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8086 Lab Manual 1

IV SEM CSE

LAB MANUAL

MICROPROCESSORLAB (8086)

Sub Code: 06CSL48

Mr. J B.Sasanur Mr. Basavaraj G.Kumbar

Dept. of CSE REC,Hulkoti.


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8086 Lab Manual 2

Contents

MASM Commands

Sample Programs

Lab Programs

Instrut!on Set

Interrupts

Inter"a!ng #ev!es

V!va $uest!ons and Ans%ers



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8086 Lab Manual 3

MASM C&MMA'#S(

C ()*d "oldername

C()"oldername*ed!t "!lename.asm

After this command executed in command prompt an editor window will open.Program should be typed in this window and saved. The program structure is givenbelow.

Struture o" Program(

.model t!n+)small)med!um)large

.Sta, -some number*

.data

In!t!al!/e data

%0!0 !s used !n program.

.ode

Program log! goes 0ere.

end

1o run t0e program2 t0e "ollo%!ng steps 0ave to be "ollo%ed(

C()"oldername*masm "!lename.asm

After this command is executed in command prompt if there are no errors inprogram regarding to syntax the assembler will generates an object module as discussabove.

C()"oldername*l!n, "!lename.obj

After verifying the program for correct syntax and the generated object filesshould be linked together. For this the above link command should be executed and it willgive an EE file if the model directive is small as discuss above.

C()"oldername*debug "!lename.e3e

After generating EE file by the assembler it!s the time to check the output. Forthis the above command is used and the execution of the program can be done in differentways. "t is as shown below#

44 g omplete e3eut!on o" program !n s!ngle step.



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8086 Lab Manual 4

44 t Step%!se e3eut!on.

44d ds( start!ng address or end!ng address 1o see data !n memor+ loat!ons

44p 5sed to e3eute !nterrupt or proedure dur!ng step%!se e3eut!on o"

program

44 6 1o 6u!t t0e e3eut!on.



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8086 Lab Manual 5

'ote(

$evelop and execute the following programs using an %&%' Assembly (anguage.

All the programs to be executed using an assembler like )A*)+ TA*) etc.

Program should have suitable comments.

The board layout and the circuit diagram of the interface are to be provided to thestudent during the examination.

SAMPLE P7&G7AMS

,. Program to move data between the registers-. Program to move immediate data. Program to add two numbers/. Program to multiply two ,'0bit numbers1. Program to divide -0bit unsigned number by ,'0bit number'. Program to illustrate the use of AAA instruction

LAB P7&G7AMS

1. a8*earch a key element in a list of 2n! ,'0bit numbers using the 3inary searchalgorithm.

b84ead the status of eight input bits from the (ogic 5ontroller "nterface anddisplay 2FF! if it is even parity bits otherwise display &&. Also display number of,!s in the input data.

2. a86rite A(P macros#

!.To read a character from the keyboard in the module 7,8 7in a different file8!!. To display a character in module7-8 7from different file8!!!.9se the above two modules to read a string of characters from the keyboardterminated by the carriage return and print the string on the display in the nextline.

b8Perform the following functions using the (ogic 5ontroller "nterface.!.35$ up0down 5ounter !!.4ing 5ounter

3. a8*ort a given set of 2n! numbers in ascending and descending orders using the3ubble *ort algorithm.

b84ead the status of two %0bit inputs 7 : ;8 from the (ogic 5ontroller "nterfaceand display


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8086 Lab Manual 6

Ensure a flashing rate that makes it easy to read both the messages 7Examinerdoes not specify these delay values nor it is necessary for the student to computethese values8.

5. a84everse a given string and check whether it is a palindrome or not.

b8Assume any suitable message of ,- characters length and display it in therolling fashion on a ?0segment display interface for a suitable period of time.Ensure a flashing rate that makes it easy to read both the messages. 7Examinerdoes not specify these delay values nor it is necessary for the student to computethese values8.

6. a84ead two strings+ store them in locations *T4, and *T4-. 5heck whether theyare e=ual or not and display appropriated messages. Also display the length of thestored strings.

b85onvert a ,'0bit binary value 7assumed to be an unsigned integer8 to 35$ anddisplay it from left to right and right to left for specified number of times on a ?0segment display interface.

. a84ead your name from the keyboard and display it at a specified location on thescreen in front of the message 6hat is your name@ ;ou must clear the entirescreen before display.

b8$rive a *tepper )otor interface to rotate the motor in clockwise direction by steps 7 is specified by the examiner8. "ntroduce suitable delay betweensuccessive steps. 7Any arbitrary value for the delay may be assumed by thestudent8.

8. a85ompute the factorial of a positive integer 2n! using recursive procedure.

b8$rive a stepper motor interface to rotate the motor in anticlockwise directionby steps 7 is specified by the examiner8. "ntroduce suitable delay betweensuccessive steps 7 Any arbitrary value for he delay may be assumed by thestudent8.

!. a85ompute n5r using recursive procedure. Assume that 2n! and 2r! are non0negative integers.

b8$rive a stepper motor interface to rotate the motor by steps left direction and steps right direction 7 is specified by the examiner8. "ntroduce suitable delaybetween successive steps. 7Any arbitrary value for the delay may be assumed bythe student8.

10. a8 Find out whether a given sub0string is present or not in a main string ofcharacters.



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8086 Lab Manual

b8*can a % x keypad for key closure and to store the code of the key pressed ina memory location or display on screen. Also display row and column numbers ofthe key pressed.

11. a8Benerate the first 2n! Fibonacci numbers.

b8*can a % x keypad for key closure and simulate A$$ and *93T4A5Toperations as in a calculator.

12. a84ead the current time from the system and display it in the standard format onthe screen.

b8Benerate the *ine 6ave using $A5 interface 7The output of the $A5 is to bedisplayed on the 54C8.

13. a8Program to simulate a $ecimal 9p0counter to display &&0DD.

b8Benerate a >alf 4ectified *ine wave form using the $A5 interface. 7Theoutput of the $A5 is to be displayed on the 54C8.

14. a84ead a pair of input co0ordinates in 35$ and move the cursor to the specifiedlocation on the screen.

b8Benerate a Fully 4ectified *ine waveform using the $A5 interface. 7Theoutput of the $A5 is to be displayed on the 54C8.

