Microwave, Sub-mm, and THz Technology for payloads and space (sub)systems Radiometer Physics GmbH...
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Transcript of Microwave, Sub-mm, and THz Technology for payloads and space (sub)systems Radiometer Physics GmbH...
Microwave, Sub-mm, and THz Technologyfor payloads and space (sub)systems
Radiometer Physics GmbH (RPG), GermanyHarald Czekala RPGThomas Rose RPGAchimWalber RPGHugh Gibson RPGBertrand Thomas RPGMichael Brandt RPGOleg Cojocari ACSTByron Alderman STFC RAL
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 2
RPG Company Profile
Microwave, sub-mm, THzTurn-key radiometers, space technology components, design, scientific expertise
■ 4 decades experience■ 40 employees■ Radiometers (space)■ Frontends/Receivers■ Lab equipment / VNA■ Components up to THz■ Design+Manufacturing
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 3
RPG Space Heritage
■ MLS/UARS Microwave Limb Sounder (JPL/USA, 1991)
(RPG founders working with JPL on Gunn oscillators/multipliers)
■ MHS/FY-3 Microwave Humidity Sounder (CNSA / China, 2008)
150 and 183 GHz Receiver front ends for MHS
■ ODIN (SSC, 2001 until today)
8 Gunn Local Oscilaltors plus fudamental mixers
■ Herschel / HIFI space telescope (ESTEC, 2009)
Local Oscillators (480 to 1200 GHz), IF up-converters
■ SMILES (JAXA, 2008 installed on ISS)
PLL Gunn LO chain at 360 GHz
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 4
RPG Space Heritage (2)
■ SAPHIR+MADRAS / MEGHA-TROPIQUES microwave humidity
sounder CNES/ISRO
■ SAPHIR (183 GHz sounder): specially stabilized Gunn resonator (plus
contrib. to LO and RF hardware)
■ MADRAS (18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89, 157 GHz Imager)
Gunn LO, DC conditioning, RF networks (M4/M5, 89/157), OMT
■ Components…
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 5
Space heritage components
Waveguide Components passive
■ Corrugated feed horns
■ Attenuator
■ Coupler
■ RF loads, absorbers
■ RF power splitter
■ Isolator (Y-junction
circulator/isolator, Faraday isolator)
■ Waveguide twists
■ Orthomode Transducers (OMT)
■ Optical networks (feedclusters, FSS)
■ Power supply
RF components
■ (whisker contacted multipliers)
■ (Gunn oscillators, with PLL / cavity)
■ Planar Multipliers
■ Subharmonic mixers
■ Fundamental mixers
■ MMIC driver amplifiers
■ MMIC low noise amps (LNA)
■ Noise injection (calibration!)
■ Rapid Dicke switching (4-point cal.)
■ PA/QA to delivered hardware
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 6
Current involvements
ESA TRP (Technology Research Programme) activities• ESTEC "Integrated Schottky Structures" (664 GHz Front End)
tripler-mixer FE with integrated circuit design• ESTEC "Sub-Millimetre Wave Receiver Front-end" (664 GHz Frontend)
doubler-doubler-mixer with discrete Schottky diodes• EU/FP7 "Millimeter-Wave Integrated Diode & Amplifier sources"
over 400 mW (later: 1000) mW @ 100 GHz• Qual/Eval activities aiming at TRL-5 expected soon
ESA-ESTEC/EUMETSAT METOP Second Generation („Polar Orbiter“) • "RPG Sat-B CPI coordination and interface definition support" (OHB) • MWI/ICI Receiver Performance & Test Requirements definition (TAS-I) • ESA "Cloud and Precipitation Airborne Radiometer" (118 & 664 GHz FE) • Proposal ESTEC "243 GHz Direct Detection Radiometers"
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 7
Quality Control, tests, procedure, … (PA/QA)
■ RPG offers PA/QA compliant to highest ESA and NASA standards
■ RPG has demonstrated these capabilities
■ RPG advises customers on suitable (tailored) approaches
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 8
Space Products (II)
Space qualified front ends (China, FY-3):
183 GHz (4 channels) water vapour sounder
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 9
Space Products (III)
Space qualified front ends (China, FY-3):
• 90 GHz dual polarized receiver OMT + LNA + (either Direct Detection or Heterodyne)• 150 GHz dual polarized receiver: OMT + SHM
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 10
Examples: Frontends and sub-systems for Space
Space qualified local oscillators (Herschel / ESA):8 local oscillator chains from 480 GHz to 1100 GHz
Other space projects: EOS (NASA), ODIN (SSA), FIRST/HIFI, MARFEQ, SAPHIR (CNES), MLS (NASA), FY-3 (China), …
FIRST/HIFI MADRAS
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 11
Outline
■ Direct detection (MMIC) for frequencies up to 120 GHz
■ Auto-calibration receivers up to 200 GHz (noise-injection / Dicke sw.)
