Microscopic observation (basic biology) unm
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Transcript of Microscopic observation (basic biology) unm
RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of basic biology practicum with title ’’Microscopic
observation’’ that arranged by :
Name : Jeny ayu hardiah ningrum
Registrasion Number : 1114040162
Group : III (Three)
Class : ICP A
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report was
accepted
Makassar, November 13th 2011
Assistant Coordinator Assistant
( Djumarirmanto,S.Pd) (Djumarirmanto,S.Pd)
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
I have known about living thing while I study about science while be still
little, and I also know about life while I study theory about indigenous life being
egg. at this the world available life, and at dwells by get million living thing,which
is man, animal, plant and one-celled life being. that living being consisting of
umpteen cell which its bottle-fed, not only cell which arrange life being but there
are many, one that we know and also not. e.g. on man available blood circulation,
exhalation system that so elaborate and there is also network as network and life
being also consisting bone it bottle-fed one, network constitutes bulk from cell,
and associate each other and constitutes being compiler live that highly complex.
The microscopic observation would give us the information about the tissue
which arranged yhe organ plants and the oragan animals,to know the tissue and
function the tissue of animal tissue and plants tissue were very important for
me,from this observation we could know about the tissue and function of the tissue
like stem of zea mays.Cardiac muscle, sympathetic nerve,I have known it while I
study at senior high school,but I just know about extern form only,its color. and
where position, don't know how if sees a part most littles or see it utilize that
microscope is more conscientious and knows more form detail again.Now at my
university studies about tissues from animal and plant, we can know tissues
structure and its place in our body, evenless seeing utilizes microscope, we shall
look for light in point to be able to make us to see preparatte that we observes.
living thing in to constitute creature that really perfect, with uniqueness kind sort,
we have known that living thing to be arranged by severally network kind, to know
more lets we do attempt about umpteen preparat kind preserves animal and plant,
that we can know clearer how form being compiler live.
B.Purpose
Purpose of the practicum of microscope observation was student of university
could explain the structure and the kinds of tissues which arranged the organs of
plants and animal.
C.Benefit
The benefit this practicum is the student of university could know the
structure and the kinds of tissues wich arranged the organs of plants and animals.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Tissue is collection of cell which related one with the other and have the
same structure and the same function. Science that learn about the structure of tissues
namely histology,the kinds of tissues were arranged and organized in the form of an
organ. The tissues which arranged the body of plants can we make different from its
youth tissue (merystem) and the adult tissue are protector tissue (epidermis),
parenchyma tissue ,transport tissue,cork tissue (Tim Pengajar, 2009).
The central cylinder is surrounded by the cortex which is made up of thin
walled parenchyma cells except in the innermost layer, the endodermis, endodermal
cell walls are modifded by being thickened either in definite bands called casparian
strips or more generally. The epidermal cells may develop slightly thickened walls
and pesist after the death of the roats hairs, or they may degenerate. In the latter case
the outer cortical cells develop wall thickenings and function as a protective
layer,internal to the endodermis is a more or less distinct layer of thin walled cells
which constitute the percycle or outermost portion of the central cylinder. Most of the
central cylinder is occupied by the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The phloem
occurs in strands between the extensions of xylem. In roots of some dicots xylem is
restricted to the periphery of the central cylinder ,the center being a core of
parenchyma considered to be pith.the arrangement of the vascular tissue in roots is
called radial and it differs from that which will be described for stems.Splitting of the
epidermis is preceded or accompaniedby the development of periderm from a cork
cambium,as in roots. The cork cambium usually orginates by meristematic activy in
the outer most cells of the cortex. The epidermis provides protection for the tissues of
young stems against both mechanical injury and water loss. Epidermal cell wall are
impregnated with waxi substances, called cutin which also form a waterproof coating,
a cuticle, on the outer surface. After the epidermis breaks down and the periderm has
formed, its cork cells,with suberin-impregnated walls, assume these protective
functions. The vacular tissues are formed internal to the cortex. Phloem is outermost
and xylem is innermost. Elongated thick walled cells,or fibers,occur either in
anastomosing strands or in complete cylinder. In many plants these fibers are known
to develop from cells of the first formed or primary phloem,therefore they are called
primary phloem fibers (Slate,1974).