15. a8Program to create a file 7input file8 and to delete an existing file.

b8$rive an elevator interface in the following way#!."nitially the elevator should be in the ground floor+ with all re=uests in CFFstate.!!.6hen a re=uest is made from a floor+ the elevator should move to that floor+wait there for a couples of seconds+ and then come down to ground floor and stop."f some re=uests occur during going up or coming down they should be ignored.

ote# "n the examination each student picks one =uestion from a lot of all ,1 =uestions



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8086 Lab Manual 8

SAMPLE P7&G7AMS

9. ALP 1& M&VE #A1A BE1:EE' 1;E 7EGIS1E7S.

.model t!n+

.data

num, db 1&h num- dw ,-/h

.ode

mov ax+data mov ds+ax $ATA *EB)ET ""T"A("GAT"C

mov al+num, mov ah+al

mov bh+ah mov bl+al )CHE* 3;TE (EBT> CF $ATA F4C) 4EB.A( TC 4EB.3(

mov cx+num- mov dx+cx

mov si+axmov di+si )CHE* 6C4$ (EB>T CF $ATA F4C) 4EB.5 TC 4EB.$

int TE4)"ATE* T>E P4CB4A) EE59T"C

align ,' $ATA *EB)ET *TA4T* F4C) PABE 3C9$A4;end

Run1" #$%5050, &$%5050, C$%1234, D$%1234, S'%1234, D'%1234



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8086 Lab Manual 10

=. ALP 1& A## 1:& '5MBE7S

.model small

.data num, db &1h num- db &'h num dw ,-/h num/ dw &&&-h sum db @ sum- dw @

.ode

mov ax+data mov ds+ax ""T"A("GE* $ATA *EB)ET

mov al+num, mov bl+num- add al+bl A$$ T>E - 3;TE* mov sum+al *TC4E* T>E 4E*9(T " )E)C4;

mov cx+num add cx+num/ A$$ T>E - 6C4$* mov sum-+cx *TC4E* T>E 4E*9(T " )E)C4;

int TE4)"ATE T>E P4CB4A) EE59T"C

align ,' $* *TA4T* F4C) PABE 3C9$A4;end

Run1" #$%((0&, C$%1236



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8086 Lab Manual 11

>. ALP 1& M5L1IPL? 1:& 9@BI1 '5MBE7S

.model small

.data

num, dw ,-/hnum- dw &ffffhres dw 1 dup7&8

.ode

mov ax+datamov ds+ax ""T"A("GAT"C CF $ATA *EB)ET

mov ax+num,mov dx+num-mul dx )9(T"P("E* - ,'03"T 9)3E4*

mov res+axmov resI-+dx *TC4E* T>E " )E)C4;

int TE4)"ATE T>E P4CB4A) EE59T"Calign ,' $* *TA4T* F4C) PABE 3C9$A4;

end



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8086 Lab Manual 12

. ALP 1& #IVI#E =


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8086 Lab Manual 13

@. ALP 1& !llustrate t0e use o" AAA !nstrut!on

.model small

.data

read macro *tart of a macromov ah+&,h read a single key strokeint -,hendm end of macro

.ode

mov ax+datamov ds+ax ""T"A("GAT"C CF $ATA *EB)ET

read 5A(( )A54C 4EA$mov bl+al *TC4E T>E 4EA$ LE; " 3( 4EB"*TE4

readmov cl+al

add al+bl A$$ A( 6"T> 3( A$ *TC4E* T>E 4E*9(T " A(.

mov dl+almov ah+&aaa A$M9*T T>E A( HA(9E TC 9PA5LE$ 35$

mov si+ax

int TE4)"ATE* T>E P4CB4A) EE59T"Cend



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8086 Lab Manual 14

LAB P7&G7AMS

9. a Program to sear0 a ,e+ element !n a l!st o" n numbers us!ng t0e B!nar+ sear0

Algor!t0m.

.model small.Sta, 9

.data

array db 1+ ,-+ -+ /1+ '&+ '?+ D'+ ,&& len e=u N0array key db ,&& msg, db OfoundNO msg- db Onot foundNO.ode

mov ax+ data mov ds+ ax

mov si+ &&h mov di+ len0, mov cl+ key

aga!n( mov bx+ si add bx+ di shr bx+ , cmp cl+ arrayJbxK je found

ja down

mov di+ bx dec di jmp up

do%n( mov si+ bxinc si

up( cmp si+ di jle again lea dx+ msg- jmp display

"ound( lea dx+ msg,d!spla+( mov ah+ &Dh int -,h int

end



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8086 Lab Manual 15

Conlus!on(

This program performs a search for a key element in an array. "f the searchelement is found it will display a message 2found!. As the search element 7key inprogram8 is not present in the given array it will display a message 2not found!.



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8086 Lab Manual 16

9. b. 7ead t0e status o" e!g0t !nput b!ts "rom t0e Log! Controller Inter"ae and

d!spla+ DD !" !t !s even par!t+ b!ts ot0er%!se d!spla+ . Also d!spla+ number o" 9s !n

t0e !nput data.

.model small

.data pa e=u &d%&&h pb e=u &d%&,h pc e=u &d%&-h ctrl e=u &d%&h.ode

start( mov ax+ datamov ds+ ax

mov dx+ ctrlmov al+ %-h

out dx+ al

mov dx+ pb in al+ dx mov bl+ &&h mov cx+ &%up( rcl al+, jnc down inc bldo%n( loop up

test bl+&,h jn oddp

mov al+&ffh jmp nextoddp( mov al+&&hne3t( mov dx+pa

out dx+al

call delay

mov al+ blmov dx+ paout dx+ al

int

dela+ pro mov ax+&ffffhup


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8086 Lab Manual 1

jn up, .dec ax)n* up2ret

dela+ endp

end start

Conlus!on(The program reads port 3 of %-511A which is an input port. "f input

contains an odd number of ,!s 7that is the number of (E$!s at logic ,8 then first display&& at port A+ which is an output port+ indicating input is odd parity and after some delaydisplay the number of ,!s present in input at port A.

*imilarly display FF on port A if input data contains even number of ,!s and after some

delay display the number of ,!s present in input data read form port 3.



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8086 Lab Manual 18


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8086 Lab Manual 1!

endm

Conlus!on(

This program reads a string message till enter key is pressed 7user has to enterthe string8. As soon as enter key pressed the read string will displayed on the screen.



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8086 Lab Manual 20


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8086 Lab Manual 21

do%n( mov al+clmov dx+paout dx+alcmp cl+&&h

je downmov al+clsub al+&,dasmov cl+aljmp down,

do%n( mov cl+DDhdo%n9( jmp upe3!t( int

dela+ pro mov ax+ &ffffhup


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8086 Lab Manual 22

7!ng ounter

.model small

.data

pa e=u &d%&&h

pb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&h

.ode

start( mov ax+datamov ds+ax

mov al+%-hmov dx+ctrlout dx+al

mov cl+&-hup( call delaymov al+clmov dx+paout dx+alrol cl+&,

mov ah+&'hmov dl+&ffhint -,hcmp al+R=Rje exitjmp up

e3!t( int

dela+ pro

mov ax+&ffffhup


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8086 Lab Manual 23

9

9

9

9

9

(

(

(

(

(



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8086 Lab Manual 24

=. a. Sort a g!ven set o" n numbers !n asend!ng and desend!ng orders us!ng t0e

Bubble Sort Algor!t0m.

.model small

.data

arr, db 1h+ %Dh+ h+ 1'h+ ,hlen, e=u N0arr, arr- db -Dh+ ,-h+ /1h+ %Dh+ /h len- e=u N0arr-.ode

start( mov ax+ data mov ds+ ax

Ascending *ort mov ch+ len,0, no of itterationsagn9( mov cl+ ch no of comparisions

mov si+ offset arr,rept9( mov al+ JsiK inc si cmp al+ JsiK jbe next, xchg al+ JsiK mov Jsi0,K+ alne3t9( dec cl jn rept, dec ch jn agn,

$escending *ort mov ch+ len-0, no of itterationsagn


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8086 Lab Manual 25

Conlus!on(

This program performs an ascending order and descending order sort on givenarray. "t will store the result in data segment. 6e have to observe the data segmentmemory location for our given array.



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8086 Lab Manual 26

=. b. 7ead t0e status o" t%o b!t !nputs FH ?8 "rom t0e Log!al Controller

Inter"ae and d!spla+ H?.

