Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual

8/11/2019 Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual

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Dewan VS Institute of Engineering & Technology, Meerut

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGG

MICROWAVE

&

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION LAB

EEC-751(B.Tech VII Semester)

LAB TECHNICIAN Manual prepared by

Ms. Mohini Sagar Mr. SANDEEP KMA!

Assis"an" pro#essor

Depar"$en" o# ECE

MW& OC LAB0


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Dewan V.S. Institute of Engineering & Technology,

Meerut(Approved by A.I.C.T.E. !e" #e$h% & A%$%'ted to ..T..L*c+,o")Meerut By Pass Road, Partaur Meerut!"#$%$,'.P.

1. REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To s"udy "he $ode %hara%"eris"i%s o# "he re#le& 'lys"ron "ube and "o de"er$ine i"s

Ele%"roni% "uning range.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Klys"ron po)er supply * +SKPS * ,(-

/. Klys"ron "ube /'0/1 )i"h 'lys"ron $oun" * +2M0/1(

3. Isola"or +2(0,/1

4. 5re6uen%y $e"er +2507(-

1. De"e%"or $oun" +2D041(

,. 8ariable A""enua"or +2A01/-

7. 9a:e guide s"and +20131

;. 8S9! $e"er +S90/(1


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7. Por"able $i%ro )a:e lin's.

1. Pu$p os%illa"or in para$e"ri% a$pli#ier

Voltage Ca!a"te!#$t#"$: =s%illa"ions %an be ob"ained only #or spe%i#i% %o$bina"ions o# anode

and repeller :ol"ages "ha" gi:es #arable "ransi" "i$e.

Po%e! O&t'&t Ca!a"te!#$t#"$> The $ode %ur:es and #re6uen%y %hara%"eris"i%s. The #re6uen%y

o# resonan%e o# "he %a:i"y de%ides "he #re6uen%y o# os%illa"ion. A :aria"ion in repeller :ol"ages

sligh"ly %hanges "he #re6uen%y.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE>

CA!!IE! 9A8E =PE!ATI=N>

(. Conne%" "he e6uip$en"s and %o$ponen"s as sho)n in "he #igure.

/. Se" "he :ariable a""enua"or a" $a&i$u$ Posi"ion.

3. Se" "he M=D s)i"%h o# Klys"ron Po)er Supply a" C9 posi"ion@ bea$ :ol"age %on"rol 'nob "o

#ully an"i %lo%' )ise and repeller :ol"age %on"rol 'nob "o #ully %lo%' )ise and $e"er s)i"%h "o

=55 posi"ion.

4. !o"a"e "he Knob o# #re6uen%y $e"er a" one side #ully.

1. Conne%" "he DC $i%roa$pere $e"er a" de"e%"or.

,. S)i"%h =N "he Klys"ron po)er supply@ C!= and %ooling #an #or "he Klys"ron "ube..7. Pu" "he $e"er s)i"%h "o bea$ :ol"age posi"ion and ro"a"e "he bea$ :ol"age 'nob %lo%')ise

slo)ly up "o 3-- 8ol"s and obser:e "he bea$ %urren" on "he $e"er by %hanging $e"er s)i"%h

"o bea$ %urren" posi"ion. The bea$ %urren" should no" in%rease $ore "han 3- $A.

;. Change "he repeller :ol"age slo)ly and )a"%h "he %urren" $e"er@ se" "he $a&i$u$ :ol"age on

C!=.


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3. Se" "he range s)i"%h o# 8S9! $e"er a" 4- db posi"ion@ inpu" sele%"or s)i"%h "o %rys"al

i$pedan%e posi"ion@ $e"er s)i"%h "o narro) posi"ion.

4. Se" Mod0sele%"or s)i"%h "o AM0M=D posi"ion .bea$ :ol"age %on"rol 'nob "o #ully an"i

%lo%')ise posi"ion.

1. S)i"%h =N "he 'lys"ron po)er Supply@ 8S9! $e"er@ C!= and %ooling #an.

,. S)i"%h =N "he bea$ :ol"age. S)i"%h and ro"a"e "he bea$ :ol"age 'nob %lo%')ise up "o

3--8 in $e"er.

7. Keep "he AM * M=D a$pli"ude 'nob and AM * 5!EF 'nob a" "he $id posi"ion.

;. !o"a"e "he re#le%"or :ol"age 'nob "o ge" de#le%"ion in 8S9! $e"er or s6uare )a:e on C!=.

(. Se" up "he %o$ponen"s and e6uip$en"s as sho)n in 5ig.

/. Keep posi"ion o# :ariable a""enua"or a" $in a""enua"ion posi"ion.