Meristematic tissue serves chiefly in the production of new cells and is
characterizes by persistent immaturity. Small masses of maristematic tissue are
located near the tips of roots and in the builds of shoots. Because of the terminal
positions occupied by these juvenile tissues they are called apical meristems. The
activates of the apical meristems are largely responsible for there increase in leght of
roots and shoots. The epidermis generally may be regarded as the outer layer of cells
produced by the apical meristems of roots and shoots, most commonly this surfsce
layer is only one cells thick. The outer walls of these cells,which some times are
rather thick,are covered by cutycule. A thin layer waxlike cutin secreted by the
protoplast of epidermal cells,except for the specialize guard cells, ehich control the
openings of epidermal pores or stomata ,the epidermal cell lack inter cellular spaces
and generally are color less in some plants however red blue or purple pigment may
be present in the vacuoles of epidermal cells and may give the leaves in which they
occur a like color,as in purple leaved cabbge.the innermost layer of cortical cells
comprises the endodermis. A distinguishing featurs of an endodermal cells is the
presence, on the radial and transverse walls, of the continuos zone or band within
which the wall material is impregnated with suberin. The function of the endodermis
is not known with certainly but it is believed that the fatty material deposited in
these bands blocks the passage of water through the walls. The tissues thus far
described in roots are primary tissues . they develop from the maristematic region at
the tip of the young root. And their production results in an increase in leght of the
organ. The roots of most trees, shrubs ,and other types of perennial plants have
secondary tissues in adition primart tissues. Secondary tissues are those produced by
a cambium (Dalen,1970).
Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a
complete organism. A tissue is an ensemble of cells, not necessarily identical, but
from the same origin, that together carry out a specific function. These are called
tissues because of their identical functioning. Organs are then formed by the
functional grouping together of multiple tissues.The study of tissue is known as
histology or, in connection with disease, histopathology. The classical tools for
studying tissues are the paraffin block in which tissue is embedded and then
sectioned, the histological stain, and the optical microscope. In the last couple of
decades, developments in electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and the use of
frozen tissue sections have enhanced the detail that can be observed in tissues. With
these tools, the classical appearances of tissues can be examined in health and
disease, enabling considerable refinement of clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Animal
tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, muscle, nervous, and
epithelial. Multiple tissue types comprise organs and body structures. While all
animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation
of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism. For example, the origin
of the cells comprising a particular tissue type may differ developmentally for
different classifications of animals. The epithelium in all animals is derived from the
ectoderm and endoderm with a small contribution from the mesoderm which forms
the endothelium. By contrast, a true epithelial tissue is present only in a single layer
of cells held together via occluding junctions called tight junctions, to create a
selectively permeable barrier. This tissue covers all organismal surfaces that come in
contact with the external environment such as the skin, the airways, and the digestive
tract. It serves functions of protection, secretion, and absorption, and is separated
from other tissues below by a basal lamina. Endothelium, which comprises the
vasculature, is a specialized type of epithelium (Anonymous,2011).
CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / Date :Wednesday/November 9th 2011
Time :10.00 A.M until 12.30 P.M
Place :Biology laboratory 2th flour at FMIPA UNM
B. Tool and Material
1. Tool :
a. The equipments are served by laboratory :
1) Microscope
2. Materials :
a. The materials are served by laboratory :
1) Preserved preparatte of plant tissue and animal tissue
C. Work produce
1. Work produce for the plants tissue
a) Prepared microscope to based on sequence way to used it
b) Took durable preparation of plant tissue
c) Observed the structural features and the place of each tissues which
arranged the root,stem and the life
d) Used the objective enlargement 4x or 10x to saw all preparation
e) Drew there tissues of the all part of organ
f) Compared the result of our observation with the picture in our book
g) Learned the function of each tissue wich made the organ of plants
2. Work produce the animal tissue
a) Prepared microscope and arranged the enlarged tht suitable and do not
forget to arranged the shine into the microscope.