.model small

.data

pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&h db @; db @G dw @str, db ,+,&+Oread NOstr- db ,+,&+Oread ;NOstr db ,+,&+Sdisplay result N+,+,&

.ode


mov al+%-hmov dx+ctrlout dx+al

up( mov ah+&Dhmov dx+offset str,int -,h

mov ah+&,int -,h

mov dx+pbin al+dxmov x+al

mov ah+&Dhmov dx+offset str-int -,h

mov ah+&,int -,h

mov dx+pbin al+dxmov y+al

mov ah+xmul ah



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8086 Lab Manual 2

mov +ax

mov ah+&Dhmov dx+offset strint -,h

mov dx+pamov ax+mov al+ahout dx+al

call delaymov dx+pamov ax+out dx+al

mov ah+&,int -,hcmp al+OyOje upint

dela+ pro

mov ax+&FFFF>upup9( dec bx

jn up,dec axjn up-

retdela+ endp

end start

Conlus!on(

The program performs the multiplication between two bytes and gives theresult. A message appears on the screen as enter t0e "!rst number.First byte it readsfrom the port 3 of logic controller 7user as to provide8 and waits for enter key to bepressed and once enter key is pressed it will display a message on screen as enter t0eseond numberand once again it reads the data from port 3 7user as to provide one moredata from the same port8 and waits for enter key to be pressed. 4esult will be displayedon the port A of the logic controller.



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8086 Lab Manual 28

>. a. 7ead an alp0anumer! 0arater and d!spla+s !ts e6u!valent ASCII ode at t0e

enter o" t0e sreen.

.model small

.data

alpha db @ ascii db @+ @+ ONO.ode


4EA$ A 5>A4A5TE4 F4C) LE; 3CA4$

mov ah+ &,h int -,h

mov alpha+ al mov cl+ &/ shr al+ cl cmp al+ &Dh jbe add& add al+ &?hadd=( add al+ &h mov ascii+ al

mov al+ alpha and al+ &fh cmp al+ &Dh jbe add&h add al+ &?hadd=0( add al+ &h mov asciiI,+ al 5(EA4 T>E *54EE

mov cx+ &hE 594*C94 PC*"T"C TC $E*"4E$ (C5AT"C. mov ah+ &-h mov bh+ && mov dl+ & column no. mov dh+ ,1 row no. int ,&h



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8086 Lab Manual 2!

mov dx+ offset ascii mov ah+ &Dh int -,h

P4E** ETE4 LE;

mov ah+ &,hint -,h

int end start

Conlus!on(

This program reads the character from key board by using the $C* function &,>and find its A*5"" e=uivalent number. After that it clears the entire screen and places thecursor to the specified location using 3"C* function &->. After+ it will display the A*5""

value where cursor is placed. "n order to observe the output on the screen the program isnot been terminated until enter key is pressed.



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8086 Lab Manual 30

>. b. #!spla+ messages DI7E and ;ELP alternatel+ %!t0 "l!,er!ng e""ets on a

Segment d!spla+ !nter"ae "or a su!table per!od o" t!me. Ensure a "las0!ng rate t0at

ma,es !t eas+ to read bot0 t0e messages.

.model small.sta, 9

.data

pa e=u &d%&&h pb e=u &d%&,h

pc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hstr, db %eh+ &fDh+ %%h+ %'hstr- db %Dh+ %'h+ &c?h+ %ch

.ode

start( mov ax+ data

mov ds+ ax

mov al+ %&hmov dx+ ctrlout dx+ al

aga!n( mov bx+ offset str,call displaycall delaymov bx+ offset str-call displaycall delay

mov ah+ &'hmov dl+ &ffhint -,hcmp al+ R=Rjne again

int

d!spla+ pro

mov si+ &hup9( mov cl+ &%h

mov ah+ JbxIsiKup( mov dx+ pb

rol ah+ ,mov al+ ahout dx+ al

call clock



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8086 Lab Manual 31

dec cljn updec sicmp si+ 0,jne up,

retd!spla+ endp

lo, pro

mov dx+ pcmov al+ &,hout dx+ almov al+ &out dx+ almov dx+ pbret

lo, endp

dela+ pro

push cxpush bxmov cx+ &ffffh

d


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8086 Lab Manual 32

. a. 7everse a g!ven str!ng and 0e, %0et0er !t !s a pal!ndrome or not.

.model small

.data

str, db OalamO

slen e=u 7N0str,8 str- db /& dup7&8 msg, db OPalindromeNO msg- db Oot PalindromeNO.ode

start( mov ax+data mov ds+ax mov es+ax

mov cx+slen mov si+offset str,

add si+slen 0 , mov di+offset str-

up( mov al+JsiK mov JdiK+al dec si inc di loop up

mov si+offset str, mov di+offset str- mov cx+slen cldrepe cmpsb jne down

mov dx+offset msg, jmp down,do%n( mov dx+offset msg-do%n9( mov ah+&Dh int -,h int

end start

Conlus!on(

This program reverse the string provided in data segment by keeping theoriginal string as it is and compares both the strings. "t will check each and everycharacter. "f all the characters are same then the given string is said to be as palindromeand it will display a message Spal!ndrome on screen otherwise the given string is notpalindrome and it will display a message Snot pal!ndrome on screen.



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8086 Lab Manual 33

. b. Assume an+ su!table message o" 9< 0araters lengt0 and d!spla+ !t !n t0e

roll!ng "as0!on on a Segment d!spla+ Inter"ae "or a su!table per!od o" t!me.

Ensure a "las0!ng rate t0at ma,es !t eas+ to read t0e message.

.model small

.sta, 9.data

pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hstr, db &c&h+&fDh+&a/h+&b&h+DDh+D-h+%h+&f%h+%&h+D%h+&c&h+&fDh

.ode

start( mov dx+ datamov ds+ dx


aga!n( mov bx+ offset str,call displaycall delaymov ah+ &'hmov dl+ &ffhint -,hcmp al+ R=Rjn againint

d!spla+ pro

mov si+ &bh

up9( call delaymov cl+ &%hmov ah+ JbxIsiK

up( mov dx+ pbrol ah+ ,mov al+ ahout dx+ al

call clock dec cljn up



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8086 Lab Manual 34

dec sicmp si+ 0,jne up,ret

d!spla+ endp

lo, pro

mov dx+ pcmov al+ &,hout dx+ almov al+ &out dx+ almov dx+ pbret

lo, endp

dela+ propush cxpush bx

mov cx+ &ffffhd


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8086 Lab Manual 35

@. a. 7ead t%o str!ngs store t0em !n loat!ons S179 and S17


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8086 Lab Manual 36

disp msg- mov si+&h

upET>E4 *T4"B* A4E EU9A( C4 CT. mov cx+len, cmp cx+len- jne note=

mov si+offset str, mov di+offset str- cldrepe cmpsb jne note=

disp msg/ jmp next

note6( disp msgne3t( mov al+byte ptr len, aam add ax+ &&h mov slen,+ ah mov slen,I,+ al

mov al+byte ptr len- aam add ax+ &&h mov slen-+ ah mov slen-I,+ al

disp msg1 int

end start

Conlus!on(

This program reads two strings from user and compares both the strings. First itchecks the length of the strings and if lengths are e=ual then it will checks each and everycharacter. "f all the characters are same then the given strings are said to be e=ual and itwill display a message Sstrings are e=ual along with length of both the strings on screen.