3. Se" $ode sele%"or s)i"%h "o 5M0M=D posi"ion 5M a$pli"ude and 5M #re6uen%y 'nob a" $id

posi"ion 'eep bea$ :ol"age 'nob "o #ully an"i %lo%' )ise and re#le%"or :ol"age 'nob "o #ully

%lo%')ise posi"ion and bea$ s)i"%h "o =55 posi"ion.

4. Keep "he "i$eGdi:ision s%ale o# os%illos%ope around (-- H #re6uen%y $easure$en" and

:ol"Gdi:. "o lo)er s%ale.

1. S)i"%h =N "he 'lys"ron po)er supply and os%illos%ope.

,. Change "he $e"er s)i"%h o# 'lys"ron po)er supply "o Bea$ :ol"age posi"ion and se" bea$

:ol"age "o 3--8 by bea$ :ol"age %on"rol 'nob.

7. Keep a$pli"ude 'nob o# 5M $odula"or "o $a&. Posi"ion and ro"a"e "he re#le%"or :ol"age an"i

%lo%' )ise "o ge" "he $odes as sho)n in #igure on "he os%illos%ope. The horion"al a&is

represen"s re#le%"or :ol"age a&is and :er"i%al represen"s oGp po)er.

;. By %hanging "he re#le%"or :ol"age and a$pli"ude o# 5M $odula"ion in any $ode o# 'lys"ron

"ube %an be seen on os%illos%ope.

MW& OC LAB/


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=BSE!8ATI=N TA(LE>

Bea$ 8ol"age >8 JCons"an"

Bea$ Curren" >.$A

!epeller

8ol"age J8

Curren"

J$A

Po)er

J$9

Dip

5re6uen%y

JH

E2PECTED !APH>

!ESLT>

MW& OC LAB7


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). MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY AND *AVELEN+TH

AIM:To de"er$ine "he #re6uen%y and )a:eleng"h in a re%"angular )a:e guide )or'ing in TE(-

$ode.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Klys"ron "ube/. Klys"ron po)er supply 1'ps * ,(-

3. Klys"ron $oun" 2M0/1(

4. Isola"or 2I0,/(

1. 5re6uen%y $e"er 2507(-

,. 8ariable a""enua"or 2A01/-

7. Slo""ed se%"ion 2S0,1(

;. Tunable probe 2P0,11


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THEORY:

The %u"0o## #re6uen%y rela"ionship sho)s "ha" "he physi%al sie o# "he )a:e guide )ill de"er$ine

"he propaga"ion o# "he par"i%ular $odes o# spe%i#i% orders de"er$ined by :alues o# $ and n. The

$ini$u$ %u"0o## #re6uen%y is ob"ained #or a re%"angular )a:e guide ha:ing di$ension ab@ #or

:alues o# $(@ n-@ i.e. TE(-$ode is "he do$inan" $ode sin%e #or TM$n $odes@ nO- or nO- "he

lo)es"0order $ode possible is TE(-@ %alled "he do$inan" $ode in a re%"angular )a:e guide #or

ab.

5or do$inan" TE(- $ode re%"angular )a:e guide o@ g and % are rela"ed as belo).

(GoQ (GgQ R (G%Q

9here o is #ree spa%e )a:e leng"h

g is guide )a:e leng"h

% is %u" o## )a:e leng"h

5or TE(-$ode % * /a )here a is broad di$ension o# )a:e guide.

PROCEDURE:

(. Se" up "he %o$ponen"s and e6uip$en"s as sho)n in #igure.

/. Se" up :ariable a""enua"or a" $ini$u$ a""enua"ion posi"ion.

3. Keep "he %on"rol 'nobs o# 'lys"ron po)er supply as belo)>

Bea$ :ol"age * =55

Mod0s)i"%h * AM

Bea$ :ol"age 'nob * 5ully an"i %lo%' )ise

!epeller :ol"age * 5ully %lo%' )ise

AM * A$pli"ude 'nob * Around #ully %lo%' )ise

AM * 5re6uen%y 'nob * Around $id posi"ion

4. S)i"%h =N "he 'lys"ron po)er supply@ C!= and %ooling #an s)i"%h.

1. S)i"%h =N "he bea$ :ol"age s)i"%h and se" bea$ :ol"age a" 3--8 )i"h help o# bea$

:ol"age 'nob.

,. Adus" "he repeller :ol"age "o ge" "he $a&i$u$ a$pli"ude in C!=

7. Ma&i$ie "he a$pli"ude )i"h AM a$pli"ude and #re6uen%y %on"rol 'nob o# po)er supply.

;. Tune "he plunger o# 'lys"ron $oun" #or $a&i$u$ A$pli"ude.


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(/. Mo:e "he probe along )i"h slo""ed line. The a$pli"ude in C!= )ill :ary .No"e and re%ord

"he probe posi"ion @ Le" i" be d(.