b) Took the lasting preparat of animal tissue. In this practicum we need the
preparat from smooth muscle, from strail tease muscle, from hard bone,
from ephitel squamosun, from cardiac muscle, from blood and from
human bone.
c) Observed the characteristic of structure, the form and its location of each
preparat or materials. But before did the observation, the first, we must
arranged the enlarge that suitable with size of praparat wich we want. So
that, we could result observation that good and clear.
d) Drew the animal tissue which observed and gave the name of each its
parts.
e) After did observation, saved the lasting preparat and made the temporary
report. After that, because the experiment of this meeting have to finished.
So that saved the tools that used.
CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT
A.Observation result
1. Striated teasted muscle
(magnification 40x10)
2. Cardiac muscle
(magnification 40x10)
Notes :
Cross
striations
Myocytes
Nuclei
Notes:
Neucleus
Dark ribbon
Light ribbon
3. Neostreated teased muscle (magnification 40x10)
4. Brain (magnification 10x10)
Cell body
plasm
5. Sympathetic nerve (magnification 10x10)
nucleus
dendrits
Notes :
Dark ribbon
Monofybril
Neucleus
Notes :
Cell body
Plasm
Notes :
Neucleus
Dendrits
Body cell
6. Blood (magnification 10x10)
7. Hyaline (magnification 10x10)
8. Neuron astrocyt cerebrum (magnification 10x10)
Notes :
Fibrocytes
Pericho
Hyaline matrix
chondrocytes
Notes :
Cell blood
plasm
Notes :
Dendrite
Cell body
Axon
9. Leaf of Llilium (magnification 10x10)
10. Root of Allium cepa (magnification 10x10)
11. Stem of Zea mays (magnification 10x10)
Notes :
Upper
epidermis
Spongy
arenchyma
Notes :
Epidermis
Cortex
Endoderm
Parenchim
Cylem
phloem
Notes :
Epidermis
Cortex
Xylem
Phloem
empulur
12. Stem of Cucurbita moscata (magnification 40x10)
adaxial epidermis
cortex
13. Root of Archis hypogea (magnification 40x10)
14. Leaves of Ficus elastica (magnification 40x10)
Notes :
Adaxial
epiderm
Cortex
Abaxial
epiderm
Notes :
Epidermis
Cortex
Endoderm
Xylem
Phloem
fibrousNotes :
Upper epidermis
Mesophyl
Phloem
Xylem
StomaLower
epidermis
B. Discussion
Tissues in biology is a collection of cells that have the same form and
function, different tissues can work together for a similar physicological function
to form organs. The tissues studied in the branch of biology that studies the
changing form and function of tissues in relation to disease is histopathology. The
explanation of the observation in our lab this time are :
1. Steared teasted muscle
muscle or striated teased muscle is anchored by tendons (or by
aponeuroses at a few places) to bone and is used to effect skeletal
movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture. Though this
postural control is generally maintained as a subconscious reflex, the
muscles responsible react to conscious control like non-postural muscles.
2. Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but is more akin in
structure to skeletal muscle, and is found only in the heart.Cardiac and
skeletal muscles are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres and are
packed into highly regular arrangements of bundles; smooth muscle has
neither. While skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles,
cardiac muscle connects at branching, irregular angles.
3. Neostreated teased muscle
Smooth muscle or nonstriated teased muscle is found within the
walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines,
bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector in the
skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
4. Brain
The brain is the most complex organ of our central nervous system
(CNS). It is composed of neurons, blood vessels, and glial cells
(supporting cells of the CNS). A neuron has one cell body, containing the
nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm (perikaryon), one axon (up to one
meter in length), and one or more dendrites, which extend from the cell
body.
5. Sympathetic nerve
Sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord communicate with peripheral
sympathetic neurons via a series of sympathetic ganglia. Within the
ganglia, spinal cord sympathetic neurons join peripheral sympathetic
neurons through chemical synapses.
6. Blood
Blood tissue function for carry the food materials, hormone, oxygen,
and remainders of the metabolism result and to avoid infection. This
tissue consist of eritrisyt, leukosyt, trombosyt, and plasma.