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8086 Lab Manual 3

@. b. Convert a 9@b!t b!nar+ valueFassumed to be an uns!gned !nteger8 to BC# and

d!spla+ !t "orm le"t to r!g0t and r!g0t to le"t "or spe!"!ed number o" t!mes on a

Segment d!spla+ Inter"ae.

.model small

.data pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hbin dw &&&Dhbcd db / dup7&8count db &-disptbl db &c&h+ &fDh+ &a/h+ &b&h+ DDh+ D-h+ %-h+ &f%h+ %&h+ D%h

.ode

start( mov ax+ data

mov ds+ ax


mov bx+ ,&mov cx+ &/mov ax+ bin

ba,( mov dx+ &div bxpush dxloop backlea si+ bcdmov cx+ &/

ba,9( pop dx

mov JsiK+ dlinc siloop back,

mov bx+ offset disptbl

d!sp( call display,call delaycall displaycall delaydec countjn dispint

d!spla+ pro



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8086 Lab Manual 38

mov si+ &&n3t0ar(mov al+ bcdJsiK

xlatmov ah+ %

n3tseg( mov dx+ pb

rol al+ &,out dx+ almov ch+ al

call clockmov al+chdec ahjn nxtseg

inc sicmp si+/

jne nxtcharretd!spla+ endp

d!spla+9 pro

mov si+ &n3t0ar9( mov al+ bcdJsiK

xlatmov ah+ %

n3tseg9( mov dx+ pbrol al+ &,out dx+ almov ch+ al

call clockmov al+chdec ahjn nxtseg,

dec sicmp si+0,jne nxtchar,ret

d!spla+9 endp

lo, pro

mov dx+ pcmov al+ &,hout dx+ almov al+ &



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8086 Lab Manual 3!

out dx+ almov dx+ pbret

lo, endp

dela+ propush cxpush bx

mov cx+ &ffffhd


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8086 Lab Manual 40

. a. 7ead +our name "rom t0e ,e+board and d!spla+s !t at a spe!"!ed loat!on on

t0e sreen !n "ront o" t0e message :0at !s +our nameN +ou must lear t0e ent!re

sreen be"ore d!spla+.

.model small

.data msg, db OEnter the name NO x db ,& y db -& msg- db O6hat is your name @ O str db & dup7&8.ode

d!sp maromov dx+ offset mov ah+ &Dint -,h

endm

start( mov ax+data mov ds+ax FC4 4EA$"B T>E *T4"B disp msg, mov si+&hup( mov ah+ &, int -,h cmp al+&dh je down mov strJsiK+al inc si jmp updo%n( mov strJsiK+RNR FC4 5(EA4"B T>E *54EE mov cx+ -Dh


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8086 Lab Manual 41

Conlus!on(

This program will reads a string and displays the same string on the screen at thedesired position after clearing the screen.



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8086 Lab Manual 42

. b. #r!ve a Stepper Motor Inter"ae to rotate t0e motor !n lo,%!se d!ret!on b+ '

steps F' !s spe!"!ed b+ t0e e3am!ner8. Introdue su!table dela+ bet%een suess!ve

steps.

.model small

.data

pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hnstep db -

.ode


mov al+ %&hmov dx+ ctrl

out dx+ al

mov bh+ nstepmov al+ %%h

aga!n9( call stepror al+ ,dec bhjn again,

int

step pro

mov dx+ paout dx+ al

mov cx+ &ffffhd


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8086 Lab Manual 43

. a. Compute t0e "ator!al o" a pos!t!ve !nteger On us!ng reurs!ve proedure.

.model small

.sta, ,&&h

.data

n, dw nfact dw @

.ode


mov ax+ &, mov dx+ && mov cx+ n,

5A(( T>E P4C5E$94E FA5T call factn mov nfact+ax mov nfactI-+ dx int

"atn proc cmp cx+&& je exit cmp cx+ &, je exit

push cx dec cx call factn

pop cx mul cxe3!t( ret"atn endp

end start

Conlus!on(

This program computes the factorial of a given number and stores the result in Aand $ registers.



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8086 Lab Manual 44

. b. #r!ve a Stepper Motor Inter"ae to rotate t0e motor !n ant!lo,%!se d!ret!on

b+ ' steps F' !s spe!"!ed b+ t0e e3am!ner8. Introdue su!table dela+ bet%een

suess!ve steps.

.model small

.data pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hnstep db -

.ode


mov al+ %&h

mov dx+ ctrlout dx+ al


aga!n9( call steprol al+ ,dec bhjn again,

int

step pro

mov dx+ paout dx+ al

mov cx+ &bfffhd


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8086 Lab Manual 45

. a. Compute nCr us!ng reurs!ve proedure. Assume t0at On and Or are non

negat!ve !ntegers.

.model small

.sta, -&

.data n db &%h r db &1h ncr db @.ode

start( mov ax+data mov ds+ax mov ncr+&&h mov al+n mov bl+r call encer

int

ener propara9( cmp al+bl je para%para( dec al cmp bl+al je paraDpara( push ax push bx call encerpara@( pop bx pop ax dec bl push ax push bx call encerpara( pop bx pop ax retpara( inc ncr retpara( inc ncrpara9( add ncr+al retener endp

end start



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8086 Lab Manual 46

Conlus!on(

This program performs n5r using recursive procedure. Cutput is stored in datasegment. To observe the output in data segment we have to search for our given OnandOrvalues as program is written to store the result after the given data in data segment.



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8086 Lab Manual 4

. b. #r!ve a Stepper Motor Inter"ae to rotate t0e motor b+ ' steps le"t d!ret!on

and ' steps r!g0t d!ret!on F' !s spe!"!ed b+ t0e e3am!ner8. Introdue su!table dela+

bet%een suess!ve steps.

.model small

.data pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hnstep db -

.ode


mov al+ %&h

mov dx+ ctrlout dx+ al

mov bh+ nstep

mov al+ %%h

aga!n9( call stepror al+ ,dec bhjn again,


aga!n


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8086 Lab Manual 48

retstep endp

end start

Conlus!on(

This program drives a stepper motor interface to rotate by % steps left directionand % steps right direction. After each rotation a delay is introduced to observe therotation. After completing the rotations the execution will get stopped.



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8086 Lab Manual 4!

9. a. D!nd out %0et0er a g!ven substr!ng !s present or not !n a ma!n str!ng o"

0araters.

.model small

.data

str, db RLA4ATALAR len, e=u 7N0str,8 str- db RALAR len- e=u 7N0str-8 msgf db R*ubstring found in main string at position# R posn db @+RNR msgnf db R*ubstring not foundNR ascii db R&,-/1'?%DA35$EFR+!N!.ode

start( mov ax+data mov ds+ax

mov es+ax

mov bx+len, sub bx+len- inc bx lea si+str, lea di+str-

aga!n( push si push di mov cx+len-repe cmpsb pop di pop si je fnd inc si dec bx jn again lea dx+msgnf jmp display

"nd( lea dx+msgf sub si+offset str,

sub si+ len-0, lea bx+ascii mov ax+si xlat mov posn+ald!spla+( mov ah+&Dh int -,h int



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8086 Lab Manual 50

end start

Conlus!on(

This program checks a sub0string is present or not in main string. 3oth sub0stringand main string are provided in data segment of program. "f substring is found in main

string it will display a message Ssubstring found. "f not it will display a message asSsubstring not found.