(3. Mo:e "he probe "o ne&" $ini$u$ posi"ion and re%ord "he probe posi"ion again@ Le" i" be d/.

(4. Cal%ula"e "he guide )a:e leng"h as ")i%e "he dis"an%e be")een ")o su%%essi:e $ini$u$

posi"ion ob"ained as abo:e.

(1. Measure "he )a:e guide inner board di$ension a )hi%h )ill be around //.;,$$ #or

&0band.

(,. Cal%ula"e "he #re6uen%y by #ollo)ing e6ua"ion.

+==

//

((

cg

cf

9here C 3&(-;

$e"erGse%. i.e. :elo%i"y o# ligh".(7. 8eri#y )i"h #re6uen%y ob"ained by #re6uen%y $odes

(;. Abo:e e&peri$en" %an be :eri#ied a" di##eren" #re6uen%ies.

#o CGo C 3&(-;$Gs Ji.e.@ :elo%i"y o# ligh"

(GoQ (GgQ R (G%Q

//-

cg

cg

+=

g /& d5or TE(-$ode % /a

a)a:e guide inner broad di$ension

a /./;,%$ Jgi:en in $anual

% 4.,%$

MW& OC LAB9


9/30

O(SERVATION TA(LE:

Bea$

:ol"ageJ:K

Bea$

%urren"J$AK

!epeller:ol"ag

eJ:K

#oJusing#re6$e"erK

JLHK

d(

J%$

d/

J%$

d3

J%$

d4

J%$

d(

d/0d(

J%$

d/

d30d/

J%$

Td3N

d40d3

TdNJTd(RTd/RTd3KG3

PgN/&Td

PoJ%$K

#oJHK

RESULT:

MW& OC LAB:


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,. CHARACTERISTICS OF LED

AIM:

(. To s"udy "he rela"ion ship be")een "he LED #or)ard %urren" and "he LED op"i%al po)er ou"pu".

/. To de"er$ine "he lineari"y o# "he de:i%e a" ,,-n$ and ;1-n$.

3. To de"er$ine %on:ersion e##i%ien%y o# "he ")o LEDs

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Analog 5iber op"i% "rainers JT& and !&

/. 5iber op"i% lin's o# ($ and 1$ leng"h.

3. Ca"hode !ay =s%illos%ope

4. Digi"al $ul"i0$e"er.

CIRCUIT DIA+RAM

MW& OC LAB;


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THEORY:

LEDs and laser diodes "he %o$$only used sour%es in op"i%al %o$$uni%a"ion sys"e$s@

)he"her "he sys"e$ "rans$i"s digi"al or analog signals. In "he %ase o# analog "rans$ission@ dire%"

in"ensi"y $odula"ion o# "he op"i%al sour%e is possible@ pro:ided "he op"i%al ou"pu" #ro$ "he sour%e

%an be :aried linearly as a #un%"ion o# "he $odula"ing ele%"ri%al signal a$pli"ude. LEDs ha:e a

linear op"i%al ou"pu" )i"h rela"ion "o "he #or)ard %urren" o:er a %er"ain region o# opera"ion. I" $ay

be $en"ioned "ha" in $any lo)0%os" and s$all band0)id"h appli%a"ions LEDs a" ,,-n$ and

;1-n$ are popular. 9hile dire%" in"ensi"y $odula"ion is si$ple "o realie@ higher per#or$an%e is

a%hie:ed by 5M $odula"ion is si$ple "o realie@ higher per#or$an%e is a%hie:ed by 5M

$odula"ing "he base band signal prior "o in"ensi"y $odula"ion.

5= pin has a ,,U higher sensi"i:i"y a" ;1-n$ as %o$pared "o ,,-n$ #or "he sa$e inpu"

op"i%al po)er .This %orresponds "o a sensi"i:i"y higher by /./ dB. No"e "ha" "o %alibra"e "he

po)er $e"er a" ;1-n$@dedu%" /./dB #ro$ "he $easured reading. In %o$pu"ing losses in %ables

and #ibers "his ge"s eli$ina"ed )hile sol:ing "he e6ua"ions.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

(.Conne%" %ir%ui" as sho)n in diagra$. Conne%" one end o# %able ( J($ "o "he 5= LED (

J,,-n$ por" and o"her end "o "he 5= pin por"Jpo)er supply.

/. S)i"%h =N "he po)er supply.

3. Adus" "he po"en"io$e"er P-@ So "ha" "he po)er $e"er reads 0(1.- dB$.

4. Conne%" "he digi"al Mul"i0$e"er a" 8-( "er$inal pro:ided a" 5- LED ( and $easure :ol"age 8-(

I#( 8-(G!( in $A

9here I#( ,,-n$ LED #or)ard %urren".

