Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Engineering

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 3rd Flr., CEA Bldg., Anonas St. cor. Pureza St., NDC Compound, Sta. Mesa, Manila

Microwave Link

Design

(Bohol)

SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP 1

BSECE V-1

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. JOHN ERVING MELENDRES

MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN COMPUTATION

ITEM 1: TERMINAL SITE LOCATION

SITE NAME LONGITUDE LATTITUDE

SITE 1 Tubigon 54 9°56'44.96"N 123°57'43.44"E

SITE 2 Cogon 110 9°39'12.16"N

123°51'40.37"E

Tubigon, Bohol – SITE 1

Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol – Site 2

Site A to Site B with the First Fresnel Field

ITEM 2: SITE DESCRIPTION

A. ELEVATION

Site 1 on Tubigon, Bohol is 54ft above sea level and Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 110 ft

above sea level.

B. POPULATION

On 2010, an estimated 44,902 were residents of Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol, and an estimated

17,266 were residents of Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol

C. LAND AREA

Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol has a land area of 81.87 km2, and Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol has

a land area of 2.04451 km2.

D. NO. OF BARANGAYS

There are eight (8) barangays on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol and 34 barangays on Site 2 Cogon,

Tagbilaran, Bohol.

E. MEAN TEMPERATURE

The average temperatue on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 32.25oC, and the average temperature

on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 33.12oC.

F. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

The highest temperature recorded on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 34.11oC, and on Site 2 Cogon,

Tagbilaran, Bohol, is 33OC.

G. MEAN HUMIDITY

Elevation Profile between Site 1 and Site 2

The mean humidity for Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 54%, and on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol

is 58%.

H. PRECIPITATION AMOUNT

The bar graph below shows the amount of rainfall on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol.

The table below shows the amount of rainfall on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol.

Precipitation mm (inches)

54.9 (2.16)

64 (2.5)

89.2 (3.51)

53.8 (2.12)

62.2 (2.45)

96 (3.78)

92.7 (3.65)

84.6 (3.33)

74.9 (2.95)

Precipitation mm (inches)

117.9 (4.64)

124.7 (4.91)

101.1 (3.98)

1,015.5 (39.98)

I. MEAN WIND SPEED

The mean wind speed on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 11 km/h, and on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran,

Bohol is 18 km/h.

J. MAXIMUM WIND SPEED

The maximum wind speed on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 21 km/h, and on Site 2 Cogon,

Tagbilaran, Bohol is 26 km/h.

K. GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE Surrounded by sea, but shielded from the strongest effects of tropical cyclones that often hit other parts of the Philippines by the surrounding Islands of Cebu, Mindanao, Samar and Leyte, Bohol has a very nice, tropical climate without much variations. The nicest period to stay in Bohol is from November to February, when the climate is slightly cooler, while during the "Summer", which lasts March to May, the climate is slightly hotter than normal. Bohol does not have a very clear-cut dry season. It can rain any day of the

year, but you wil have more chance for a heavy shower from November to January. If you want to see the Chocolate Hills in their "Chocolate" color, you will have to go their during the "Summer".

L. INFRASTRUCTURES

The following are some of the distinguished infrastractures located within the path of Site 1

and Site 2.

Seaports

The Tagbilaran City Wharf, now called the Tagbilaran City Tourist Pier, has port facilities

such as:

265.8 metres (872 ft) berth length and 2 dedicated berths for fast boats

2 roll-on/roll-off ramps, 1,820 square metres (19,600 sq ft) storage area

average cargo handling capacity of 49,000 tons accommodating 10 to 20 footer vans container traffic of 5,142 TEUs

There are 9 daily ship calls to Cebu, 5 being fastcraft ferry trips. Daily passenger traffic is

approximately 4,000. Other regular destinations are Manila (four times a week), CDO

City, Dumaguete, Dipolog, Iligan, Larena, Plaridel and Ozamiz City. There are other

smaller ports that cater to Cebu and northern Mindanao routes. The Port of Tubigon,

the busiest among the smaller ports offers more than ten daily round trips plying the

Cebu-Bohol route. The Catagbacan Port in Loon serves the roll-on roll-off services

between Cebu and Bohol for those who have vehicles plying this route. The Port of

Jagna offers services that ply between Bohol to Cagayan and Camiguin (with roll-on/roll-

off) route. The other ports are Ubay, Talibon, Getafe, Buenavista, and Clarin.