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8086 Lab Manual 51

9. b. San a 3= ,e+pad "or ,e+ losure and to store t0e ode o" t0e ,e+ pressed !n a

memor+ loat!on and d!spla+ on sreen. Also d!spla+ ro% and olumn numbers o"

t0e ,e+ pressed.

.model small

.sta, ,&&.datapa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hA*5""5C$E db O&,-/1'?%D.I0


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8086 Lab Manual 52

mov cl+&rol bh+clmov cl+bhmov al+ahlea bx+A*5""5C$E

add bl+clxlatmov key+al

disp msgdisp str,mov ah+ &,int -,hcmp al+RyRje again,int

san promov cx+&mov bh+&mov al+%&h

n3tro%( rol al+,mov bl+almov dx+pcout dx+almov dx+pain al+dxcmp al+&jne keyid

mov al+blinc bhloop nxtrowret

,e+!d( mov si+,mov cx+%mov ah+&

agn( ror al+,jc skipinc ahloop agn

s,!p( retsan endp

end start



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8086 Lab Manual 53

Conlus!on(

This program reads the data from the %


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8086 Lab Manual 54

99. a. Generate t0e "!rst On D!bona! numbers.

.model small

.sta, -&

.data

fib db ,1 dup7@8 n dw &Dh.ode

start( mov ax+data mov ds+ax

mov cx+n lea si+fib mov byte ptr JsiK+&&h inc si dec cx

mov byte ptr JsiK+&, dec cxa9( mov al+Jsi0,K add al+JsiK inc si mov JsiK+al loop a, int

end start

Conlus!on(

This program generates a Fibonacci series for the given number. Cutput will beobserved in data segment. Fibonacci series of first D numbers is &&+ &,+ &,+ &-+ &+ &1+ &%+&$+ ,1.



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8086 Lab Manual 55

99. b. San an 3= ,e+pad "or ,e+ losure and s!mulate A## and S5B17AC1

operat!ons as !n a alulator.

.model small

.data

pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&hasciicode db O&,-/1'?%D.I0


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8086 Lab Manual 56

cmp al+R0Rje sub,disp msg/jmp up

add9( mov al+op,add al+op-sub al+'&hmov res+RIRaamadd ax+ &&hmov resI,+ ahmov resI-+ aljmp exit

sub9( mov al+op,

mov bl+op-cmp al+bljnc next

mov res+R0Rxchg al+bljmp next,

ne3t( mov res+RIRne3t9( sub al+bl

aamadd ax+ &&hmov resI,+ ahmov resI-+ al

e3!t( disp msg1int

,b pro

mov si+&&haga!n9( call delay

call scancmp si+&&hje again,mov cl+&rol bh+clmov cl+bhmov al+ahlea bx+asciicodeadd bl+clxlatmov JdiK+al



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8086 Lab Manual 5

ret,b endp

san pro

mov cx+&

mov bh+&mov al+%&h

nro%( rol al+,mov bl+almov dx+pcout dx+almov dx+pain al+dxcmp al+&&hjne keyid

mov al+blinc bhloop nrowret

,e+!d ( mov si+,mov ah+&mov cx+%

agn( rcr al+,jc skipinc ahloop agn

s,!p( retsan endp

dela+ pro

mov bx+&bfffhnet9( mov cx+&fff&hnet( loop net

dec bxjn net,ret

dela+ endp

end start

Conlus!on(

This program reads the data from the %


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8086 Lab Manual 58

9>#)). 3ut by using the sameDOS functionwe canalso display the seconds and milliseconds.



59/100

8086 Lab Manual 5!

9


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8086 Lab Manual 60

Conlus!on(

This program generates a sine wave of having amplitude of 1H. Cutput will beseen in 54C. "t will be continues wave. "t stops execution as soon as any key is pressedfrom the key board.



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8086 Lab Manual 61

9=. a. Program to s!mulate a #e!mal 5pCounter to d!spla+ Q .

.model small

.data

string db Othe count is O

nors db @+@+RNR.odestart( mov ax+data mov ds+ax

mov ah+&h mov bh+&&h int ,&hup( mov cl+&&hup9( mov al+cl aam add ax+ &&h

mov nors+ ah mov norsI,+ al push dx mov ah+&-h mov bh+&&h int ,&h mov dx+offset string mov ah+&Dh int -,h inc cl call delay mov ah+&'h mov dl+&ffh int -,h cmp al+R=R je exit pop dx

cmp cl+,&& je up jmp up,e3!t( int dela+ pro

mov ax+&ffffhd9( mov dx+&fffhd


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8086 Lab Manual 62

end start

Conlus!on(

5ount from && to DD will given by this program. 5ount will continue until a keyis pressed in key board.



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8086 Lab Manual 63

9=. b. Generate a ;al" 7et!"!ed S!ne :ave "orm us!ng t0e #AC !nter"ae.

.model small

.data

pa e=u &c/&&h

pb e=u &c/&,hpc e=u &c/&-hctrl e=u &c/&htable db ,-%+,-+,?+,/,+,/'+,1&+,1/+,1D+,'+,'?+,?,+,?'+,%&+,%/+,%%

db ,D-+,D'+,DD+-&+-&'+-,&+-,+-,?+--&+--+--'+--D+-,+-/+-'db -D+-/,+-/+-/1+-/?+-/%+-1&+-1,+-1-+-1+-1/+-11+-1/+-1+-1-db -1,+-1&+-/%+-/?+-/1+-/+-/,+-D+-'+-/+-,+--D+--'+--+--&db -,?+-,+-,&+-&'+-&+,DD+,D'+,D-+,%%+,%/+,%&+,?'+,?,+,'?+,'db ,1D+,1/+,1&+,/'+,/,+,?+,-+,-%

.ode

start( mov ax+data

mov ds+ax

mov al+%&hmov dx+ctrlout dx+al

aga!n=( mov bx+&1hup( mov cx+%

mov si+&&

aga!n>( mov dx+pamov al+tableJsiKout dx+alinc siloop again/

mov cx+%mov al+,-%

ne3t( out dx+alloop nextdec bxcmp bx+&&hjn up

mov ah+&'hmov dl+&ffhint -,hj again

int end start



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8086 Lab Manual 64

Conlus!on( This program generates a half 0 rectified sine wave of 1H amplitude. Cutputwill be seen in 54C. "t stops execution as soon as any key is pressed from the key board.



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8086 Lab Manual 65

9>. a. 7ead a pa!r o" !nput oord!nates !n BC# and moves t0e ursor to t0e

spe!"!ed loat!on on t0e sreen.

.model small

.data

x db @ y db @ msg, db ,+ ,&+ OEnter the y co ordinate 7&& 0 ,D8NO msg- db ,+ ,&+ OEnter the x co ordinate 7&& 0 1&8NO.ode

read maro

mov ah+ &,h int -,h endm

start( mov ax+data

mov ds+axmov dx+offset msg,

mov ah+&Dh int -,h

read mov cl+ &/h shl al+ cl mov bl+al

read and al+&fh or al+bl mov y+al

mov dx+offset msg- mov ah+&Dh int -,h

read mov cl+&/h shl al+cl mov bl+al

read and al+&fh or al+bl mov x+al



66/100

8086 Lab Manual 66

5(EA4 *54EE mov ah+&-h mov cx+ ,Dh


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8086 Lab Manual 6

9>. b. Generate a Dull+ 7et!"!ed S!ne :ave "orm us!ng t0e #AC !nter"ae.