!(In"ernal !esis"an%e J(-- =h$s

1. Adus" "he Po"en"io$e"er P= "o "he e&"re$e an"i0%lo%' )ise posi"ion "o redu%e I#("o -.

,. Slo)ly "urn "he po"en"io$e"er P- %lo%')ise "o in%rease I#(. The po)er $e"er should read 03-.-

dB appro&i$a"ely. 5ro$ here :ary "he po" P- in sui"able s"eps and no"e "he 8 -( and no"e "he

po)er $e"er readings@ P-re%ord up "o "he e&"re$e %lo%')ise posi"ion and no"e do)n "he :alues

in "able.

7. S)i"%h =55 "he po)er supply.

;. !epea" "he %o$ple"e e&peri$en" #or 5= LED/ and "abula"e "he readings in "able .#or 8-/V P-.

I#/ 8-/G!/ in $A.

JApply "he %ondi"ion o# /./dB dis%ussed in E&peri$en" #or "he ;1-n$ LED

9here I#/;1-n$ LED #or)ard %urren".

!/In"ernal resis"an%e J(-- =h$s.

MW& OC LAB-0


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O(SERVATION TA(LE:

Fo! --/0:

S.N= 8=(J$8

I#( 8-(G(--

J$A

P-JdB$

Fo! 2/0:

S.N= 8=/

J$8

I#/8-/G(--

J$A

P-

JdB$

PRECAUTIONS:

(. A:oid loose %onne%"ions.

/. A:oid Paralla& errors.

RESULT:

MW& OC LAB--


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3. MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE

AIM: To de"er$ine "he Nu$eri%al Aper"ure o# "he op"i%al #ibres a:ailable.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Laser Diode Design Module MTS5=L T2 ni" (.no.

/. Laser Diode Design Module MTS5=L !2 ni" (.no3. T)o $e"er PMMA Plas"i% 5iber Pa"%h %ord J%able (.

4. T)o $e"er IGMM lass 5iber Pa"%h %ord. JCable /.

1. In0Line SMA Adap"or.

,. Nu$eri%al Aper"ure $easure$en" ig.

7. Mandrel.

(LOCK DIA+RAM:

THEORY:

Nu$eri%al aper"ure re#ers "o "he $a&i$u$ angle a" )hi%h "he ligh" in%iden" on "he #iber

end is "o"ally in"ernally re#le%"ed and is "rans$i""ed properly along "he #iber. The %one #or$ed by

"he ro"a"ion o# "his angle along "he a&is o# "he #iber is "he %one o# a%%ep"an%e o# "he #iber. The

ligh" ray should s"ri'e "he #iber end )i"hin i"s %one o# a%%ep"an%e else i" is re#ra%"ed ou" o# "he

#iber.

MW& OC LAB-


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PROCEDURE:

(. Conne%" one end o# "he PMMA 5= %able "o Po o# MTS5=L T2 ni" and "he o"her end "o

"he NA Wig@ as sho)n.

/. Plug "he AC $ains. Ligh" should appear a" "he end o# "he #iber on "he NA Wig . Turn "he

Se" Po 'nob %lo%')ise "o se" "o $a&i$u$ Po. The ligh" in"ensi"y should in%rease.

3. Hold "he )hi"e s%ale *s%reen@ pro:ided in "he 'i" :er"i%ally a" a dis"an%e o# (1$$ JL

#ro$ "he e$i""ing #iber end and :ie) "he red spo" ion "he s%reen. A dar' roo$ )ill

#a%ili"a"e good %on"ras". Posi"ion "he s%reen0%u$0s%ale "o $easure "he dia$e"er J9 o# "he

spo". Choose "he larges" dia$e"er.

Co$pu"e NA #ro$ "he #or$ula NA sin X$a& 9 G J4L/R9/(G/.Tabula"e "he reading and

repea" "he e&peri$en" #or (-$$@ /-$$ V /1$$ dis"an%e.

4. In %ase "he #iber is under #illed@ "he in"ensi"y )i"hin "he spo" $ay no" be e:enly

dis"ribu"ed. To ensure e:en dis"ribu"ion o# ligh" in "he #iber@ #irs"

!e$o:e ")is"s on "he #iber and "hen )ind 1"urns o# "he #iber on "o "he $andrel as sho)n.

se an adhesi:e "ape "o hold "he )indings in posi"ion. No) :ie) "he spo". The in"ensi"y

)ill be $ore e:enly dis"ribu"ed )i"hin "he %ore.