■ Improvements in mixer and multiplier designs
through close cooperation with Schottky diode suppliers
■ Schottky technology from ACST (Germany)
■ Schottky technology from RAL (UK)
■ Subharmonic mixers at 424 GHz and 664 GHz
■ InGaAS mixers with reduction of LO power by 10 dB
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 12
Direct Detection
■ Direct detection systems up to 110 GHz (since 8 years now…)
■ LNA mostly based on MMIC supply from IAF Freiburg, Germany
■ At 118 / 150 / 183 GHz and above, sub-harmonic mixers still have better performance (at least with high-quality sub-harmonic mixers)
■ Waveguide filters with high stability and narrow bandwidth (0.25 %)
Splitter and Filter Section
Boosters and Detectors
Video Amps,MUX, 16 Bit ADC
55 dB Pre-Amplifier
Noise InjectionCoupler
51- 59 GHz 7 ChannelFilterbank Receiver
Corrugated Feedhorn
Tsys (with horn, noise-inject., isolator)
20 – 30 GHz 280 K (NF: 2.9)
50 – 60 GHz 550 K (NF: 4.6)
90 GHz 700 K (NF: 5.3)
170 mm
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 13
Direct Detection Receivers
90 GHz dual-pol (FM)
Low loss Ortho-Mode TransducerTsys < 600 K (NF: 4.9)
Compared to heterodyne systems:□ Improved noise figure□ Decreased long term stability (larger 1/f noise with InP MMICs)□ Much better RFI protection□ Compact (integrated) design□ No planar filters, all waveguide
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 14
Direct Detection: MMIC mounting
• Mounting of all amplifier types
• Experience in micromachining
• Bonding and soldering to space standards
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 15
Usignal
Uambient+noise
Uambient
Usignal
Repetition: 5 HzDuty cycle: 45 % (due to 10 ms switch time)
Det
ecto
rVo
ltag
e
Time / s0.10 0.20 0.15 0.05
Auto-calibration receivers: Noise injection, Dicke Switching
Fast calibration with noise diodes and ambient load(gain and Tsys are calibrated)
Ambient load / Dicke switch:Isolatorsdriven by switchedmagnetic field
Noise diodes:mounted directlyin a waveguidecoupling section
Applied to direct detectionas well as heterodynereceivers
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 16
Auto-Calibration Receivers (II)
Allan Variance Stability: 4.000 sLess dependent on external calibration targets (LN2)!
