Michaels Engineering€¦ · Weekly Operating Hours Wall Construction Material Midwest West North...

Benchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial Buildings

Michaels EngineeringMichaels Engineering

October 20, 2009

BenchmarkingBenchmarkingWhat is it?The early daysHow we use itApplications (studies)How you can use it

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Benchmarking 772Benchmarking 772Energy use per square foot = energy intensity (kWh/sf, therm/sf)C i t i il b ildiComparison to similar buildings• Size• Type• Type• Age• Floorsoo s• Fuels, etc.• Cooling? Yes/no

…In similar climateHow Efficient is your building?

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Benchmarking?Benchmarking?How does your facility measure against its peers?

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Benchmarking ReallyBenchmarking Really

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Data SourcesData SourcesUS DOE • CBECS (commercial building energy consumption

survey)survey)EPRIState surveysState surveys

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CBECSCBECS

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CBECS DataCBECS Data

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Text To ColumnsText To Columns

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CBECS Data ExplainedCBECS Data Explained

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Codes = ?Codes = ?

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Making it UsefulMaking it Useful

Census Region Census Division Principal Building Activity Year Constructed Square FootageWeekly Operating

Hours Wall Construction MaterialMidwest West North Central Education 1970-1979 25,001-50,000 61 to 84 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest West North Central Education 1960-1969 100,001-200,000 61 to 84 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1946-1959 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 2000-2003 100,001-200,000 49 to 60 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1970-1979 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1946-1959 10,001-25,000 49 to 60 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest East North Central Education 1920-1945 Over 1 million 61 to 84 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1990-1999 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest East North Central Education 1920-1945 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1980-1989 25,001-50,000 85 to 167 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1980-1989 1,001-5,000 40 to 48 Siding, shingles, tiles, or shakesMidwest East North Central Education 2000 2003 5 001 10 000 61 to 84 Siding shingles tiles or shakesMidwest East North Central Education 2000-2003 5,001-10,000 61 to 84 Siding, shingles, tiles, or shakes

Roof Construction Material Percent Exterior Glass Building Shape

Annual Major Fuel Use

(Therm/Sqft)

Annual Nat. Gas

Consumption (Therm/Sqft)

Annual Fuel Oil

Consumption (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Heating Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Cooling Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Ventilation Use

(Therm/Sqft)

Major FueWater Heati

Use (Therm/Sqf

Built-up 10% or less Square 1.927789296 0.000290423 1.348827324 0.021812113 0.11672338 0.2331445Plastic/rubber/synthetic sheeting 10% or less Wide rectangle 0.393543529 0.077072353 0.002719412 0.067697255 0.029021275 0.12377098 0.012094Built-up 0 816305714 0 516156104 0 479762078 0 056010779 0 085526234 0 0363940Built up 0.816305714 0.516156104 0.479762078 0.056010779 0.085526234 0.0363940Metal surfacing 11% - 25% L shaped 0.069556439 0.014167348 0.01159553 0.004559545 0.0033178Built-up 10% or less U shaped 0.20749645 0.120727785 0.144048319 0.011144777 0.015761685 0.0009571Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 11% - 25% U shaped 0.782356491 0.692614737 0.70206807 0.009687719 0.024831579 0.0124021Built-up 51% - 75% Rectangle/square w/ courtyard 1.386766344 0.732511969 0.625686419 0.325325631 0.039068944 0.0807699Metal surfacing 11% - 25% Other shape 0.468919048 0.104016508 0.061304762 0.125552222 0.03267127 0.0818311Built-up 26% - 50% Wide rectangle 0.924306296 0.790872407 0.737988889 0.002088704 0.053069444 0.0528835Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 51% - 75% L shaped 1.223783011 0.869676129 0.807470323 0 0.140191613 0.0622058Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less Wide rectangle 1 117687179 1 002451282 0 861030769 0 04834359 0 01694359 0 1414153Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less Wide rectangle 1.117687179 1.002451282 0.861030769 0.04834359 0.01694359 0.1414153Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less T shaped 0.582263889 0.398223611 0.297680556 0.020451389 0.049952778 0.1005430

Major Fuel Lighting Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Cooking Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Refrigeration

Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Office

Equipment Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Computer

Use (Therm/Sqft)

Major Fuel Miscellaneous

Use (Therm/Sqft)

0.085819718 0 0.016512958 0.028466197 0.038930704 0.0375521130.102100686 0.004977843 0.016073137 0.003157843 0.017260196 0.0173898040 084244286 0 005432078 0 031532597 0 004660779 0 016748701 0 015994286

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0.084244286 0.005432078 0.031532597 0.004660779 0.016748701 0.0159942860.024516439 0.000848485 0.002873182 0.000557727 0.004622045 0.0024983330.023449331 0.00452171 0.002726745 0.000451591 0.00102198 0.0034129320.013682105 0 0.012561404 0.000814035 0.00070807 0.0056014040.067558825 0.029174856 0.001065706 0.000292469 0.002840256 0.2149832560.102148095 0.022185238 0.017899365 0.001926349 0.007718413 0.0156820630.051919074 0.002359444 0.003083704 0.00112037 0.012846111 0.0069472220.103169677 0.00844086 0.052846022 0.001917849 0.011931183 0.0356096770.040538462 0 0 0 0 0.009410256