=BSE!8ATI=N TABLE>

S.N=L

J$$

9

J$$NA

X

Jdegrees

RESULT:

MW& OC LAB-/
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ckt.bmphttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ckt.bmphttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/ckt.bmp


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2. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To s"udy "he #un%"ion o# $ul"i0hole dire%"ional %oupler by $easuring "he #ollo)ing

para$e"ers.

-. The Coupling #a%"or@ Inser"ion Loss and Dire%"i:i"y o# "he Dire%"ional %oupler

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Mi%ro)a:e Sour%e JKlys"ron or unn0Diode

/. Isola"or@ 5re6uen%y Me"er

3. 8ariable A""enua"or

4. Slo""ed Line

1. Tunable Probe

,. De"e%"or Moun" Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion

7. MHD Coupler

;. 9a:eguide S"and


16/30

THEORY:

A dire%"ional %oupler is a de:i%e )i"h )hi%h i" is possible "o $easure "he in%iden" and

re#le%"ed )a:e separa"ely. I" %onsis" o# ")o "rans$ission lines "he $ain ar$ and au&iliary ar$@

ele%"ro$agne"i%ally %oupled "o ea%h o"her !e#er "o "he 5ig.(. The po)er en"ering@ in "he $ain0

ar$ ge"s di:ided be")een por" / and 3@ and al$os" no po)er %o$es ou" in por" J4 Po)er

en"ering a" por" / is di:ided be")een por" ( and 4.

The %oupling #a%"or is de#ined as

Coupling Jdb (- log(- YP(GP3Z )here por" / is "er$ina"ed@ Isola"ion JdB (- log (- YP/GP3Z

)here P( is $a"%hed.

9i"h buil"0in "er$ina"ion and po)er en"ering a" Por" (@ "he dire%"i:i"y o# "he %oupler is a

$easure o# separa"ion be")een in%iden" )a:e and "he re#le%"ed )a:e. Dire%"i:i"y is $easured

indire%"ly as #ollo)s>

Hen%e Dire%"i:i"y D Jdb I0C (- log(-YP/GP(Z

Main line 8S9! is S9! $easured@ loo'ing in"o "he $ain0line inpu" "er$inal )hen "he

$a"%hed loads are pla%ed a" all o"her por"s.

Au&iliary li:e 8S9! is S9! $easured in "he au&iliary line loo'ing in"o "he ou"pu" "er$inal

)hen "he $a"%hed loads are pla%ed on o"her "er$inals.

Main line inser"ion loss is "he a""enua"ion in"rodu%ed in "he "rans$ission line by inser"ion o#

%oupler@ i" is de#ined as>

Inser"ion Loss JdB (- log(-YP(GP/Z


(. Se" up "he e6uip$en"s as sho)n in "he 5igure.

/. Energie "he $i%ro)a:e sour%e #or par"i%ular opera"ion o# #re6uen%y .

3. !e$o:e "he $ul"i hole dire%"ional %oupler and %onne%" "he de"e%"or $oun" "o "he slo""ed

se%"ion.

4. Se" $a&i$u$ a$pli"ude in C!= )i"h "he help o# :ariable a""enua"or@ Le" i" be 2.

1. Inser" "he dire%"ional %oupler be")een "he slo""ed line and de"e%"or $oun". Keeping por" ( "o

slo""ed line@ de"e%"or $oun" "o "he au&iliary por" 3 and $a"%hed "er$ina"ion "o por" / )i"hou"

%hanging "he posi"ion o# :ariable a""enua"or.

,. No"e do)n "he a$pli"ude using C!=@ Le" i" be [.

7. Cal%ula"e "he Coupling #a%"or 20[ in dB.

;. No) %are#ully dis%onne%" "he de"e%"or $oun" #ro$ "he au&iliary por" 3 and $a"%hed

"er$ina"ion #ro$ por" / @ )i"hou" dis"urbing "he se"up.

MW& OC LAB-4


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18/30



-. SCATTERIN+ PARAMETERS OF MA+IC TEE

AIM: To S"udy "he opera"ion o# Magi% Tee and %al%ula"e Coupling Co0e##i%ien" and Isola"ion.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Mi%ro)a:e sour%e > Klys"ron "ube J/'/1

/. Isola"or J2I0,/(

3. 5re6uen%y $e"er J2507(-

4. 8ariable A""enua"or J2A01/-

1. Slo""ed line JS20,1(

,. Tunable probe J2P0,11

7. De"e%"or Moun" J2D041(

;. Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion J2L04--


19/30

5ig> Magi% Tee

THEORY:

The de:i%e Magi% Tee is a %o$bina"ion o# E and H plane Tee. Ar$ 3 is "he H0ar$ and ar$ 4 is

"he E0ar$. I# "he po)er is #ed@ in"o ar$ 3 JH0ar$ "he ele%"ri% #ield di:ides e6ually be")een

ar$( and / )i"h "he sa$e phase and no ele%"ri% #ield e&is"s in "he ar$ 4. I# po)er is #ed in ar$ 4

JE0ar$ i" di:ides e6ually in"o ar$ ( and / bu" ou" o# phase )i"h no po)er "o ar$ 3@ #ur"her@ i#

"he po)er is #ed in ar$ ( and / si$ul"aneously i" is added in ar$ 3 JH0ar$ and i" is sub"ra%"ed in

E0ar$ i.e.@ ar$ 4.

