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Transcript of Micro Controller Embedded System
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
Introduction To 8051..3
Hardware Features......3
Microcontroller V/S Microprocessor..3
Microcontroller For The Embeded Systems...5
8051 Pin-Diagram...6
8051 Pin-Description..6
Inside The 8051..11
Memory Space Allocation......12
Block Diagram of 8051..13
Instruction Set of 8051 Microcontroller.14
Boolean Variable Manipulation.....20
Program Branching22
Programs Based on Microcontroller..23
Screenshots/Snapshots...28
How To Use Compiler & Programmer.30
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INTRODUCTION TO 8051:-
In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051. This
microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial
port, and four ports (8-bit) all on a single chip. The 8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning the
CPU can work on only 8- bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four
I/O ports, each 8- bit wide. Although 8051 can have a maximum of 64K bytes of on-chip
ROM, many manufacturers put only 4K bytes on the chip.
The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make
any flavor of the 8051 they please with the condition that they remain code compatible with
the 8051. This has led to many versions of the 8051 with different speeds and amount of on-
chip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. It is important to know that
although there are different flavors of the 8051, they are all compatible with the original 8051
as far as the instructions are concerned. This means that if you write your program for one, it
will run on any one of them regardless of the manufacturer. The major 8051 manufacturers
are Intel, Atmel, Dallas Semiconductors, Philips Corporation, Infineon.
HARDWARE FEATURES:-
40 pin Ic.
4 Kbytes of Flash.
128 Bytes of RAM.
32 I/O lines.
Two16-Bit Timer/Counters.
Five Vector.
Two-Level Interrupt Architecture.
Full Duplex Serial Port.
On Chip Oscillator and Clock Circuitry.
MICROCONTROLLER V/S MICROPROCESSORS:-What is the difference between a microprocessor and microcontroller? The
microprocessors (such as 8086, 80286, 68000 etc.) contain no RAM, no ROM and no I/O
ports on the chip itself. For this reason they are referred as general- purpose microprocessors.
A system designer using general- purpose microprocessor must add external RAM, ROM,
I/O ports and timers to make them functional. Although the addition of external RAM, ROM,
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and I/O ports make the system bulkier and much more expensive, they have the advantage of
versatility such that the designer can decide on the amount of RAM, ROM and I/O ports
needed to fit the task at hand. This is the not the case with microcontrollers. A
microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to the fixed amount of RAM,
ROM, I/O ports, and timers are all embedded together on the chip: therefore, the designer
cannot add any external memory, I/O, or timer to it. The fixed amount of on chip RAM,
ROM, and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers make them ideal for many applications in
which cost and space are critical. In many applications, for example a TV remote control,
there is no need for the computing power of a 486 or even a 8086 microprocessor. In many
applications, the space it takes, the power it consumes, and the price per unit are much more
critical considerations than the computing power. These applications most often require some
I/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits. It is interesting to know that
some microcontrollers manufactures have gone as far as integrating an ADC and other
peripherals into the microcontrollers.
CPU
General
Purpose
Micro
processor
RA RO I/O
PortTimer
Serial
CO
Port
Data Bus
Address Bus
General Purpose Microprocessor ystem
Microprocessors:
CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example Intels x86, Motorolas 680x0
Many chips on mothers board
General-purpose microprocessor
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M M
I ort
imererial
M
ortMi r tr ll r
CPU
A s computer
On-chip RA , RO , I/O ports...
mpleMotorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC
16X
A single chip
Microcontroller :
MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:-
In the literature discussing microprocessors, we often see a term embedded system.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products. An
embedded product uses a microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task and one task
only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one
task only: namely, get data and print it. Contrasting this with a IBM PC which can be used for
a number of applications such as word processor, print server, network server, video game
player, or internet terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of
course the reason a PC can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an
operating system that loads the application software into RAM and lets the CPU run it. In an
embedded system, there is only one application software that is burned into ROM. A PC
contains or is connected to various embedded products such as the keyboard, printer, modem,
disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM driver, mouse and so on. Each one of these peripherals
has a microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example, inside every mouse
there is a microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to
the PC.
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by all embers fthe 1and 31 families. In ther w rds, they must beconnectedin
order forthe systemto work, regardless of whether
themicrocontrolleris ofthe 1orthe 31 family.Theothertwopins, PSEN andALE are
usedmainly in 31 based systems.