Media Organizations

Bohol has 2 major AM radio stations namely DYRD and DYTR, both based in Tagbilaran

City. Another AM radio station, DYZD, based in Ubay, is being operated by DYRD. Both

DYRD and DYTR also operate FM stations with the same names. There are multiple

weekly or bi-weekly newspapers like Bohol Chronicle, Sunday Post, Bohol Times, Bohol

Standard and Bohol Bantay Balita. An online news website called Bohol News

Daily aggregates news from various sources.

Telecommunications

Bohol is wired with telephone facilities that provide domestic and international linkages,

supplied by three service providers: PLDT, Cruztelco and Globelines. Mobile phone

firms, Globe, Smart, and Sun Cellular have also established entry in the province.

Access to telecommunications can also be made easily in the towns through the 138

public calling stations. Forty-three (43) payphone stations are conveniently located in

strategic places and major commercial centers in the capital city.

A project with Globelines involved the installation of a province-wide landline

connection increasing the number of lines from 2,000 to 13,000.

Road system

The road network is well-developed facilitating access to all barangays. The P1.2 billion

Bohol Circumferential Road Project, covering a total of 262 kilometres (163 mi) along

the national highway, will improve the road network. Phase I of the project, which will

link about half of the province from Calape to Candijay, is ongoing.

M. INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE

Tourism plays an increasing role in the island's economy. An international airport is currently

planned for Panglao which houses the most-visited and accessible beaches in the province.

Proponents of the scheme hope that the new airport will increase Bohol's reputation as an

international tourist destination although the plan has been dogged by ongoing criticism.

Employment was predominantly agriculture-led. Bohol's inflation rate in 1999 increased to

11.3%, 2.5 percentage points higher than the rate in 1998. The purchasing power of the

peso at 1988 prices was pegged at P0.71 in 1999, among the lowest in the region. A slight

difference in the minimum daily wage rates between Tagbilaran City and Bohol's

municipalities was also noted at P121.00 for the city and P108.00 in the municipalities.

Aside from its pristine white-sand beaches and the Chocolate Hills, Bohol's tourism assets

also include centuries-old churches and towers, scuba diving haven, majestic falls and caves

and historical landmarks as well as primitive and exotic fauna and flora. Different tourist

destination sites have been developed by the Government to boost this industry.

N. POWER AND WATER SUPPLY

Power

The province is fully energized with the National Power Corporation being the sole supplier.

Actual generation capability of 93.5 megawatts is supported by the following facilities:

Diesel Power: 18 MW

Loboc Hydroelectric: 1.2 MW

Janopol Hydroelectric: 1.8 MW

Power Barge 105: 10.5 MW

Power Barge 207: 30 MW

Power Barge 101: 32 MW

A mini power plant of the Bohol Electric Cooperative serves the five barangays of Cabilao

Island in Loon town. The 21 billion Leyte-Bohol interconnection now brings geothermal

power of higher capacity base 80-100 megawatts.

Water

Water supply is made available in Tagbilaran City and in the nearby municipalities on a 24

hour-basis with completion of the Tagbilaran Water Supply Project. Thirty-two (32) deep

wells with submersible pumps operate at a daily capacity of 19,000 cubic meters.

Several water projects are in the pipeline to respond to water requirements for both

domestic and industrial use. The Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project and the

construction of Level III water systems have made water available in 16 other municipalities.

Likewise, the development of Ujan Spring in Cortes with a daily capacity of 3,500 cubic

meters and Loboc River which will generate at least 100,000 cubic meters daily capacity are

currently being pushed.

O. TRANSPORTATION

Tubigon

Road

The main National Road is paved and provides easy access to neighboring coastal

communities, with travel time to Tagbilaran City taking about one hour. There are inland

roads to Catigbian and San Isidro, mostly unpaved and in various stages of upgrading.

Public utility buses are available daily on routes to any point within the province of

Bohol. Trips to the capital city of Tagbilaran are on a 30 minute interval. Car and van are

available for rent or charter anytime.

Boat and ferry

Tubigon's municipal port is the second largest and busiest port in the province

of Bohol. It is being served by 6 conventional vessels and 2 modern fastcrafts with a

total of 20 trips daily to Cebu City. A roll-on/roll-off ferry is also operational making two

trips daily.

There is no scheduled ferry service to smaller outlying islands, but outrigger

canoes may be chartered anytime.