A. Isola"ion>

The Isola"ion be")een E and H ar$ is de#ined as "he ra"io o# "he po)er supplied by "he

genera"or %onne%"ed "o "he E0ar$ Jpor" 4 "o "he po)er de"e%"ed a" H0ar$ Jpor" 3 )hen side ar$

( and / "er$ina"ed in $a"%hed load.

Isola"ion JdB (- log(-YP4GP3Z

Si$ilarly@ Isola"ion be")een o"her por"s $ay be de#ined.

B. Coupling 5a%"or>

I" is de#ined as Ci (- * G/-

9here is a""enua"ion G isola"ion in dB )hen i\ is inpu" ar$ and is ou"pu" ar$.

Thus@ (- log(-YP4GP3Z

9here P3 is "he po)er deli:ered "o ar$ i and P4 is po)er de"e%"ed a" ar$.

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(. Se"up "he %o$ponen"s and e6uip$en"s as sho)n in #igure.

/. Energie "he $i%ro)a:e sour%e #or par"i%ular #re6uen%y o# opera"ion and "une "he de"e%"or

$oun" #or $a&i$u$ ou"pu".

3. 9i"h "he help o# :ariable #re6uen%y o# opera"ion and "une "he de"e%"or $oun" #or $a&i$u$

ou"pu" a""enua"or@ se" any re#eren%e in "he C!= le" i" be 83.

4. 9i"hou" dis"urbing "he posi"ion o# "he :ariable a""enua"or@ %are#ully pla%e "he Magi% Tee a#"er

"he slo""ed line@ 'eeping H0ar$ "o slo""ed line@ de"e%"or $oun" "o E0ar$ and $a"%hed

"er$ina"ion "o Por"0( and Por"0/.

1. No"e do)n "he a$pli"ude using C!=@ Le" i" be 84.

,. De"er$ine "he Isola"ion be")een Por"03 and Por"04 as 83084.

7. De"er$ine "he %oupling %o0e##i%ien" #ro$ "he e6ua"ion gi:en in "heory par".

;. The sa$e e&peri$en" $ay be repea"ed #or o"her Por"s also.

O(SERVATIONS:

Por"s Po)er

J9

Cal"&lat#o/$:

Coupling Co0e##i%ien">

] (- logVj

Vi

There#ore C (-4 ] G/-

RESULT:

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5. SCATTE!IN PA!AMETE!S =5 CI!CLAT=!

AIM: To s"udy "he Isola"or and %ir%ula"ors and $easure "he Inser"ion Loss and Isola"ion o#

Cir%ula"or

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Mi%ro)a:e Sour%e JKlys"ron or unn0Diode

/. Isola"or@ 5re6uen%y Me"er

3. 8ariable A""enua"or

4. Slo""ed Line

1. Tunable Probe

,. De"e%"or Moun" Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion

7. Cir%ula"or

;. 9a:eguide S"and


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ISOLATOR:

An Isola"or is a ")o0por" de:i%e "ha" "rans#ers energy #ro$ inpu" "o ou"pu" )i"h li""le a""enua"ion

and #ro$ ou"pu" "o inpu" )i"h :ery high a""enua"ion.

The isola"or@ sho)n in 5ig. %an be deri:ed #ro$ a "hree0por" %ir%ula"or by si$ply pla%ing a

$a"%hed load Jre#le%"ion less "er$ina"ion on one por".

The i$por"an" %ir%ula"or and isola"or para$e"ers are>

A. Inser"ion Loss

Inser"ion Loss is "he ra"io o# po)er de"e%"ed a" "he ou"pu" por" "o "he po)er supplied by sour%e "o

"he inpu" por"@ $easured )i"h o"her or"s "er$ina"ed in "he $a"%hed Load. I" is e&pressed in dB.

B. Isola"ion

Isola"ion is "he ra"io o# po)er applied "o "he ou"pu" "o "ha" $easured a" "he inpu". This ra"io is

e&pressed in db. The isola"ion o# a %ir%ula"or is $easured )i"h "he "hird por" "er$ina"ed in a

$a"%hed load.