Vcc & Vss:-
Pin 4 provides supply voltagetothechip.Thevoltage sourceis + V.
Pin 2 is theground.
OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS:-
TAL1and TAL2 are the inputandoutput, respectively, ofan invertingamplifier which
can beconfigured foruseas anon-chiposcillator, as shownin Figure. Eithera quart crystal
orceramic resonatormay beused.Todrivethedevice fromanexternalclock source, TAL2
should beleftunconnected while TAL1is drivenas shownin Figure.
OSCILLATOR CONNECTIONS
It must be noted that there are various speeds of the 1 family. Speed refers to the
maximumoscillator frequency connectedtothe TAL. Forexample, a12 M chipmust be
connected toacrystal with12 M frequency or less.Likewise, a 2 M microcontroller
requires a crystal frequency of no more than 2 M . When the 1 is connected to a
crystaloscillatorand is poweredup, wecanobservethe frequency onthe TAL2 pinusing
oscilloscope.
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RST:-
Pin 9 is the reset pin. It is an input and is active high (normally low). Upon applying a high
pulse to this pin, the microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. This is often
referred to as a power on reset. Activating a power-on reset will cause all values in the
registers to be lost. Notice that the value of Program Counter is 0000 upon reset, forcing the
CPU to fetch the first code from ROM memory location 0000. This means that we must place
the first line of source code in ROM location 0000 that is where the CPU wakes up and
expects to find the first instruction. In order to RESET input to be effective, it must have a
minimum duration of 2 machine cycles. In other words, the high pulse must be high for a
minimum of 2 machine cycles before it is allowed to go low.
EA:-
All the 8051 family members come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In such cases, the
EA pin is connected to the Vcc. For family members such as 8031 and 8032 in which there is
no on-chip ROM, code is stored on an external ROM and is fetched by the 8031/32.
Therefore for the 8031 the EA pin must be connected to ground to indicate that the code is
stored externally. EA, which stands for external access, is pin number 31 in the DIP
packages. It is input pin and must be connected to either Vcc or ND. In other words, it
cannot be left unconnected.
PSEN :-
This is an output pin. PSEN stands for program store enable. It is the read strobe to external
program memory. When the microcontroller is executing from external memory, PSEN is
activated twice each machine cycle.
ALE:-
ALE (Address latch enable) is an output pin and is active high. When connecting a
microcontroller to external memory, port 0 provides both address and data. In other words the
microcontroller multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. The ALE pin is
used for de-multiplexing the address and data by connecting to the pin of the 74LS373
chip.
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I/O PORT PINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:-
The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports
upon RESET are configured as output, ready to be used as output ports. To use any of these
as input port, it must be programmed.
PORT 0:-
Port 0 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 32 to 39). It can be used for input or output. To use the
pins of port 0 as both input and output ports, each pin must be connected externally to a 10K-
ohm pull-up resistor. This is due to fact that port 0 is an open drain, unlike P1, P2 and P3.
With external pull-up resistors connected upon reset, port 0 is configured as output port. In
order to make port 0 an input port, the port must be programmed by writing 1 to all the bits of
it. Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both data and address.
When connecting a microcontroller to an external memory, port 0 provides both address and
data. The microcontroller multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. ALE
indicates if P0 has address or data. When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1
it has address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for de-multiplexing address and data with the
help of latch 74LS373.
PORT 1:-
Port 1 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 1 to 8). It can be used as input or output. In contrast to
port 0, this port does not require pull-up resistors since it has already pull-up resistors
internally. Upon reset, port 1 is configures as an output port. Similar to port 0, port 1 can be
used as an input port by writing 1 to all its bits.
PORT 2:-
Port 2 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 21 to 28). It can be used as input or output. Just like P1,
port 2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it has pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset
port 2 is configured as output port. To make port 2 as input port, it must be programmed as
such by writing 1s to it.
