Chemoheterotroph

Definition

noun, plural: chemoheterotrophs

An organism deriving energy by ingesting intermediates or

building blocks that it is incapable of creating on its own.

pho·to·au·to·troph

[fotō áwtə tròf]

NOUN1. an organism that derives its energy exclusively from light

and uses it to synthesize food

Chemoautotroph

Definition

noun, plural: chemoautotrophs

An organism (typically a bacterium or a protozoan) that

obtains energy through chemical process, which is by

the oxidation of electron donating molecules from

the environment, rather than by photosynthesis.

ni·tro·gen fix·a·tion

NOUN

1. biologythe chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrates are used to treat the chest pain associated with angina and to ease the symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF).

How do nitrates work?

Nitrates are a vasodilator. Vasodilators widen (dilate) the blood vessels, improving blood flow and allowing more oxygen-rich blood to reach the heart muscle. Nitrates also relax the veins to ease the workload on the heart when blood is returning to the heart from the arms and legs.

SILVER IMPREGNATION TECHNIQUE/Golgi’s Method

Golgi's staining is achieved by impregnating fixed nervous tissue with potassium dichromate and silver nitrate. Cells thus stained are filled by microcrystallization ofsilver chromate.

FUELGEN’S STAIN

Four fuchsin analogues (Pararosaniline, Rosaniline, Magenta II and New Fuchsin) usually found in Basic Fuchsin have been applied as chemically pure dyes to the Feulgen-technique.

SUDAN BLACK

Sudan Black B (C29H24N6) is a nonfluorescent, relatively thermostablelysochrome (fat-soluble dye) diazo dye used for staining of neutral triglyceridesand lipids on frozen sections and some lipoproteins on paraffin sections. 

RYU’S STAIN

The Ryu stain has two components. Solution I (the mordant) contains 10 ml of 5% aqueous solution of phenol, 2 g of tannic acid, and 10 ml of saturated aqueous solution of aluminum potassium sulfate-12 hydrate. Solution II (the stain) is a saturated ethanolic solution of crystal violet (3 g in 25 ml of 95% ethanol). 

ALBERT’S STAIN

Albert stain is basically made up of two stains that is Toluidine blue’ O’ and Malachite green both of which are basic dyes with high affinity for acidic tissue components like cytoplasm.

Composition of Albert stain:Albert stain is composed of two

reagents:

Albert’s A solution consist of

1. Toludine blue                      0.15 gm

2. Malachite green                  0.20 gm

3. Glacial acetic acid               1 ml

4. Alcohol (95% ethanol)       2ml

Dissolve the dyes in alcohol and add to the distilled water and

acetic acid.

Allow the stain to stand for one day and then filter.

Add Distilled water to make the final volume 100ml

Albert’s B solution consist of

1. Iodine                                    2gm

2. Potassium iodide (KI)          3 gm

CARMINE

Carmine, also called crimson lake, cochineal

COCHINEAL

Common names: Cochineal, Red Dye BugScientific name: Order Homoptera, family Dactylopiidae, Dactylopius coccus

HEMATOXYLIN

Haematoxylum campechianum (logwood or bloodwoodtree)

A germ tube test is a diagnostic test in which a sample of fungal spores are suspended in animal serum and examined by microscopy for the detection of any germ tubes.[2] It is particularly indicated for colonies of white or cream color on fungal culture, where a positive germ tube test is strongly indicative of Candida albicans.[2]

The lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) wet mount preparation is the most widely used method of staining and observing fungi and is simple to prepare. The preparation has three components: phenol, which will kill any live organisms; lactic acid which preserves fungal structures, and cotton blue which stains the chitin in the fungal cell walls.

GRAM STAINING THEORIES:

CELL WALL THEORY

CELL THEORY

Cells are the basic unit of life. 

The Cell Theory   states that:

1) All organisms are made up of one or more cells and the products of  those cells.

2) All cells carry out life activities ( require energy, grow, have a limited size).

3) New cells arise only from other living cells by the process of cell division.

**all aerobic cells are oxidase positive