Microscope and Cell Theory Notes. I. MICROSCOPE A. Field of View: Lighted area when looking through...

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Microscope Microscope and and Cell Theory Cell Theory Notes Notes

Transcript of Microscope and Cell Theory Notes. I. MICROSCOPE A. Field of View: Lighted area when looking through...

Page 1: Microscope and Cell Theory Notes. I. MICROSCOPE A. Field of View: Lighted area when looking through the eyepiece A. Field of View: Lighted area when looking.

Microscope Microscope

andand

Cell TheoryCell Theory

NotesNotes

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I. I. MICROSCOPEMICROSCOPE

A. A. Field of ViewField of View: Lighted area when : Lighted area when looking through the eyepiecelooking through the eyepiece

1. 1. Low power (40x)Low power (40x) (total (total magnification is 40x = objective magnification is 40x = objective magnification x eyepiece magnification)magnification x eyepiece magnification)

4 mm = 4000 Mm

2. Medium power (100x)

2 mm – 2000 Mm

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*As magnification increases, our field *As magnification increases, our field of view of view decreasesdecreases..

*Mm (micrometer) 1000*Mm (micrometer) 1000 Mm = 1 mm

B. Resolution: ability to distinguish 2 objects as separate = clarity* fine adjustment is responsible for

resolution

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C. “C. “Depth of ViewDepth of View” – ability to focus 1 ” – ability to focus 1 plane (or dimension) at a time plane (or dimension) at a time

Top thread very clear

Blurry

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CELLSCELLSCells are the structural, functional, Cells are the structural, functional,

reproductive units of lifereproductive units of life

II. II. HistoryHistory::A. In 1600s, A. In 1600s, Anton van Anton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek, a Dutch lens , a Dutch lens grinder, built a microscope and grinder, built a microscope and was the 1was the 1stst to observe tiny living to observe tiny living organisms.organisms.B. In 1665, B. In 1665, Robert HookeRobert Hooke, looked , looked at cork under the microscope and at cork under the microscope and reported the existence of cells. reported the existence of cells.

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(Hooke coined the term “cells” (Hooke coined the term “cells” because the tiny dark pores reminded because the tiny dark pores reminded him of the cells where monks slept in him of the cells where monks slept in their dorms)their dorms)

C. In 1838 & 1839, botanist C. In 1838 & 1839, botanist Matthias Matthias SchleidenSchleiden, and zoologist , and zoologist Theodore Theodore SchwannSchwann originated the originated the Cell TheoryCell Theory::

1. All organisms are made up of 1 or 1. All organisms are made up of 1 or more cells, and more cells, and

2. Cells are the fundamental units of 2. Cells are the fundamental units of life- the smallest things that can be life- the smallest things that can be called “living”called “living”

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723

Pioneers of Cell BiologyPioneers of Cell Biology

“I made a microscope. Check it out. Stuff looks

wicked close-up.”

“Totally. This one time? I sliced up a piece of cork? Looked like it was

made of a bunch of little empty rooms. Like cells monks live in. We should totally call them that.

Cells.”

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Rudolf Virchow

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory1. All living things are composed of cells1. All living things are composed of cells2. Cells are basic unit of structure and 2. Cells are basic unit of structure and

function in living thingsfunction in living things3. All cells come from other cells.3. All cells come from other cells.

“Cells only come from other cells. They can’t come from nonliving stuff. Ever.”

“Plants are made of cells”

“Animals are made of cells”“We can put

all these other guys’ research

into one theory.”

“We can put all these other guys’ research

into one theory.”

Schleiden Schwann

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D. In 1855, D. In 1855, Rudolf VirchowRudolf Virchow added a added a 33rdrd statement: statement:

3. Cells arise only by division of 3. Cells arise only by division of other cellsother cells

((VirchowVirchow discovered that cells divide discovered that cells divide

forming new cells)forming new cells)

III. III. Why do organisms need cellsWhy do organisms need cells??

A. Cells are miniature life-support A. Cells are miniature life-support chambers that maintain a special chambers that maintain a special environment.environment.

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B. B. HomeostasisHomeostasis – maintenance of – maintenance of conditions within specified limits.conditions within specified limits.

C. Many organisms are C. Many organisms are unicellularunicellular (consisting of only 1 cell)(consisting of only 1 cell)--However cell size is limited.--However cell size is limited.

D. Because of size constraints, large D. Because of size constraints, large organisms such as animals and organisms such as animals and plants are plants are multi-cellularmulti-cellular..* Each cell of a multi-cellular * Each cell of a multi-cellular organism make a specialized organism make a specialized contribution to the body as a whole = contribution to the body as a whole = division of labordivision of labor..

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IV. IV. Types of CellsTypes of CellsA. A. ProkaryoticProkaryotic (pro = before; karyon (pro = before; karyon = nucleus)= nucleus)

1. 1. NoNo nucleus nucleus2. Are bacterial cells (Monera)2. Are bacterial cells (Monera)3. Believed to have evolved 3. Believed to have evolved

earlier than eukaryotic cellsearlier than eukaryotic cells4. Have a rigid cell wall4. Have a rigid cell wall

B. B. EukaryoticEukaryotic (eu = good, true) (eu = good, true)1. Contains a nucleus!1. Contains a nucleus!

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2. Make up the bodies of all organisms 2. Make up the bodies of all organisms other than bacteria:other than bacteria:

(include (include Algae, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Algae, Fungi, Protists, Plants, & Animals& Animals!)!)

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a. Phosphate head• Polar (+ end, - end) • Hydrophilic (“water-loving”)

b. Two Fatty acid tails• nonpolar• Hydrophobic (”water-fearing”)

A.A. Cell MembraneCell Membrane (ALL CELLS have one) (ALL CELLS have one)

1.1. PhospholipidsPhospholipids—main structural molecule —main structural molecule of cell membraneof cell membrane

V. Cell PartsV. Cell Parts

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2. In H2O, phospholipids form a LIPID BILAYER

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B.B. Fluid Mosaic Model (of cell membrane)Fluid Mosaic Model (of cell membrane)1.1. The idea that cell membrane is a fluid, The idea that cell membrane is a fluid,

shifting bilayer containing (besides shifting bilayer containing (besides phospholipids)phospholipids)

a.a. Cholesterol—keeps membrane fluidCholesterol—keeps membrane fluid

b.b. Proteins with diff. jobs--examplesProteins with diff. jobs--examples Move things across membraneMove things across membrane carry “markers” to ID cellcarry “markers” to ID cell

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