Mea$&!e0e/t o6 #/$e!t#o/

(. !e$o:e "he isola"or or %ir%ula"or #ro$ slo""ed line and %onne%" "he de"e%"or $oun" "o "he

slo""ed se%"ion. The ou"pu" o# "he de"e%"or $oun" should be %onne%"ed )i"h C!=.

/. Energie "he $i%ro)a:e sour%e #or $a&i$u$ ou"pu" #or a par"i%ular #re6uen%y o# opera"ion.

Tune "he de"e%"or $oun" #or $a&i$u$ ou"pu" in "he C!=.

3. Se" any re#eren%e le:el o# ou"pu" in C!= )i"h "he help o# :ariable a""enua"or@ Le" i" be 8(.

4. Care#ully re$o:e "he de"e%"or $oun" #ro$ slo""ed line )i"hou" dis"urbing "he posi"ion o# "he

se" up. Inser" "he isola"orG%ir%ula"or be")een slo""ed line and de"e%"or $oun". Keep inpu" por"

"o slo""ed line and de"e%"or i"s ou"pu" por". A $a"%hed "er$ina"ion should be pla%ed a" "hird

por" in %ase o# Cir%ula"or.

1. !e%ord "he ou"pu" in C!=@ Le" i" be 8/.

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,. Co$pu"e Inser"ion loss gi:en as 8(08/in db.

Mea$&!e0e/t o6 I$olat#o/:

7. 5or $easure$en" o# isola"ion@ "he isola"or or %ir%ula"or has "o be %onne%"ed in re:erse i.e.

ou"pu" por" "o slo""ed line and de"e%"or "o inpu" por" )i"h o"her por" "er$ina"ed by $a"%hed

"er$ina"ion J#or %ir%ula"or.

;. !e%ord "he ou"pu" o# C!= and le" i" be 83.


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. IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT USIN+ REFLEX KLYSTRON

AIM: To $easure an un'no)n i$pedan%e using "he s$i"h %har".

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Klys"ron "ube /'/1

/. Klys"ron po)er supply S'ps0,(-

3. Klys"ron $oun" 2M0/1(

4. Isola"or 25 ,/

1. 5re6uen%y $e"er 25 7(-

,. 8ariable a""enua"or 2A * 1/-

7. Slo""ed line 2S 1,1

;. Tunable probe 2P ,11


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THEORY:

The i$pedan%e a" any poin" on a "rans$ission line %an be )ri""en in "he #or$ !R&.

5or %o$parison S9! %an be %al%ula"ed as

R

R

S

+

=(

(

)here re#le%"ion %oe##i%ien" !

i:en as

-

-

ZZ

ZZR

+

=

o %hara%"eris"i%s i$pedan%e o# )a:e guide a" opera"ing #re6uen%y.

is "he load i$pedan%e

The $easure$en" is per#or$ed in "he #ollo)ing )ay.

The un'no)n de:i%e is %onne%"ed "o "he slo""ed line and "he posi"ion o# one $ini$a is

de"er$ined. The un'no)n de:i%e is repla%ed by $o:able shor" "o "he slo""ed line. T)o

su%%essi:e $ini$a por"ions are no"ed. The ")i%e o# "he di##eren%e be")een $ini$a posi"ion )ill

be guide )a:e leng"h. =ne o# "he $ini$a is used as re#eren%e #or i$pedan%e $easure$en". 5ind

"he di##eren%e o# re#eren%e $ini$a and $ini$a posi"ion ob"ained #ro$ un'no)n load. Le" i" be

d. Ta'e a s$i"h %har"@ "a'ing ( as %en"re@ dra) a %ir%le o# radius e6ual "o S. Mar' a poin" on

%ir%u$#eren%e o# s$i"h %har" "o)ards load side a" a dis"an%e e6ual "o dGg.

Woin "he %en"er )i"h "his poin". 5ind "he poin" )here i" %u" "he dra)n %ir%le. The %o0

ordina"es o# "his poin" )ill sho) "he nor$alied i$pedan%e o# load.

PROCEDURE:

(. Cal%ula"e a se" o# 8$in :alues #or shor" or $o:able shor" as load.

/. Cal%ula"e a se" o# 8$in :alues #or S0S Tuner R Ma"%hed "er$ina"ion as a load.

Note:Mo:e $ore s"eps on S0S Tuner

3. 5ro$ "he abo:e / s"eps %al%ula"e d d(^d/

4. 9i"h "he sa$e se"up as in s"ep / bu" )i"h #e) nu$bers o# "urns J/ or 3. Cal%ula"e lo)

8S9!.

Note: High 8S9! %an also be %al%ula"ed bu" i" resul"s in a %o$ple& pro%edure.