• Noise injection calibration up to 200 GHz– 7.000 K signal at 183 GHz with
stable noise diode (15 dB ENR)
• Magnetically switched isolators:Dicke switching up to 150 GHz with low insertion loss (≤1.0 dB)– Fast switching with low currents
(small thermal effects, 100 mA, 0.5 V)
ESA-ATPROP 15 / 90 GHz
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 17
Achieved System Noise Temperatures:(incl. noise injection coupler, Dicke switch, isolator)
90 GHz: 750 K 150 GHz: 1200 K
Allan Varianceup to 4000 s
Full internal calibrationIsolation > 30 dBInsertion loss @ 90 GHz: 0.7 dBInsertion loss @ 150 GHz: 1.0 dB
Auto-calibration receivers (III): 90+150 GHz system
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 18
Heterodyne receiver at 183 GHzwith 6 channel Filterbank
• Channel centers in IF: 0.6, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, 7.5 GHz
• Noise injection for calibration• Tsys=1200 K for complete
radiometer• Tsys=380 to 450 K for mixer
• Schottky mixer diodeby ACST (Germany)
Auto-calibration receivers (IV): 183 GHz system
Similar System on HAMP
(HALO Microwave Package)
for HALO research aircraft
Dome-C, Antarctica
3.300m asl, -25 to -80 °C
Close to South-Pole
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 19
Schottky Mixer and Multiplier Improvements• Planar technology• Discrete Schottky devices• Semi-integrated and full integrated structures
Two collaborations:■ STFC/RAL, UK■ ACST, Germany
Mandatory improvementsfor 800 to 1000 GHz circuit mountings:• Reduced Cj0
• Reduced Cstr
• Smaller size
ESTEC Contract 22032/08/NL/JA: Sub-Millimeter Wave Receiver Front-End (at 664 GHz)ESTEC Contract 21628/08/NL/GLC: Integrated Schottky Structures (at 664 GHz)
Air-bridge
Mesa with anode
Anode pillar(contact pad)
Cathode pillar(contact pad)
Back-side ohmic
Membrane-substrate
Air-bridges Mesas
Protection pillars(contact pads)
Back-side ohmic
Membrane-substrate
25μm
50μm
Quasi-vertical (QVD)
single Diode (SD)
Anti-parallel (APD) diode
RAL Diode
ACST Diode
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 20
Schottky Mixer and Multiplier Improvements• Planar technology• Discrete Schottky devices• Semi-integrated and full integrated structures
Two collaborations:■ STFC/RAL, UK■ ACST, Germany
Mandatory improvementsfor 800 to 1000 GHz circuit mountings:• Reduced Cj0
• Reduced Cstr
• Smaller size
ESTEC Contract 22032/08/NL/JA: Sub-Millimeter Wave Receiver Front-End (at 664 GHz)ESTEC Contract 21628/08/NL/GLC: Integrated Schottky Structures (at 664 GHz)
Air-bridge
Mesa with anode
Anode pillar(contact pad)
Cathode pillar(contact pad)
Back-side ohmic
Membrane-substrate
Air-bridges Mesas
Protection pillars(contact pads)
Back-side ohmic
Membrane-substrate
25μm
50μm
Quasi-vertical (QVD)
single Diode (SD)
Anti-parallel (APD) diode
RAL Diode
ACST Diode
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 21
Improved Diodes: Vector Network Analyzer Products
OEM Network Analyzer Frequency Extendersfor Rohde & Schwarz
50 – 75 GHz60 – 90 GHz
75 – 110 GHz90 – 140 GHz
110 – 170 GHz140 – 220 GHz220 – 325 GHz 325 – 500 GHz(500 – 750 GHz)
Courtesy of Rohde & Schwarz
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 22
Improved Diodes: Tx/Rx Products
Transmit / Receive Systems:90 GHz 183 GHz220 GHz 324 GHz502 GHz 640 GHz 870 GHzFor compact ranges (antenna measurement facilities, phase + amplitude)