.model small

.data

pa e=u &c/&&h

pb e=u &c/&,hpc e=u &c/&-hctrl e=u &c/&htable db ,-%+,-+,?+,/,+,/'+,1&+,1/+,1D+,'+,'?+,?,+,?'+,%&+,%/+,%%

db ,D-+,D'+,DD+-&+-&'+-,&+-,+-,?+--&+--+-,?+--&+--+--'+--Ddb -,+-/+-'+-D+-/,+-/+-/1+-/?+-/%+-1&+-1,+-1-+-1+-1/+-11db -1/+-1+-1-+-1,+-1&+-/%+-/?+-/1+-/+-/,+-D+-'+-/+-,+--Ddb --'+--+--&+-,?+-,+-,&+-&'+-&+,DD+,D'+,D-+,%%+,%/+,%&+,?'db ,?,+,'?+,'+,1D+,1/+,%&+,/'+,/,+,?+,-+,-%

count dw %.ode


mov al+%&hmov dx+ctrlout dx+al

agn ( mov bx+&1ba,9( mov cx+count

mov si+&&h

ba,( mov al+tableJsiKmov dx+paout dx+alinc siloop back

dec bxcmp bx+&&jn back,

mov ah+&'hmov dl+&ffhint -,hj agnint

end start

Conlus!on(

This program generates a fully rectified sine wave of 1H amplitude. Cutput willbe seen in 54C. "t stops execution as soon as key is pressed from the key board.



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8086 Lab Manual 68

9. a. Program to reate a "!le F!nput "!le8 and to delete an e3!st!ng "!le.

.model small

.data

string db OEnter the file name for the file to be createdO+,+,&+RNR

msg, db ,+,&+OThe file cannot be createdO+,+,&+RNR msg- db ,+,&+OFile created successfullyO+,+,&+RNR str, db /& dup7&8 string, db OEnter the file name to be deletedO+,+,&+RNR msg db ,+,&+OThe file cannot be deletedO+,+,&+RNR msg/ db ,+,&+OFile deleted successfullyO+,+,&+RNR str- db /& dup7&8.ode

d!sp marox lea dx+ x mov ah+ &Dh

int -,h endm

start( mov ax+data mov ds+ax disp string mov bx+&&h

up( mov ah+&,h int -,h cmp al+&dh je exit mov str,JbxK+al inc bx jmp up

e3!t( mov str,JbxK+RNR mov ah+ch mov cx+&&-&h mov dx+offset str, int -,h

jc down disp msg- jmp down,

do%n( disp msg,

do%n9( disp string, mov bx+&&hup9( mov ah+&,h



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8086 Lab Manual 6!

int -,h cmp al+&dh je exit, mov str-JbxK+al inc bx

jmp up,

e3!t9( mov str-JbxK+RNR mov ah+/,h mov dx+offset strint -,h jc down- disp msg/ jmp down

do%n


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8086 Lab Manual 0

9. b. #r!ve an Elevator Inter"ae !n t0e "ollo%!ng %a+ to move an elevator "rom

ground to top "loor and top to ground.

.model small

.data

pa e=u &d%&&hpb e=u &d%&,hpc e=u &d%&-hctrl e=u &d%&htf db &cf db &

.ode

mov ax+ datamov ds+ axmov al+ %-hmov dx+ ctrl

out dx+ al

"nitially display lift in ground floormov cf+ &hmov al+ cfor al+ &f&hmov dx+ paout dx+ al

5heck for the re=uested floorstart( call chk

cmp al+R=Rj exitcmp al+ &fehje gfrcmp al+ &fdhje ffrcmp al+ &fbhje sfrcmp al+ &f?hje tfrjmp start

e3!t( int

Bround floorg"r( mov tf+&

call floorne3t( mov al+ &e&h

mov dx+ paout dx+ aljmp start



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8086 Lab Manual 1

First floor""r( mov tf+ ,

call floorne3t9( mov al+ &dh

mov dx+ paout dx+ aljmp start

*econd floors"r( mov tf+-

call floorne3t( mov dx+ pb check the status of target floorin al+dxor al+ &f&hcmp al+&ffhj chkmov tf+ alret

0, endp

procedure to move lift up and down"loor pro

mov al+ mul tfmov cl+al target floor lift position



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8086 Lab Manual 2

mov al+ &mul cfmov ch+ al current floor lift positioncmp cl+chje ext,

ja upba,( call updowndec ch to move lift downcmp cl+chjle backjmp ext

up( call updowninc ch to move lift upcmp cl+chjge up

e3t( mov cl+ tf

mov cf+ cle3t9( ret"loor endp

updo%n pro

mov al+chor al+ &f&hmov dx+ paout dx+ alcall delayret

updo%n endp

dela+ pro

push bxpush cxmov cx+&fffh

b


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8086 Lab Manual 3

Instrut!on Set(

"nstructions Cperands $escription

M&V

7EG2 memor+

memor+2 7EG

7EG2 7EG

memor+2 !mmed!ate

7EG2 !mmed!ate

S7EG2 memor+

memor+2 S7EG

7EG2 S7EG

S7EG2 7EG

Cop+ operand< to operand9.

The )CH instruction cannot#

*et the value of the 5* and "P registers.

5opy value of one segment register to another segment

register 7should copy to general register first8.

5opy immediate value to segment register 7should copy to

general register first8.

Algor!t0m( operand9 R operand and A( after addition when working with35$ values.

Algor!t0m(

if low nibble of A( Z D or AF X , then#

A( X A( I '

A> X A> I ,

AF X ,

5F X ,

else

AF X &

5F X &

in both cases#clear the high nibble of A(.

Example#)CH A+ ,1 A> X &&+ A( X &FhAAA A> X &,+ A( X &1

AAS 'o &perands

ASCII Adjust a"ter Subtrat!on.

5orrects result in A> and A( after subtraction when working with35$ values.

Algor!t0m(

if low nibble of A( Z D or AF X , then#

A( X A( 0 '

A> X A> 0 ,

AF X ,

5F X ,

else

AF X &

5F X &



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8086 Lab Manual 80

in both cases#clear the high nibble of A(.

Example#)CH A+ &-FFh A> X &-+ A( X &FFhAA* A> X &,+ A( X &D

AAM 'o &perands

ASCII Adjust a"ter Mult!pl!at!on.

5orrects the result of multiplication of two 35$ values.

Algor!t0m(

A> X A( V ,&

A( X remainder

Example#)CH A(+ ,1 A( X &FhAA) A> X &,+ A( X &1

Interrupt I'1


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8086 Lab Manual 81

E3ample(

)ov A>+ &,h"T -,h

Dunt!on on entry+ then thisfunction reads the console. "f $( X A*5"" character+ then this function displays the A*5""character on the console video screen.

"nvoked by# Parameters for CVP# #LX &\-11 Parameters for "VP# #LX -11.

4eturns# for CVP# ALX #L. For "VP# Dset if no character available : ALX &

Dclear if character available : ALX character.E3ample(

)ov A>+ &'h)ov $(+ &ffh"T -,h

Dunt!on 0- :r!te a str!ng to standard output at#S( #H.*tring must be terminated by RTR.The string can be of any length and may contain controlcharacters such as carriage return 7&$>8 and line feed 7&A>8.