1. Dra) a 8S9! %ir%le on a s$i"h %har".

,. Dra) a line #ro$ %en"er o# %ir%le "o i$pedan%e :alue JdGg #ro$ )hi%h %al%ula"e ad$i""an%e

and !ea%"an%e J !R&

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O(SERVATION TA(LE:

Load Jshor" or $o:able shor"

&(

J%$

&/

J%$

&(

J%$

&/

J%$

&(

J%$

&/

J%$

& ______

g _____

Load JS.S. Tuner R Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion

S.S Tuner R Ma"%hed Ter$ina"ion Shor" or Mo:able Shor"

d( @ d/

d d( ^ d/

dGg

RESULT7.

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8. LOSSES IN OPTICAL FI(RES AT --/09 2/0

AIM:

(. To s"udy "he :arious "ypes o# losses in =p"i%al 5iber.

/. To $easure "he bending losses in "he =p"i%al 5iber a" )a:e leng"h o# ,,-n$V ;1-n$.

3. To $easure "he propaga"ion or a""enua"ion loss in =p"i%al 5iber a" )a:e leng"h o#

,,-n$ V ;1-n$.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

(. Analog 5iber op"i% "rainer.

/. 5iber op"i% lin's o# ($ and 1$ leng"h.

3. Inline SMA Adop"er.

4. /-MH C!=

1. Digi"al Mul"i0$e"er.

THEORY:

5iber op"i% lin's %an be used #or "rans$ission o# digi"al as )ell as analog signals.

Basi%ally a #iber op"i% lin' %on"ains "hree $ain ele$en"s @a "rans$i""er@ an op"i%al #iber and a

re%ei:er. The "rans$i""er $odule "a'es "he inpu" signal in ele%"ri%al and "hen "rans#or$s i" in"o

op"i%al energy %on"aining "he sa$e in#or$a"ion. The op"i%al #iber is "he $ediu$ )hi%h "a'es "he

energy "o "he re%ei:er. A" "he re%ei:er ligh" is %on:er"ed ba%' in"o ele%"ri%al #or$ )i"h sa$e

pa""ern as originally #ed "o "he "rans$i""er.

A""enua"ion in an op"i%al #iber is a resul" o# nu$ber o# a e##e%"s .9e )ill %on#ine our

s"udies "o $easure$en" o# a""enua"ion in ")o #iber %ablesJ %able ($ and %able/ 1$ e$ploying

an SMA0SMA in *line adop"er. 9e )ill also %o$pu"e loss per $e"er o# #iber in dB and "he

spe%"ral response o# #iber a" ")o )a:e leng"hs ,,-n$ and ;1-n$.

5= pin has a ,,U higher sensi"i:i"y a" ;1-n$ as %o$pared "o ,,-n$ #or "he sa$e inpu"

op"i%al po)er .This %orresponds "o sensi"i:i"y higher by /./ dB. No"e "ha" "o %alibra"e "he po)er

$e"er a" ;1-n$@ dedu%" /./dB #ro$ "he $easured reading. In %o$pu"ing losses in %ables and

#ibers "his ge"s eli$ina"ed )hile sol:ing "he e6ua"ions.

Due "o di##eren%e in align$en" a" di##eren" a" di##eren" %onne%"ors@ in ea%h o# "he re$o:al

and repla%e$en" opera"ion@ )e e&perien%e :aria"ions in loss. The obser:ed :alues )ill be %loser

"o "he "rue :alues@ i# )e "a'e "he a:erage o# $any readings. The a""enua"ion %oe##i%ien" o# appro&.

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-.3db per $e"er a" ,,-n$ is nor$ally )ell de#ined@ as per "he spe%i#i%a"ions o# "he $anu#a%"urer.

De:ia"ion i


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(-. Assu$ing a loss o# (.-dB in "he in0line adap"er JLila(.-dB@ )e ob"ain "he Loss in ea%h

%able. The di##eren%e in "he losses in "he ")o %ables )ill be e6ual "o "he loss in 4$ o# #iber

Jassu$ing "ha" "he losses a" %onne%"or un%"ions are "he sa$e #or bo"h "he %ables.

(-. !epea" "he en"ire e&peri$en" )i"h LED/ a" ;1-n$ and "abula"e in "able.

O(SERVATION TA(LE:

5or ,,-n$

S.N=P=(

JdB$

P=/

JdB$

P=3

JdB$

L=SS IN

CABLE (

JdB

L=SS IN

CABLE /

JdB

Loss in

4$ #iber

Loss per

Me"erJdB

A" ;1-n$

5or ;1-n$

S.N=P=(

JdB$

P=/

JdB$

P=3

JdB$

L=SS IN

CABLE (

JdB

L=SS IN

CABLE /

JdB

Loss in

4$ #iber

Loss per

Me"erJdB

A" ;1-n$

RESULT.

MW& OC LAB:


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Microwave & Optical Communication Lab Mnaual

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