PORT 3:-
Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 10 to 17). It can be used as input or output. P3 does not
need any pull-up resistors, the same as P1 and P2 did not. Although port 3 is configured as
output port upon reset, this is not the way it is most commonly used. Port 3 has an additional
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function of providing some extremely important signals such as interrupts. Some of the
alternate functions of P3 are listed below:-
y P3.0 RXD (Serial input)
y P3.1 TXD (Serial output)
y P3.2 INT0 (External interrupt 0)
y P3.3 INT1 (External interrupt 1)
y P3.4 T0 (Timer 0 external input)
y P3.5 T1 (Timer 1 external input)
y P3.6 WR (External memory write strobe)
yP3.7 RD (External memory read strobe)
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INSIDETHE 8051:-
SOME 8-BIT REGITERS IN 8051
y Most widely used registers areA, B, R , R1, R2, R3, R4, R , R , R , DPTRand PC.
y All registers are -bits, except DPTRandtheprogramcounter whichare16 bit.
y RegisterAis used forallarithmeticandLogic Instructions.
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MEMORY SPACE ALLOCATION:-
1. INTERNAL ROM:-The 9C 1 has 4K bytes of on-chip R M. This 4K bytes R M memory has memory
addresses of to FFFh. Programaddresses higherthan FFFh, whichexceedtheinternal
R Mcapacity, willcausethemicrocontrollertoautomatically fetchcode bytes fromexternal
memory. Code bytes can also be fetched exclusively from an externalmemory, addresses
h to FFFFh, by connecting the external access pin to ground. Theprogram counter
doesntcare wherethecodeis:thecircuitdesignerdecides whetherthecodeis foundtotally
ininternalR M, totally inexternalR MorinacombinationofinternalandexternalR M.
2. INTERNAL RAM:-The12 9 bytes ofRAM inside the 1areassignedaddresses to 7Fh.These12 bytes
can bedividedintothreedifferentgroups as follows:-
y A totalof 32 bytes from locations to1Fhare setaside for register banks and the
stack.
y A total of 16 bytes from locations 2 h to 2Fh are set aside for bit addressable
read/writememory andinstructions.Atotalof bytes fromlocations 3 hto 7Fhare
used for read and write storage, or what is normally calleda scratchpad.These
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locations ofRAMare widely used forthepurposeof storingdataandparameters by
1programmers.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051:-
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INSTRUCTION SET OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:-
MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE OSCILLATOR
PERIODARITHMETIC OPERATIONS:-
ADD A,Rn Add register to 1 12
Accumulator
ADD A,direct Add direct byte to 2 12
Accumulator
ADD A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to 1 12
Accumulator
ADD A,#data Add immediate data to 2 12
Accumulator
ADDC A,Rn Add register to 1 12
Accumulator with Carry
ADDC A,direct Add direct byte to 2 12
Accumulator with Carry
ADDC A,@Ri Add indirect RAM to 1 12
Accumulator with Carry
ADDC A,#data Add immediate data to 2 12
Acc with Carry
SUBB A,Rn Subtract Register from 1 12
Acc with borrow
SUBB A,direct Subtract direct byte from 2 12
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Acc with borrow
SUBB A,@Ri Subtract indirect RAM 1 12
from ACC with borrow
SUBB A,#data Subtract immediate data 2 12
from Acc with borrow
INC A Increment Accumulator 1 12
INC Rn Increment register 1 12
INC direct Increment direct byte 2 12
INC @Ri Increment direct RAM 1 12
DEC A Decrement Accumulator 1 12
DEC Rn Decrement Register 1 12
DEC direct Decrement direct byte 2 12
DEC @Ri Decrement indirect RAM 1 12
INC DPTR Increment Data Pointer 1 24
MUL AB Multiply A & B 1 48
DIV AB Divide A by B 1 48
DA A Decimal Adjust 1 12
Accumulator
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MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE OSCILLATOR
PERIOD
LOGICAL OPERATIONS:-
ANL A,Rn AND Register to 1 12
Accumulator
ANL A,direct AND direct byte to 2 12
Accumulator
ANL A,@Ri AND indirect RAM to 1 12
Accumulator
ANL A,#data AND immediate data to 2 12
Accumulator
ANL direct,A AND Accumulator to 2 12