Tagbilaran

Getting around Bohol can be quite tricky, but as long as you remember a few bits of information you can move around easily and safely.

The major mode of transport in Tagbilaran City and other places in Bohol is the tricycle, a small cab powered by a motorcycle that can accommodate up to 3 passengers. Tricycles are usually limited only to the city or town where they are licensed to operate, but in some cases they can convey you to neighboring towns. The normal rate for tricycles in Tagbilaran City is 7 pesos per kilometer.

Aside from tricycles, there are also jeepneys and multicabs plying their routes within the city and outside. Jeepneys are colorful jeeps with two long benches opposite each other. Sometimes, wooden benches are placed in the middle to accommodate more passengers, but this makes it difficult for passengers to disembark. Multicabs are plain-

looking vehicles that resemble a small van, but it has open windows just like the jeepneys.

Sometimes, there are places in Bohol that cannot be reached by common modes of transportation like the tricycle or bus. Habal-habal (motorcycle) drivers are popular among rural folks because of this reason. However, riding a habal-habal is not always a safe choice because of its illegal, unlicensed nature and sometimes drivers tend to drive fast without any head gear.

P. INVESTMENT AREAS AND LIVELIHOOD

I. Natural Resources

Minerals

About half of the province is covered with limestone and other non-metallic minerals like high-grade silica, guano and clay. For instance, the limestone deposit in Garcia-Hernandez covers a 640 hectare-spread with 600 million tons available for processing by the Philippine Sinter Corporation.

Forest Products

Vines and fibers constitute Bohol's vegetation, which are sources of indigenous raw materials for its handicraft industry.

Water Resources

An abundant supply of surface water is provided by 434 springs, 59 rivers and 197 creeks provide abundant supply of surface water - a ready reservoir for a water development program.

Eco-Tourism

Bohol is gaining prestige as a prime eco-cultural tourist destination in the region.

Like the other islands in the region, Bohol has an abundance of pristine white sand beaches and azure blue waters. Coral reefs teem with a variety of picturesque marine life. Most notable of these sites and increasing in world renown are those found in Pamilacan, Balicasag, and Cabilao islands, now becoming havens for tourist and scuba divers.

Inland, serving as magnets for local and foreign tourists, are sights that are equally remarkable. These are Bohol's natural and cultural wonders. Some of these sites earned worldwide interest, such as: the 1,268 perfectly-coned haycock hills, more popularly known as the Chocolate Hills, hunched together with elevations of 40-120 meters high. There are the Baclayon Church, the best-preserved Jesuit-built church in the region; and

the reclusive Philippine Tarsier, the world's smallest primate endemic only to Bohol and a protected species.

Gradually taking shape is the 2,000-hectare Panglao Island Tourism Estate (PITE) just off Tagbilaran City. Declared as a flagship project of the government, the PITE is one of the five tourist satellite destinations in the country where investments in hotel/resort complexes, convention facilities, sports/recreational facil ities, golf courses, shopping centers, retirement and handicrafts village and marina are being promoted.

Agriculture and Aquaculture

Its agricultural area is estimated at 60% of the total land area, or about 256,400 hectares. With most of its land utilized for agriculture, the province is considered as a potential food granary of the Central Visayas region.

Coconut is grown in 63,500 hectares. Rice, the staple crop, is cultivated in 50,561 hectares, with irrigated ricelands comprising only about 32%, or 19,259.04 hectares. Corn, on the other hand, is grown in 19,347 hectares. Mango is an emerging product with 120,000 fruit-bearing trees and 180,000 more by the turn of the century. Mango harvest reached 422 metric tons in 1996. But Bohol is best known for its ubi kinampay, an aromatic purple yam.

Prawns are directly exported to Japan. Lobster, seaweeds and milkfish are likewise harvested. Seaweeds of the eucheuma variety are cultured and marketed to Cebu for processing into various grades of carageenan.

Special Economic Zone

The northeastern strip of Bohol which faces Cebu has been identified as viable areas for development of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) as part of the Regional Growth Corridor (RGC). These SEZs shall enable the province to gain economic headway as an agro-industrial center in the region. Already, areas suitable for industrial sites have been consolidated to provide easy entry for investors.

Great opportunities exist for complementation between these SEZs and those found in the eastern coast of Cebu, such as the MEPZ I and II. Investment opportunities would be in the areas of agri-business, light manufacturing, and even eco-tourism.

