Microscopes/. It is estimated that the human race grows daily by about 214,000 people. It takes only...

Microscopes/

It is estimated that the human race grows daily by about 214,000 people.

It takes only 15 watts of electricity going through a human body to stop the heart. Common lightbulbs run on about 25 to 75 watts of electricity.

Microscopes

Objectives:

•To name the parts of the microscope and describe their functions

Microscopes

Objectives:


•To describe how to properly use a compound microscope.

Microscopes

Objectives:


•To describe how to properly use a compound microscope.

•To compare a compound to a light microscope

Label the parts on your microscope picture. Eyepiece/ocular lens

magnification = 10X


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support

Coarse adjust – general focus


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support

Coarse adjust – general focusFine Focus – high power focus


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


Base - support


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


Base - support

Light source


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


Base - support

Light source

Diaphragm – adjusts amount of light


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


Base - support

Light source


Stage clips – holds slide


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


Base - support

Light source



Objective Lenses Scanning = 4X

Low Power = 10X

High power = 40X


magnification = 10X

Arm-Support

Stage - support


Base - support

Light source



Objective Lenses Scanning = 4X

Low Power = 10X

High power = 40X

Revolving nosepiece

Magnification of a Compound Microscope•Because you are looking through multiple lenses the lenses have a “compounding” effect.

•The eyepiece always magnifies 10X

Eyepiece Objective Lens Magnification

Scanning lens (red)

10X

Low Power (yellow)

10X

High Power (blue)

10X

Magnification of a Compound Microscope•Each of the objective lenses have their own magnification


Scanning lens (red)

10X

4X

Low Power (yellow)

10X

10X

High Power (blue)

10X 40X

Magnification of a Compound Microscope•You then multiply the eyepiece with the objective lens to determine the total magnification


Scanning lens (red)

10X

4X

Low Power (yellow)

10X

10X

100XHigh Power (blue)

10X

40X

400X

40X

Other Laboratory TechniquesOther Laboratory Techniques

Staining– Dyes are added to

slides to bring out detail and stain certain features.

Centrifugation– A device that can spin tubes

up to 20,000X/min. This is used to separate samples (I.e. parts of cells

Cell Culture– Cells of a particular kind

are grown on plates with all their required nutrients.

Limits of ResolutionLimits of Resolution•As we focus the microscope to higher powers we see more and more detail, until a certain point. Then objects become blurry and detail is lost. Think of blowing up a picture too big.

•

•Resolution is out ability to distinguish two points as separate.

•Electron Microscopes have a much higher limit of resolution.

Click here to zoom

http://www.zemote.com/photos/holidays/tree/P1010022.JPG

The Electron MicroscopeThe Electron MicroscopeAllows us to see very high resolution imagesAllows us to see very high resolution images

PREDATORY ANT WITH PEAR PSYLLA

IN ITS MOUTH

SCALES AND SETAE ON LEPIDOPTERA Dust mite

The Electron MicroscopeThe Electron MicroscopeHow does it work?How does it work?

They use giant electromagnets to sent a stream of electrons over the specimen. This image is then read by a computer.

Light verses Light verses Electron Electron

MicroscopesMicroscopes

Light Electron

Means of Transmitting image

Ray of light Beam of electron

Focuses with

Stains tissue with

Slices tissue with

magnification

Type of cells viewed

Year introduced

Amount of detail



Light Electron



Focuses with Lenses Magnets

Stains tissue with

Slices tissue with

magnification


Year introduced

Amount of detail



Light Electron




Stains tissue with Colorful dyes

Heavy metals

Slices tissue with

magnification


Year introduced

Amount of detail



Light Electron





Heavy metals

Slices tissue with Steel Diamonds

magnification


Year introduced

Amount of detail



Light Electron





Heavy metals


magnification 2000X 250,000 or more


Year introduced

Amount of detail



Light Electron





Heavy metals




Living or dead

Dead only

Year introduced

Amount of detail



Light Electron





Heavy metals




Living or dead

Dead only

Year introduced 1660’s 1930’s

Amount of detail



Light Electron





Heavy metals




Living or dead

Dead only

Year introduced 1660’s 1930’s

Amount of detail Flat image 3-D image

General Procedures

Make sure all backpacks are out of the aisles before you get a microscope! Always carry the microscope with one hand on the Arm and one hand on the Base.

Wear your glasses, the microscope will focus to your eyesight!