Multipixel Array220 – 325 GHz
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 23
Improved Diodes: RPG sub-harmonic mixers
Art.-No. RF Range[GHz]
DSB-NoiseTemperature
ConversionGain (DSB)
IF-Band-width
Required LO Power
WaveguideLO RF
SHM118 104-132 500 K -5 dB > 16GHz 6 dBm WR15 WR8
SHM137 110-165 500 K -6 dB > 20 GHz 4-7 dBm WR12 WR6.5
SHM150 134-167 450 K -6 dB > 16 GHz 2 dBm WR12 WR6.5
SHM183 167-200 430 K -4 / -5 dB > 16 GHz 4 dBm WR10 WR5.1
SHM220 185-230 500 K -6 dB > 18 GHz 4-7 dBm WR10 WR5.1
SHM280 265-295 700 K -7 dB > 18 GHz 4-7 dBm WR6.5 WR3.4
SHM300 275-330 900 K -7 dB > 18 GHz 4-7 dBm WR6.5 WR3.4
SHM340 310-360 1000 K -6 / -7 dB > 16 GHz 4-7 dBm WR6.5 WR2.8
SHM424 400-440 1100 K -7/ -8 dB > 16 GHz 7 dBm WR4.3 WR2.2
SHM664 644-680 1600 K -8 dB > 16 GHz 4-7 dBm WR3.4 WR1.5
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 24
Receiver technology – 183 GHz example
• Best 183 GHz receivers available
• Built in larger numbers
• Noise-injection calibration @183(RPG only manufacturer world wide)
• All ALMA water vapor radiometers equipped with RPG mixers and feeds
183 GHz feeds and sub-harmonicmixers for ALMA-WVR
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 25
Improved Diodes: RPG sub-harmonic mixers
Art.-No. RF Range[GHz]
DSB-NoiseTemperature
ConversionGain (DSB)
IF-Band-width
Required LO Power
WaveguideLO RF
SHM118 104-132 500 K -5 dB > 16GHz 6 dBm WR15 WR8
SHM137 110-165 500 K -6 dB > 20 GHz 4-7 dBm WR12 WR6.5
SHM150 134-167 450 K -6 dB > 16 GHz 2 dBm WR12 WR6.5
SHM183 167-200 430 K -4 / -5 dB > 16 GHz 4 dBm WR10 WR5.1
SHM220 185-230 500 K -6 dB > 18 GHz 4-7 dBm WR10 WR5.1
SHM280 265-295 700 K -7 dB > 18 GHz 4-7 dBm WR6.5 WR3.4
SHM300 275-330 900 K -7 dB > 18 GHz 4-7 dBm WR6.5 WR3.4
SHM340 310-360 1000 K -6 / -7 dB > 16 GHz 4-7 dBm WR6.5 WR2.8
SHM424 400-440 1100 K -7/ -8 dB > 16 GHz 7 dBm WR4.3 WR2.2
SHM664 644-680 1600 K -8 dB > 16 GHz 4-7 dBm WR3.4 WR1.5
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 26
Sub-Harmonic Mixer: 424 GHz
Tsys=1800 K
(Feed, SHM, IF Amp, Detection)
Tmix=800 to 1200 K
Conversion= –7 dB
LO Power: 5 mW
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 27
Sub-Harmonic Mixer: 664 GHz LO Power: 3 mW
Conversion: –7.5 to –9.5 dB
Tmix ≈ 1600 K
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 28
Further Schottky Diode Optimization: InGaAs
Only at ACST: InGaAs Diode ■ InGaAs built-in voltage (barrier height) significantly lower than GaAs
(0.2eV compared to 0.8eV)■ Reduced LO power required for SHM at 183 GHz: 0.34 mW (10 dB less!)
183 GHz InGaAs mixer with 0.2 / 0.25 / 0.34 mW LO-power
183
GHz
InGaAs GaAs
Tmix 700 K 500 K
430 K
Conv.
Loss
–6.6 dB –5.5 dB
–4.2 dB
LO
Power
0.34 mW 3.0 mW
2.2 mW
Situation
distance to Jupiter: 106 km (15 RJ)
primary: 300 mm
frequency bands: 530 – 590 1090 – 1266
scanning: 2-axis: +/- 4° (limb)
1-axis: +/- 60° (moons)
science requirement: 10 m/s (winds in limb)
angular resolution: < 2 //
pointing knowledge: 11.5 //
65°
4°
Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM, Laplace), NASA / ESA
Orbiter: Jupiter Ganymede (JGO)
Instrument: Submillimetre-Wave (SWI)
Technical Study – SWI for EJSM
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 30
other instr.electr. + synth.