Tagbilaran City serves as a major service center for various tourist packages in the province. Three major tourism circuits have been identified that offer diverse attractions to tourists and guests.

On top of all these, the Local Government Unit is providing a vibrant atmosphere for investments in Bohol. The Bohol Investment Code has been passed which establishes both fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, and investment mechanisms that are investor-friendly. Special assistance services will also be extended in the ecozones.

The Bohol Investment Promotion Center has been set up to cater to investors' needs.

ITEM 3: AZIMUTH and PATH LENGTH

Point A. lat: 9°56'44.96"N long:123°57'43.44"E

Point B. lat: 9°39'12.16"N long:123°51'40.37"E

1 min = 1/60 degree = 1.852 km

PATH PROFILE DATA SHEET

Distance from Site

A (km)

Distance from Site

B (km)

Ground Elevation

(m)

Fresnel Radius (m)

(n = 1) Type of Terrain

Highest Obstruction

(m)

Path Elevation

(m)

0 34.19 20.7 0 Grass land and Residential 0.1 46

1 33.19 20.5 7.105 Grass land and Residential 0.1 48

2 32.19 21.4 9.895 Grass land and Residential 0.2 47

3 31.19 20.7 11.929 Grass land and Residential 0.1 46

4 30.19 19.9 13.552 Grassland 0.7 45

5 29.19 20.3 14.899 Grassland 0.2 44

6 28.19 19.8 16.039 Grassland 0.1 43

7 27.19 21.0 17.014 Forest 7.6 41

8 26.19 17.4 17.851 Forest 10.6 37

9 25.19 16.5 18.569 Grass land 0.1 37

10 24.19 14.6 19.181 Forest 7.9 36

11 23.19 12.4 19.697 Grassland 0.2 35

12 22.19 15.9 20.124 Grass land 3.4 34

13 21.19 15.7 20.469 Grassland 2.1 34

14 20.19 10.1 20.734 Grassland 0.3 33

15 19.19 15.6 20.923 Forest 6.7 31

16 18.19 15.5 21.039 Grass land and Residential 2.7 31

17 17.19 12.4 21.082 Grass land and Residential 2.5 30

18 16.19 17.4 21.053 Grass land and Residential 2.4 28

19 15.19 19.2 20.951 Grass land 0.1 28

20 14.19 21.5 20.776 Grass land 0.2 27

21 13.19 23.2 20.525 Forest 4.6 26

22 12.19 24.5 20.196 Grassland 0.3 25

23 11.19 26.8 19.785 Forest 5.2 32

24 10.19 30.7 19.286 Residential 3.9 32

25 9.19 33.4 18.693 Grassland 0.2 34

26 8.19 34.8 17.996 Residential 2.3 36

27 7.19 36.8 17.183 Residential 2.5 37

28 6.19 37.5 16.236 Forest 4.8 41

29 5.19 40.1 15.130 Forest 4.7 43

30 4.19 43.9 13.827 Forest 3.6 49

31 3.19 44.8 12.264 Forest 5.2 51

32 2.19 46.3 10.324 Rocky, High-Terrain 0.2 54

33 1.19 48.7 7.728 Rocky, High-Terrain 0.2 57

34 0.19 50.6 3.135 Rocky, High-Terrain 0.3 60

COMPUTATION:

Freznel Zone

1st Freznel : where n = Freznel Zone = 1

F1 =

Height of Antenna:

For Tx: HTX = HO + F1 + GEHO – GE0

= 17.851 + 10.6 + 17.4 – 20.7 = 25.151 m

For Rx: HRX = HO + F1 + GEHO – GE20

= 50.6 –(17.851 + 10 + 17.4) = 5.349 m

ITEM 4: ANTENNA GAIN

5.25-5.8 GHz parabolic antenna = 37.6 dbi

Transmitter Antenna:

CommScope - 5.25-5.85GHz 37.6dBi 6' Microwave Dish, N Female

Technical Specifications:

Pressure None

Frequency 5.25-5.85

Diameter 6 ft

Gain at Low (dBi) 37.0

Gain at Mid (dBi) 37.6

Gain at High (dBi) 38.1

Front to Back Ratio (dB) 41

Connector N Female

XPD (dB) 30

Polarization Dual Polarized

Return Loss (dB) 14.0

Ship Dimensions (L x W x H) 73" x 72" x 33"

Recommended Radome Includes Gray Molded Radome

VSWR (max) 1.50

Weight Lbs. (kg) 185 lbs.