Keep both eyes open, your brain will learn to ignore the other eye.

Focusing a Specimen

Always start on low power or scanning.

Focusing a Specimen


Focus the specimen using the course adjust.

Focusing a Specimen


Focus the specimen using the course adjust.

Re-center. If high power is needed, turn only after re-centering!

Focusing a Specimen

Always start on low power or scanning.Focus the specimen using the course adjust.Re-center. If high power is needed, turn

only after re-centering!Now use the FINE FOCUS ONLY for

your final adjustments.

Making a Wet MountMaking a Wet Mount

1. Gather a very thin slice/piece of whatever your specimen is. All samples should be paper thickness or thinner!

2. Place ONE drop of water directly over the specimen. 3. Place the cover slip at a 45 degree angle with one edge touching the water drop, and let go.

Making good drawingsMaking good drawings1. Don’t even think of starting your drawing unless you have a

pencil (colored are even better) drawings in pen are unacceptable. This is for two reasons: (a) You can erase pencil! (b) You can shade in areas more easily in pencil

2. In the upper left hand corner of each circle include the specimen name as written on the slide label. In the upper right hand corner, include the magnification (100x or 430x).

3. Label Everything you identify!

100X Cheek cell

nucleus

Cell membrane

Student handoutsStudent handouts

Microscope notes page

Microscope Parts

Label with structure and function

Eyepiec

e

Objective

Lens

Magnification

Scanning lens (red)

10X

Low Power (yellow)

10X

High Power (blue)

10X

Magnification of Lenses

Microscopes

Light Electron


Focuses with

Stains tissue with

Slices tissue with

magnification


Year introduced

Amount of detail

Light verses Electron MicroscopePractice live Cell Sketches

Microscope Measurement Calculations Name_________________

Calculate the size of each specimen showing your set-ups in the block provided and the answer with the correct units on the lines provided. Show all of your work for full credit!

1. Student X has a low power diameter of 1.8 mm. He estimates that 8 specimens fi t across each

field. How large is each specimen?

2. Student A estimates that 14 specimens fi t across his 1.6 mm low power diameter. How large is each specimen?

3. On a 1.7 mm low power diameter field, student I judges that 30 specimens fi t across. Calculate the size of each specimen.

4. Student B cannot accurately determine the microscopic size of his specimen on low power. Upon going to high power he estimates 45 specimens. His high power field size is 0.5 mm. Calculate the microscopic field size of each specimen.

5. For a super small specimen student c judges 110 fi t across the high power diameter. Calculate the size of each specimen for a scope with a 1.7 mm low power diameter and a high power diameter of 0.425.

6. I f a cell is 0.046 mm what is its size in microns?

7. A certain specimen is exactly the height of the low power field on a scope with a 1.8 mm diameter.

How tall is the specimen?

8. Student N has to move his slide twice, hence fi tting the specimen in 2 fields of vision. Calculate

the size of the specimen for a 1.6 mm low power field.

9. Student M estimates his current specimen to be 9/ 10 or 0.9 of his 1.7 mm low power diameter field.

What is the size of the specimen? Extra Credit

10. A specimen fi lls one full field and a little over half of another field(judged to be 0.7 field more). Calculate its overall size for a 1.6 mm low power field.

Cell S ket ches 16 point s

name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Plac e t h e “e” on t h e s lid e s o t h at i t is f ac ing you r igh t s id e up

_ _ _ W et M ount N ews paper “e”_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ name of speciman magnifi cat ion

Plac e t wo h air s on t h e s lid e s o t h ey ar e c r os s ed _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

F ie ld of view seen t h r ough t h e mic r osc ope

L ab e l 2 t h ings

Microscope Measuring Lab Name____________Block_______

Lab Partner___________________

Low Power Field

High Power Field

Amoeba Width or length

Wet Mount “e” (height)

Diameter in mm

Estimated# across l.p. diameter

Diameter in Length in mm

Length in

_

Wet Mount Hair (width)

Nostic (diameter of one cell)

Paramecium (Length of 1 cell)

Spirogyra (Length of 1 cell

Euglena (Length of 1 cell) I n high Power*****

Glaoecapsa High Power***

Estimated # across l.p. diameter

Length in mm

Length in

Extra Credit on Back

Microscopes/. It is estimated that the human race grows daily by about 214,000 people. It takes only...

Documents

Transcript of Microscopes/. It is estimated that the human race grows daily by about 214,000 people. It takes only...