"nvoked by# #SX string to write. A;X &Dh

E3ample()ov A>+ &Dh)ov $+offset str Address of the string to be displayed"T -,h

Dunt!on


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8086 Lab Manual 82

E3ample(

)ov A>+ -ch"T -,h

Dunt!on =C0- Create or trunate "!le.

"nvoked by# CHX file attributes#mov cx+ & normal 0 no attributes.mov cx+ , read0only.mov cx+ - hidden.mov cx+ / systemmov cx+ ? hidden+ system and read0only]mov cx+ ,' archive

mov cx+ &3> Holume labelmov cx+ ,&> *ubdirectory

#S( #H0Z filename. A;X5h

4eturns#CDclear if successful+ AHX file handle.CDset on error AHX error code.

E3ample(

)ov A>+ ch)ov 5+ &,)ov $+ offset Filename

"T -,h

Dunt!on >900 #elete "!le7unlink8.

"nvoked by# #S( #H0Z A*5"G filename 7no wildcards+ but see notes8.A;X/,h

4eturn#CDclear if successful+ AHdestroyed.CDset on error AHX error code.

E3ample(

)ov A>+ /,h)ov $+ offset Filename"T -,h

Dunt!on >C0 Q 1erm!nate a proess.

"nvoked by# A;X /ch4eturn# returns control to the operating system.



83/100


84/100

8086 Lab Manual 84

inputs from transducers like sensorsVlimit switches+ key inputs etc.. perform a se=uence oflogical and arithmetic opertaions on them and use the result to maitain the process withinspecified safe operating conditions while providing information on the status of theprocess at any instant of time.The logic controller interface consits essentially of two %bit ports+ an input and an output port. The inputs and outputs are connected to the user

systems. The logic state fo each input and output is indicated by (E$s and all signals areTT( compatible. The input signals are connected to port 3 of %-511A while output linesare driven from port A.

*ome of the cpabilities of theis interface are#

a. Programmable 5ounter b. *e=uential 5ounter c. 5ombinational 5ontroller.



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8086 Lab Manual 85


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8086 Lab Manual 86

The hardware uses four shift register "5s ?/,'/. ?/,'/ is an %0bit serial in0parallel outshift register with asynchronous reset and two input pins. "t re=uires % clock cycles atS5(L pin to shift the serial data from input to % parallel outputs. After % shifts+ the firstserial bit will be in output U>+ and only now the data at output is valid. To cascade more?/,'/ shift register "5 need to connect the last output U> to the input of second shift

register.

The output is connected to the cathode of the (E$s in the ? segment display and thuscommon anode displays are used. The anode is connected to IH cc. The last output of thefirst sift register is connected to input of the -nd shift register and the last output o f -nd

shift register to input of rdand so on. Thus the shift register are serial in parallel out andthey are connected to displays+ in such a way that output &A is connected to displaysegment 2a! and &3 to 2b! and so on up to &> through & ohm resistors.

The shifting of data bit takes place for each clock cycle. ?/&/ "5 used provides isolationand the interface board gets 1H through port bit.

Pin , is used as data pin and pin - is used as other input to Hcc. The clock signal isgenerated at a port bit which will be connected to the clock of the shift register.

P3& is used for data bit and P5& for clock through which a falling edge has to be sent.

The microprocessor stores the display information in a 4A). Each time a display has tobe updated the microprocessor fetches all bytes one by one from 4A) and outputscorresponding display codes serially that is bit by bit to display. >exadecimal code isstores in the 4A). The code conversion from hexa to ? segment is done just before thedisplay is updated.

The ? segment display is used as a numerical indicator on many types of test e=uipment."t is an assembly of light emitting diodes which can be powered individually. There aretwo important types of ?0segment (E$ display."n a ommon at0odedisplay+ the cathodes of all the (E$s are joined together and theindividual segments are illuminated by >"B> voltages."n a ommon anodedisplay+ the anodes of all the (E$s are joined together and theindividual segments are illuminated by connecting to a (C6 voltage.

#!spla+ ode

*ince the outputs of shift registers are connected to cathode sides of displays+ low inputmust be given to segments for making them glow and high inputs for making them blank.Each display has % segments 7a+ b+ c+ d+ e+ f+ g+ h8 as shown. For displaying any characterthe corresponding segment must be given low inputs.



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8086 Lab Manual 8

The one shown above is a common anode display since all anodes are joined together andgo to the positive supply. The cathodes are connected individually to ero volts. 4esistorsmust be placed in series with each diode to limit the current through each diode to a safevalue. The d.prepresents a decimal point.

The following table shows how to form characters# R&R means that pin is connected toground. R,R means that pin is connected to Hcc.

d.p g f e d c b a >ex. value

& , , & & & & & & 5&

, , , , , , & & , FD

- , & , & & , & & A/

, & , , & & & & 3&

/ , & & , , & & , DD

1 , & & , & & , & D-

' , & & & & & , & %-



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8086 Lab Manual 88

? , , , , , & & & F%

% , & & & & & & & %&

D , & & , , & & & D%

F , & & & , , , & %e

" , , , , , & & , FD

4 , & & & , & & & %%

E , & & & & , , & %'

=. Stepper Motor(

A stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanicalmovement. "n applications such as disk drives+ dot matrix printers+ and robotics+ thestepper motor is used for Position control.

Every stepper motor has a permanent magnet rotor 7also called the shaft.8 surrounded bya stator. The most common stepper motors have four common stator windings that arepairs with a center0taped common. This type of stepper motor is commonly referred to asa four0phase stepper motor.

A *tepper motor is stepped from one position to the next by changing the currents

through the fields in the motor. 5ommon step sies for stepper motors range from &.Ddegrees to & degrees.

%-511A is used to provide the drive signals that are used to rotate the armature of themotor in either the right0hand or left0hand direction.



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8086 Lab Manual 8!

The power circuit for one winding of the stepper motor is as shown in figure above. "t isconnected to the port A 7PA&8 of %-511A. *imilar circuits are connected to the remaininglower bits of port A 7PA,+ PA-+ PA8. Cne winding is energied at a time. The coils areturned CVCFF one at a time successively.



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8086 Lab Manual !0

The stepper motor showing full0step operation is shown below.7A8 /10degrees. 738 ,10degrees 758 --10degrees 7$8 ,10degrees.



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/. Matr!3 Ke+board #!spla+(

The rows are connected to an output port and the columns are connected to an input port."f no key has been pressed+ reading the input port will yields &s for all columns since theyare all connected to ground. "f all the rows are high and a key is pressed+ one of thecolumns will have , since the key pressed provides the path to high. "t is the function ofthe microprocessor to scan the keyboard continuously to detect and identify the keypressed.



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Label on

t0e ,e+top

;e3 ode Label on

t0e ,e+

top

;e3 ode

& & 0 &5, , &$

- - V &E

W &F

/ / A5 ,&

1 1 5E ,,

' ' 5>L ,-

? ? X ,

% % )5 ,/

D D )4 ,1

. &A ) ,'

I &3 )I ,?

Proess o" !dent!"+!ng t0e ,e+ pressed(

To detect a pressed key+ the micro processor set high all rows by providing , to the outputlatch+ then it reads the columns. "f the data read from the columns is PA&0PA? X&&&&&&&&+ no key has been pressed and process continues until a key press is detected."f one of the column bits has a high+ this means that a key press has occurred.

