.

►Saddam Hussein invaded Iran. This Saddam Hussein invaded Iran. This was a bloody and costly war until it was a bloody and costly war until it ended with a United Nations-sponsored ended with a United Nations-sponsored cease-fire.cease-fire.

Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini

►USSR supported Iran; U.S. supported USSR supported Iran; U.S. supported Iraq.Iraq.

► Iraq emerged with a strong military, but Iraq emerged with a strong military, but a poor economy. a poor economy.

►Hussein invaded Kuwait to try and take Hussein invaded Kuwait to try and take the oil rich country to build up the the oil rich country to build up the economy. He said Kuwait unfairly economy. He said Kuwait unfairly drilled Iraqi oil.drilled Iraqi oil.

►The United Nations called for Iraq to The United Nations called for Iraq to withdraw. Iraq refused, so troops from withdraw. Iraq refused, so troops from the U.S. and 35 other countries the U.S. and 35 other countries launched Desert Storm.launched Desert Storm.

►Hussein responded by launching Hussein responded by launching missiles at Israel hoping Israel would missiles at Israel hoping Israel would get in the fight and would lead Arab get in the fight and would lead Arab nations to support the fight against nations to support the fight against Israel. Israel.

►His plan failed, and Iraq was driven out His plan failed, and Iraq was driven out of Kuwait—but not until Iraqi troops of Kuwait—but not until Iraqi troops destroyed buildings and set Kuwaiti oil destroyed buildings and set Kuwaiti oil wells on fire.wells on fire.




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2121stst Century Middle East Century Middle East

► Saddam Hussein repeatedly defied the United Saddam Hussein repeatedly defied the United Nations by not complying with inspections of Nations by not complying with inspections of weapons.weapons.

► 1998, President Clinton ordered air strikes 1998, President Clinton ordered air strikes against Iraq for not following U.N. rules.against Iraq for not following U.N. rules.Heavy as they are, the costs of action must be weighed against the Heavy as they are, the costs of action must be weighed against the

price of inaction. If Saddam defies the world and we fail to price of inaction. If Saddam defies the world and we fail to respond, we will face a far greater threat in the future. Saddam respond, we will face a far greater threat in the future. Saddam will strike again at his neighbors. He will make war on his own will strike again at his neighbors. He will make war on his own people. people.

And mark my words, he will develop weapons of mass destruction. And mark my words, he will develop weapons of mass destruction. He will deploy them, and he will use them. He will deploy them, and he will use them.

Because we're acting today, it is less likely that we will face these Because we're acting today, it is less likely that we will face these dangers in the future.dangers in the future.

►President Bill Clinton, Dec. 16, 1998 (President Bill Clinton, Dec. 16, 1998 (transcripttranscript))

2121stst Century Middle East Century Middle East

►Osama bin Laden financed and supported Osama bin Laden financed and supported attacks on the U.S.attacks on the U.S. 1993 World Trade Center bombing1993 World Trade Center bombing 1998 U.S. Embassy bombings killing hundreds1998 U.S. Embassy bombings killing hundreds 2000 attack on the USS Cole in Yemen2000 attack on the USS Cole in Yemen 2001 World Trade Center attack (9/11)2001 World Trade Center attack (9/11)

►The United States responded by attacking The United States responded by attacking the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan.the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. Taliban was crippled, but is not gone.Taliban was crippled, but is not gone.

Iraq WarIraq War

► Using international intelligence, the U.S. made Using international intelligence, the U.S. made the case for liberating Iraq from Saddam the case for liberating Iraq from Saddam Hussein, citing his development of WMDs and Hussein, citing his development of WMDs and the defiance of the U.N.the defiance of the U.N.

► Congress approved the actions, and Iraq was Congress approved the actions, and Iraq was disabled with the help of disabled with the help of 5656 other nations. other nations.

► Saddam Hussein was captured, tried for war Saddam Hussein was captured, tried for war crimes, and hung.crimes, and hung. The war crimes included: using chemical weapons The war crimes included: using chemical weapons

on Iranians and Kurds, including women and on Iranians and Kurds, including women and children. children.

Iraq WarIraq War

► International intelligence was flawed and International intelligence was flawed and inspections could not locate WMDs.inspections could not locate WMDs. Some say weapons could have been moved to Some say weapons could have been moved to

Syria before the search was done.Syria before the search was done.

► With the help of the U.S., Iraqis finally were With the help of the U.S., Iraqis finally were able to vote for a constitution and a president.able to vote for a constitution and a president. 65% Shiite (Shi'a), 32% Sunni65% Shiite (Shi'a), 32% Sunni The elected President is a Shiite, while Saddam was The elected President is a Shiite, while Saddam was

a Sunni.a Sunni.

► A dictatorship was changed to a democracy.A dictatorship was changed to a democracy.




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Sectarian ViolenceSectarian Violence

►Shiite and Sunni Muslims are fighting Shiite and Sunni Muslims are fighting over control of Iraq.over control of Iraq.

►Shiites have a strong hold on the Shiites have a strong hold on the government, while Sunni’s did under government, while Sunni’s did under Saddam.Saddam.

►Some believe the solution is to attack Some believe the solution is to attack neighborhoods and civilians.neighborhoods and civilians.

Islamic DivisionIslamic Division

y

IranIran► Currently, Iran is pursuing programs to Currently, Iran is pursuing programs to

enrich uranium for nuclear capabilities.enrich uranium for nuclear capabilities.► The United Nations has announced that Iran The United Nations has announced that Iran

needs to stop!needs to stop! Iran has defied the U.N. and said “NO!”Iran has defied the U.N. and said “NO!”

► Sanctions have been placed on Iran.Sanctions have been placed on Iran. Iran may view this as an act of aggression.Iran may view this as an act of aggression. Iran captured British naval soldiers that were Iran captured British naval soldiers that were

claimed to be in Iranian waters and held them claimed to be in Iranian waters and held them hostage.hostage.

They were released after a few weeks.They were released after a few weeks.►What is next?What is next?►What actions are on the table?What actions are on the table?




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Iraqi FreedomIraqi Freedom

American History: Operation Iraqi American History: Operation Iraqi FreedomFreedom

Middle East

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