7. Hyaline
Smooth, shiny cartilage, which covers the articular surfaces of bones.
Hyaline cartilage contains whitish-blue elastic material with
chondrocytes forming distinct cell nests and a fine network of collagen
fibres. Its smoothness reduces friction between opposing bones in a joint.
8. Neuron astrocyt cerebrum
The neuron is the cell that animals use to detect the outside
environment, the internal environment of their own bodies, to formulate
behavioral responses to those signals, and to control their bodies based on
the chosen responses. This is of course a very simplistic definition of
what neurons do. But it does cut to the basics. All neurons have a body
called a Soma. The Soma contains the nucleus and all of the other
organelles that are needed to keep the cell alive and functioning.
9. Leaf of Llilium
Lilium is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs.
Most species are native to the temperate northern hemisphere, though the
range extends into the northern subtropics.Lilies form an important group
of flowering garden plants, and are important culturally and in literature
in much of the world. Some species are sometimes grown or harvested
for the edible bulbs.
10. Root of Allium cepa
Onion root constitutes to come to fruition fiber because she comprises
one of plant monokotil. This root arranged by severally network.
Epidermis network have wall that thinly which gets semipermeabel
character. Cortex constitutes parenkim tissue walled flimsy and having a
lot of cell squire room that beneficent for substance interchange.
Endodermis as undercoated as cell, on its cell wall exists cork thick. Stele
constitutes selinder center on botanical.
11. Stem of Zea mays
Corn root constitutes to come to fruition fiber because she comprises
one of plant monokotil. This root arranged by severally network.
Epidermis tissue have wall that thinly which gets semipermeabel
character. Cortex constitutes parenkim tissue walled flimsy and having a
lot of cell squire room that beneficent for substance interchange.
Endodermis as as undercoated as cell, on its cell wall exists cork thick.
Stele constitutes center cylinder on botanical.
12. Stem of Cucurbita moscata
The cortex is also called skin stem first, consisting of several layers of
cells, which is close to the epidermal layer is composed of kolenkim
network, composed of increasingly into the parenchyma tissue
Endodermis rod is also called skin deep, composed of a layer of cells, an
insulating layer between the cortex to the stele.
13. Root of Archis hypogea
The peanut, or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is a species in the
legume or "bean" family (Fabaceae). The peanut was probably first
cultivated in the valleys of Peru. Hypogaea means "under the earth", after
pollination, the flower stalk elongates causing it to bend until the ovary
touches the ground.
14. Leaves of Ficus elastica
The leaves develop inside a sheath at the apical meristem, which
grows larger as the new leaf develops. When it is mature, it unfurls and
the sheath drops off the plant. Inside the new leaf, another immature leaf
is waiting to develop.As with other members of the genus Ficus, the
flowers require a particular species of fig wasp to pollinate it in a co-
evolved relationship.
CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.Conclusion
Tissue is collection of cell which related one with the other and have the same
structure and the same function. Science that learn about the structure of the tissues
namely histology. Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective,
muscle, nervous, and epithelial. Multiple tissue types comprise organs and body
structures. While all animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue
types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of
organism. All tissue animals and plants have their respective functions and organs
develop into an organ system to perform is functions.
B. Suggestion
1. Suggestion for laboratory
I hope for next practicum student can use microscope for each self .and the
laboratory can become good place or suitable for practicum.
2. Suggestion for Assistant
I hope assistant can give information and directive about practicum ,may be
can give time to make the result observation
3. Suggestion for the all friends
I hope all friend can hear and can see if assistant and coordinator assistant
give information,so we can do practicum
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous, 2011.Tissue(biologi).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue Accessed at November 7th 2011.
Campbell,Neil A.1974.Biologi.Jakarta:Penerbit Erlangga
Dalen,Anton van.1970.The plant world:America
Slate,Audrey nelson.1974.Principles of biology.New York:Harper and RowPublisher
Tim pengajar,2011.Penuntun praktikum biologi dasar.Makassar:UNM