direct byte
ANL direct,#data AND immediate data to 3 24
direct byte
ORL A,Rn OR register to 1 12
Accumulator
ORL A,direct OR direct byte to 2 12
Accumulator
ORL A,@Ri OR indirect RAM to 1 12
Accumulator
ORL A,#data OR immediate data to 2 12
Accumulator
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ORL direct,A OR Accumulator to 2 12
direct byte
ORL direct,#data OR immediate data to 3 24
direct byte
XRL A,Rn Exclusive-OR register to 1 12
Accumulator
XRL A,direct Exclusive-OR direct byte 2 12
to Accumulator
XRL A,@Ri Exclusive-OR indirect 1 12
RAM to Accumulator
XRL A,#data Exclusive-OR immediate 2 12
data to Accumulator
XRL direct,A Exclusive-OR 2 12
Accumulator to direct
byte
XRL direct,#data Exclusive-OR immediate 3 24
data to direct byte
CLR A Clear Accumulator 1 12
CPL A Complement 1 12
Accumulator
RL A Rotate Accumulator Left 1 12
RLC A Rotate Accumulator Left 1 12
through the Carry
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MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE OSCILLATOR
PERIOD
DATA TRANSFER:-
MOV A,Rn
Move register to 1 12
Accumulator
MOV A,direct Move direct byte to 2 12
Accumulator
MOV A,@Ri Move indirect RAM to 1 12
Accumulator
MOV A,#data Move immediate data to 2 12
Accumulator
MOV Rn,A Move Accumulator to 1 12
register
MOV Rn,direct Move direct byte to 2 24
register
MOV Rn,#data Move immediate data to 2 12
register
MOV direct,A Move Accumulator to 2 12
direct byte
MOV direct,Rn Move register to direct 2 24
byte
MOV direct,direct Move direct byte to direct 3 24
MOV direct,@Ri Move indirect RAM to 2 24
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direct byte
MOV direct,#data Move immediate data to 3 24
direct byte
MOV @Ri,A Move Accumulator to 1 12
indirect RAM
MOV @Ri,direct Move direct byte to 2 24
indirect RAM
MOV @Ri,#data Move immediate data to 2 12
indirect RAM
MOV DPTR,#data16 Load Data Pointer with a 3 24
16-bit constant
MOVC A,@A+DPTR Move Code byte relative 1 24
to DPTR to Acc
MOVC A,@A+PC Move Code byte relative 1 24
to PC to Acc
MOVX A,@Ri Move External RAM (8- 1 24
bit addr) to Acc.
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MNEMONIC DESCRIPTION BYTE OSCILLATOR
PERIOD
MOVX @Ri,A Move Acc to External 1 24
RAM (8-bit addr)
MOVX @dptr,a Move Acc to External 1 24
RAM (16-bit addr)
PUSH direct Push direct byte onto 2 24
stack
POP direct Pop direct byte from 2 24
stack
XCH A,Rn Exchange register with 1 12
Accumulator
XCH A,direct Exchange direct byte 2 12
with Accumulator
XCH A,@Ri Exchange indirect RAM 1 12
with Accumulator
XCHD A,@Ri Exchange low-order 1 12
Digit indirect RAM with
Acc.
BOOLEAN VARIABLE MANIPULATION:-
CLR C Clear Carry 1 12
CLR bit Clear direct bit 2 12
SETB C Set Carry 1 12
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SETB bit Set direct bit 2 12
CPL C Complement Carry 1 12
CPL bit Complement direct bit 2 12
ANL C,bit AND direct bit to CARRY 2 24
ANL C,/bit AND complement of 2 24
direct bit to Carry
ORL C,bit OR direct bit to Carry 2 24
ORL C,/bit OR complement of direct 2 24
bit to Carry
MOV C,bit Move direct bit to Carry 2 12
MOV bit,C Move Carry to direct bit 2 24
JC rel Jump if Carry is set 2 24
JNC rel Jump if Carry not set 2 24
JB bit,rel Jump if direct Bit is set 3 24
JNB bit,rel Jump if direct Bit is Not 3 24
set
JBC bit,rel Jump if direct Bit is set & 3 24
clear bit
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PROGRAM BRANCHING:-
ACAL addr11 Absolute Subroutine Call 2 24
LCALL addr16 Long Subroutine Call 3 24
RET Return from Subroutine 1 24
JZ rel Jump if Accumulator is 2 24
Zero
JNZ rel Jump if Accumulator is 2 24
Not Zero
CJNE A,direct,rel Compare direct byte to 3 24
Acc and Jump if Not
Equal
CJNE A,#data,rel Compare immediate to 3 24
Acc and Jump if Not
Equal
CJNE Rn,#data,rel Compare immediate to 3 24
register and Jump if Not
Equal
CJNE @Ri,#data,rel Compare immediate to 3 24
indirect and Jump if Not
Equal
DJNZ Rn,rel Decrement register and 2 24
Jump if Not Zero
DJNZ direct,rel Decrement direct byte 3 24
and Jump if Not Zero
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mov dph,a
PROGRAM 4:- F nd h 1s c mp m n f h numb .