CTS spectro.
platform
common shielded vault
primary
SWI-telescope
Incoming microwave radiation
receivers and optics compartment
secondary
Technical Study – SWI for EJSM: Principal Setup
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 31
primary
along-track scanning
optics compartment
rotation axis cross-track scanning
secondary
pusher
Technical Study – SWI for EJSM Mechanical Design
600 GHz receiver chain
1200 GHz receiver chain
IF-LNAs
beam splitter
hot load
calibration flip mirror
receiver feeds
telescope beam
• low-loss Gaussian Telescope beam path
• small overall size (170 x 290 mm2)
• thermally stabilized mixer, PA, hot load
• classical enclosed housing
• good radiation shielding
Optics Compartment:
primary mirror (Mg) 750 g
actuators (all) 680 g
receivers (both) 280 g
telescope structure 1370 g
optics plate 1130 g
total: 7010 g
Surface
spectrometers (CTS) 1500 g
electronics 1000 g
synthesizers 300 g
Vault
sum: 4210 g
sum: 2800 g
common shielded vault
Electr. + SynthCTS
Spectro.
other instr.
Technical Study – SWI for EJSM: Mass Budget
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 34
• Direct detection with superior performance (over heterodyne) up to 120 GHz (until better MMIC LNA technology becomes available)
• Auto-calibration receivers up to 200 GHz• Cooperation with Schottky diode manufacturers for improved devices• Development of improved mixers and multipliers up to 900 GHz, leading to:
– VNA extenders covering all bands to 500 GHz (and soon even further)– Transmit/Receive systems up to 900 GHz– Excellent sub-harmonic mixers– Outstanding performance at 183 GHz, 424 GHz, 664 GHz
Further steps:■ Substrate Transfer ■ High-Power varactors (driver stages for THz)■ Film Diode Technology ■ Continuing reduction of capacities and size
Results partly supported by:ESTEC Contract 22032/08/NL/JA: Sub-Millimeter Wave Receiver Front-End @ 664 GHzESTEC Contract 21628/08/NL/GLC: Integrated Schottky Structures @ 664 GHz
Thank you!
Conclusion / Summary
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 35
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RPG ESA/ESTEC/EU current activities
Ongoing ESA and Space application activities:• ESTEC “Integrated Schottky Structures” (664 GHz FE, ICI)• ESTEC “Sub-Millimetre Wave Receiver Front-end” (664 GHz FE, ICI)• EU/FP7 “Millimeter-Wave Integrated Diode & Amplifier sources” (100 GHz)• ESTEC/EUMETSAT Metop Second Generation:
• „RPG Sat-B CPI coordination and interface definition support” (OHB)• MWI/ICI Receiver Performance & Test Requirements definition (TAS-I)
• ESA “Cloud and Precipitation Airborne Radiometer” (118 & 664 GHz FE)• Proposal ESTEC„243 GHz Direct Detection Radiometers“
MHS from the FY-3 satellite / China
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 40
ESTEC & RPG Dreamteam
ESTEC
RPGConsultancy
RAL/TeratecDiode -
manufacturing
Phase 0 (MetOp SG Req.)
Instrument Design
Component Requirements
Component
Requirements
ACSTDiode -
manufacturing
2 Development contracts
(ongoing)
RPGAI & T
Diodes
Diodes
Design & Test Results
Technology Development Technology Pre-Evaluation Eval & LAT
ESTEC
RAL/TeratecDiode -
manufacturing
ACSTDiode -
manufacturing
ITT:
Development & sample man.
RPGPre-Eval.
RPGEval & LAT
ESTEC
Pre Evaluation Results
Qualified Components
Qualified Instuments
Now
Diodes
Diodes
LAT Results
ICI AI&T
RPG ?AI & T
ESTEC
B2 (PDR) C (CDR) D (AI&T)B1A2A1
T 0 T0 +7 T0+14 T0+22 T0+50?Schedule
RPG Microwave Technology SAC, 2011-04-08 41
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