ITEM 5: FREE SPACE LOSS

FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D)

LBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (5.55) (34.19) = 137.96 dB

HBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (6.05) (34.19)

= 138.71 dB

ITEM 6: RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL

PATH LINK BUDGET

RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRx- WLTx- WLRx – FSL

Values for Low Band Frequency at 5.55 GHz

Parameters Value Unit

Microwave Radio Output Power 22.20 dBm Connector Loss (Tx) 0.5 dB

Waveguide Loss (Tx) 9.33 dB Antenna Gain (Tx) 37.6 dBi

Free Space Loss 137.96 dB

Antenna Gain (Rx) 37.6 dBi Waveguide Loss (Rx) 14 dB

Connector Loss (Rx) 0.5 dB Power Input to Receiver (RSL) -64.89 dBm

Minimum Receiver Threshold -87.6 dB

LBF:

RSL = 22.2 + 37.6 + 37.6 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 9.33 – 14 - 137.96

RSL = -64.89dBm

Values for High Band Frequency at 6.05 GHz

Parameters Value Unit Microwave Radio Output Power 22.20 dBm

Connector Loss (Tx) 0.5 dB Waveguide Loss (Tx) 9.33 dB

Antenna Gain (Tx) 38.1 dBi

Free Space Loss 138.71 dB Antenna Gain (Rx) 38.1 dBi

Waveguide Loss (Rx) 14 dB Connector Loss (Rx) 0.5 dB

Power Input to Receiver (RSL) -64.64 dBm Minimum Receiver Threshold -87.6 dB

HBF:

RSL = 22.2 + 38.1 + 38.1 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 9.33 – 14 – 138.71

RSL = -64.64 dBm

ITEM 7: RAIN LOSS

Polarization FREQUENCY kH αH kV αV

5GHz 0.001103 1.2338 0.0009829 1.1805

6GHz 0.001813 1.3068 0.001603 1.2662

Averafe Rainfall = R0.01 = 100 mm/hr

R (dB/km) = kR α

R (dB/km) = 0.001103(100)1.2338

R (dB/km) = 0.324 dB/km

ppp

A

A10log139.0855.0

01.0

07.0

= 0.07(0.01)-(0.855 + 0.139log (0.01))

= 0.99793 dB ITEM 8: FADE MARGIN

Oxygen Absorption Loss (OAL)

x = 0.18823

6.33206 x 10-3 dB/km 6.33206 x 10-3)(34.6) 0.21909 dB

Water Vapor Loss (WVL)

x = 0.07844

α WVL = 0.07844(5.8)2(10)(10-4)

WVL = 0.02639 dB/km

AWVL = 0.02639(33.9) AWVL = 0.91602 dB

RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRx- WLTx- WLRx – FSL – Propagation Losses

Propagation Losses = Oxygen Absorption Loss + Water Vapor Loss + Rain Loss

RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRx- WLTx- WLRx – FSL – Propagation Losses RSL = -94.64 dB – (0.99793 dB + 0.21909 dB + 0.91602 dB) RSL = -96.77 dB Receiver Threshold Rx threshold of 5.8 GHz With BER of 10-6 = -76.15 dBm

= -106.15 dB FM = RSL –Rx Threshold FM = -96.77 –(-106.15) FM = 9.38 dB

ITEM 9: RELIABILITY

Undp = (ab) (2.5 x 10-6) (f) (D3 x 10-FM/10)

where: a = roughness factor a = 4, for very smooth terrain, over water, flat desert a = 1, for average terrain with some roughness a = ¼ or 0.25, for mountainous, very rough or very rough terrain b = factor to convert a worst month probability to an annualprobability b = 0.5, for hot, humid coastal miles b = 0.25, for normal, interior temperature or sub-arctic area b = 0.125, for mountainous or very dry but non-reflective areas f = operating frequency, GHz D = path length, miles FM = fade margin

W =

W =

W = 8.56544

a = K x (W/50)-1.3

a = 5.05x10-6 x (8.56544/50)-1.3 a = 5.0047x10-5 Undp = (ab) (2.5 x 10-6) (5.8) [(21.322)3 x 10-(9.38)/10] Undp = (5.0047x10-5) (0.125) (2.5 x 10-6) (5.8) [(21.322)3 x 10-(9.38)/10] Undp = 0.0000001 The percent reliability is computed from the outage probability by: %R = 100 x (1 - Undp) %R = 99.99999%