setb rs0
clr rs1
mov a,#05h
Cpl a
Mov r3,a
mov a,r3
PROGRAM 5:- F nd h 2s c mp m n f h numb .
setb rs0
clr rs1
mov a,#05h
Cpl a
ADD A, #01H
Mov r3,a
mov a,r3
PROGRAM 6:- Add w 8 b numb s.
mov a,#30h
mov b,#44h
add a,b
PROGRAM 7:- Mu p y w 8 b numb s.
mov a,#09h
mov b,#02h
mul ab
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PROGRAM 8:- Mu p y w 16 b numb s.
mov dptr,#0902h
mov a,#09
mov b,dpl
mul ab
mov dpl,a
mov a,#02h
mov b,dph
mul ab
mov dph,a
PROGRAM 9:- Sub c w 8 b numb s.
mov a,#10h
mov b,#01h
subb a,b
PROGRAM 10:- Sub c w 16 b numb s.
mov dptr,#1234h
mov a,#56h
mov b,#78h
subb a,dpl
mov dpl,a
mov a,b
subb a,dph
mov dph,a
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PROGRAM 10:- Ch ck wh h h numb s dd v n.
mov a,#09h
anl a,#01h
PROGRAM 11:- P g m unp ck h p ck d BCD numb .
clr rs1
clr rs0
mov a,#92h
mov b,a
anl a,#0fh
mov r0,a
mov a,b
swap a
anl a,#0fh
mov r1,a
PROGRAM 12:- S v n S gm n D sp y
back: mov a,#0f9h
mov p1,a
mov p3,#0ffh
lcall delay
lcall delay
lcall delay
mov p3,#0f0h
lcall delay
lcall delay
lcall delay
mov p3,#0fh
lcall delay
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lcall delay
lcall delay
mov p3,#00h
lcall delay
lcall delay
lcall delay
delay:
ret
sjmp back
PROGRAM 13:- 7S gm n
back: mov a,#0f9h
mov p1,a
lcall delay
mov p1,#0b0h
lcall delay
mov p1,#0bh
lcall delay
delay:mov p3,#0ffh
mov p3,#0f0h
mov p3,#0fh
mov p3,#00h
ret
sjmp back
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SCREENSHOTS / SNAPSHOTS
SIMULATOR(EDSIM51):-
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USE OF COMPILER AND PROGRAMMER:-
Compiler:- KEIL
Programming Tool:- ECE FLASH MAGIC
1. Double Click on t e icon present on t e desktop.
2. T e following window will be popped-up
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3. Go to t e project & click on new project
4. Make a folder on desktop & give file name.
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5. When you click on the save button ,following window opens
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6. SelectPhilips & 89v51RD2xx
7.Then select NO on the pop-up given below.
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8. Then make a New File.
9.Write or copy your code there & save it with extension .c or .asm
depending on your coding.
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10.Go to target & then source group, right click on there & click on theoption add files to the project.
11.Select your asm or c file which you wantto add.
Example is with .c extension file
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12.Go to the option for target, click on output &tick on create hex fileoption
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13.Now build target.(Click on the pointed option)..
14.It will show you0 errors & 0 warningon OutputWindow.
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Afterperformingallthese steps thechip will beconfiguredthrough FlashMagic.Letus hand
onthe steps of chipconfigurationthrough FlashMagic
Special Notes: -
y Makeallthe DIP switches inoffposition before burningtheprograminthe
controller.
y Connectthe ProgrammingCableon your Kit (prog.Conn.)Andother sideofcable
withtheC M PortoftheComputer.
y Burnthe Programinthemicrocontroller withhelpof FLASH MAGICor ECE
FLASH as explainedinthenext section.
Flash window will appear as shown below.
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Set baud rate 9600 ,select working comport of PC to hardware and
software communication as shown below.
Now selecthex file to burn in chip through browse option as shown below.
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Now main window will appear as shown below.
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Click on flash option resethardware will appear .
Now press reset switch on hardware board and flash will burn
with
5-6
Seconds.
Again press reset switch on hardware board to run your program or to see
output.