For example+ if PA&0PA? X &&&&,&&&+ this means that a key in the PA/ column has been

pressed.

After a key press is detected+ the micro processor will go through the process ofidentifying the key. ow micro processor sets each row to ground then it reads thecolumns. "f the data read is all &s+ no key in that row is activated and the process ismoved to next row. "t grounds the next row+ reads the columns+ and checks for any ,. Thisprocess continues until the row is identified. After identification of the row in which thekey has been pressed+ the next task is to find out which column the pressed key belongsto.To identify the key press+ it rotates the column bits+ one bit at a time+ into the carry flagand checks to see if it is high. 9pon finding the ,+ it pulls out the A*5"" code for that key

from the look0up table otherwise+ it increments the pointer to point to the next element ofthe look0up table.



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8086 Lab Manual !3

. #AC I'1E7DACE

The pin details of $A5 &%&& is given below and schematic diagram of the dual $A5interface is given below.

The port A and port 3 of %-511A peripheral are used as output ports. The digital inputs tothe $A5s are porvided through these ports. The analog outputs of the $A5s areconnected to the inverting inputs of CP0amps ?/, which acts as current to voltageconverters. The outputs from the CP0amps are connected to points marked out and ;out at which the waveforms are observed on a 54C. The power supplies of I,- and 0,-are regulated for this interface.



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8086 Lab Manual !4

@. Elevator Inter"ae.

The above figure gives hardware details re=uired for the simulation of the elevator.This interface has four keys+ marked &+ ,+ -+ and 7"n above fig L,+ L-+ L+ L/8representing the re=uest buttons at the four floors. These keys are connected to preset7P48 of the $ flip0flop. "f this key is closed the output goes low and it goes high and thusthe corresponding re=uest (E$ will be C.

The outputs of the four Flip0flops 7?/(*?/8 can be read through port 3 7P3C+ P3"+ P3-and P38 so that the floor at which re=uest is re=uired is known and the same will beserviced. Also+ the status of these signals is reflected by a setoff / (E$!s which are calledas re=uest (E$s whose cathode are connected to outputs of four flip0flops while anodesare connected to I1v as shown in figure. The Flip0Flop can be rest 7(E$!s are cleared8through higher bits of port A 7PA/+ PA1+ PA'+ and PA?8 so that after servicing the floor atwhich re=uest was done the corresponding re=uest (E$ is turned CFF+ sending a low tothe flip0flop through port A.



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8086 Lab Manual !5

A column of ,& (E$!s+ representing the elevator can be controlled through Port A 7PA&+PA,+ PA- and PA8. These port lines are fed to the inputs of the 35$ to decimal decoder"5?//- whose outputs are active0low used to control the onVoff states of the (E$!s whichsimulate the motion of the elevator. These (E$* have their cathodes connected to theoutputs of the decoder through the resistors and the anodes are commonly connected to

the I1v supply as shown in the figure. As the output of 35$ decoders are active low andlogic low on output causes the corresponding (E$ goes C. For Example+ "f &&,& is theinput to the decoder then line - goes low and the third (E$ goes C.

The motion of elevator can be simulated by turning on successive (E$!s one at a time.The delay between turning off one (E$ and turning on the next (E$ can simulate theSspeed of the elevator.



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8086 Lab Manual !6

V!va $uest!ons and Ans%ers

9. :0at !s a M!roproessor

A'S( )icroprocessor is a program0controlled device+ which fetches the instructions from

memory+ decodes and executes the instructions. )ost )icro Processor are single0 chipdevices.

. :0at are t0e "lags !n @

A'S("n %&%' 5arry flag+ Parity flag+ Auxiliary carry flag+ Gero flag+ Cverflow flag+Trace flag+ "nterrupt flag+ $irection flag+ and *ign flag.

. :0at !s t0e Ma3!mum lo, "re6uen+ !n @

A'S( 1 )h is the )aximum clock fre=uency in %&%'.

@. :0at are t0e var!ous segment reg!sters !n @

A'S( 5ode+ $ata+ *tack+ Extra *egment registers in %&%'.

. Log! alulat!ons are done !n %0!0 t+pe o" reg!sters

A'S(Accumulator is the register in which Arithmetic and (ogic calculations are done.

. ;o% @ !s "aster t0an

A'S(3ecause of pipelining concept. %&%' 3"9 fetches the next instruction when E9

busy in executing the anoter instruction.

. :0at does E5 do

A'S(Execution 9nit receives program instruction codes and data from 3"9+ executesthese instructions and store the result in general registers.

9. :0!0 Segment !s used to store !nterrupt and subrout!ne return address

reg!sters



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A'S(*tack *egment in segment register is used to store interrupt and subroutine returnaddress registers.

99. :0at does m!roproessor speed depend on

A'S(The processing speed depends on $ATA 39* 6"$T>.

9. :0at !s "lag

A'S( Flag is a flip0flop used to store the information about the status of a processor andthe status of the instruction executed most recently.

9. :0!0 Dlags an be set or reset b+ t0e programmer and also used to ontrol t0e

operat!on o" t0e proessor

A'S(Trace Flag+ "nterrupt Flag+ $irection Flag.

9@. In 0o% man+ modes @ an be opertaed and 0o%

A'S(%&%' can be opertaed in - modes. They are )inimum mode if )V) pin isactive high and )aximum mode if )V) pin is ground.

9. :0at!s t0e d!""erene bet%een m!n mode and ma3 mode o" @

A'S()inimum mode operation is the least expensive way to operate the %&%'microprocessor because all the control signals for the memory and "VC are generated bythe micro processor. "n )aximum mode some of the control signals must be externallygeneratred. This re=uires the addition of an external bus controller. "t used only when thesystem contains external coprocessors such as %&%? arithmetic coprocessor.

9. :0!0 bus ontroller used !n ma3!mum mode o" @

A'S(%-%% bus controller is used to provide the signals eliminated from the %&%' by themaximum mode operation.

9. :0at !s sta,

A'S(*tack is a portion of 4A) used for saving the content of Program 5ounter andgeneral purpose registers.



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6hen 4*T'.1 interrupt is received the processor saves the contents of the P5 registerinto stack and branches to /h 7hexadecimal8 address.

6hen 4*T?.1 interrupt is received the processor saves the contents of the P5 registerinto stack and branches to 5h 7hexadecimal8 address.

=. :0at !s SIM and 7IM !nstrut!ons

A'S(*") is *et "nterrupt )ask. 9sed to mask the hardware interrupts. 4") is 4ead"nterrupt )ask. 9sed to check whether the interrupt is )asked or not.

=9.:0at !s maro

A'S()acro is a set of instructions that perform a task and all the isntructions defined init is inserted in the program at the point of usage.

=


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A'S# "t provides a parallel interface+ which includes features such as single0bit+ /0bit+ andbyte0wide input and output ports level0sensitive inputs latched outputs strobed inputs oroutputs and strobed bidirectional inputVoutputs.

=. ;o% man+ I)& l!nes are ava!lable on t0e . :0at !s t0e mode and I)& on"!gurat!on "or ports A2 B2 and C o" an + then the port 3 is configured as an inputport+ port A and port 5 are configured as output ports and in mode &.

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