Or… Use This from Or… Use This from QuestlineQuestline

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Gas UseGas Use

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Climate ZonesClimate Zones

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What About?What About?Does the building have cooling (e.g., schools)?Fuel types?Building age?Building size?Number of floors?You can use CBECS to drill down but sample may become insignificant (e g less than 10)may become insignificant (e.g., less than 10) quick

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QuestlineQuestline ModelModelIt’s a benchmark – a fixed number; over time we become aware of where buildings “should be”H d t f f l t lHowever, we do account for fuel type, namely heating fuel• GasGas• Ground source heat pumps• Water source heat pumps with boiler/towerp p• Electric resistance

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Customized ScreenerCustomized ScreenerS F t T t l A l kWh

Total Annual **For building descriptions, Square Feet Total Annual kWh

Therms

Universities Electric Meter #1 1,047,600 Gas Meter #1 45,600

k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2

Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3

Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4

Hospitals Totals 1,047,600 45,600

g pclick the buttons below.

Univerisities

K-12 School

Data Centers

Groceries/Convenience

Hospitals

Other Healthcare (Clinics)

Large Office

Small Office 66,000

Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2

Other Healthcare/Clinics

Large Office

Small Office

Large Retail

Small Retail

Lodging

Zone 2

Conventional Gas/Electric

Multi Family Housing 2

Public Assembly 3

Refrigerated Warehouse

Restaurants

Warehouse

Total 66,000 Estimated Study Cost 14,800$ Zone

2 Multi Family Housing

Public Assembly


Restaurants

Warehouses

Instructions

Show Instructions at Startup

Study Cost per Square Foot 0.22$

Electric Gas CO2

$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm

1,047,600 kWh 45,600 Therms 1,941,088 lbs CO2

944,460 kWh 31,423 Therms 1,636,051 lbs CO2

Z

Total Current Use (Your Building)

Total Target Use

Energy Cost


, , , ,

103,140 kWh 14,177 Therms 305,037 lbs CO2

6,188$ 13,469$

19,657$

39,314$

78,628$

Electric Gas CO2

Total Dollar Savings

Estimated RCx Project $

Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $

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Energy Savings

Dollar Savings

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Energy Intensity Before 15.87 0.69 29.41 Energy Intensity After 14.31 0.48 24.79 Projected % 10%

Screener InputsScreener InputsInputs• Floor area by type

El t i d ( th f il) ti• Electric and gas (or other fossil) consumption• System type• Fuel costs• Fuel costs• Percent better than average target

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Screener OutputsScreener OutputsCurrent energy intensityProjected energy intensityGas and electric savings potentialImplementation cost (RCx or Retrofit) - riskyInvestment grade study costCarbon impacts

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Pitfalls to Avoid!Pitfalls to Avoid!Get all the meters for the building – typical of buildings with multiple additionsG t ll d t k AND ff kGet all data – on peak AND off peakGet all the buildings for the meter – typical of campusescampusesBeware of major energy users in building• Swimming pool (can determine energySwimming pool (can determine energy

consumption of this)• Data centers• Central kitchens

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Experience with the ScreenerExperience with the ScreenerReliable and “accurate”Conservative• High study cost• Low savings

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Demonstrate use, findings, and in some cases, results

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101,000 101,000 sfsf Middle School, Central IowaMiddle School, Central IowaSquare Feet Total Annual kWh

Total Annual Therms

Universities Electric Meter #1 1,791,000 Gas Meter #1

k-12 101,000 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2



H it l T t l 1 791 000

**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.

Univerisities

K-12 School

Data Centers


HospitalsHospitals Totals 1,791,000 -


Large Office

Small Office


Hospitals


Large Office

Small Office

Large Retail

Small Retail

Lodging

Zone 2

Ground Source Heat Pump

Lodging


Public Assembly 3


Restaurants

Warehouse

Total 101,000 Estimated Study Cost 18,300$Zone

2 Lodging

Multi Family Housing

Public Assembly


Restaurants

Warehouses

Instructions


Total 101,000 Estimated Study Cost 18,300$


Electric Gas CO2


1,791,000 kWh 0 Therms 2,401,731 lbs CO2

1,102,861 kWh 0 Therms 1,478,936 lbs CO2

Z


Energy Cost


Total Target Use , , , ,

688,139 kWh 0 Therms 922,795 lbs CO2

41,288$ -$

41,288$

82,577$

165,153$

Electric Gas CO2



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Energy Savings

Dollar Savings


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Energy Intensity Before 17.73 - 23.78 Energy Intensity After 10.92 - 14.64 Projected % 10%

Middle School MeasuresMiddle School Measures

101388 Elec. (kWh/yr) Electrical Demand

(kW, July) Natural Gas (Therm/year) Other Fuel Cost ($/yr)

Base year Consumption 1,791,000 320 6,166 - 121,656.81$ Energy Intensity 17.66 0.003 0.06 - 1.20$

Convert Parallel Ground HeatX to Series and Reprogram to dP Vice 80F 109,301 12.50 - - 5,696.83$ Set Classroom CO2 Control to 700 ppm OVER Ambient, NOT 700 ppm Absolute 209,765 60.01 - - 16,788.70$ Incorporate Variable Volume Cafeteria and Gymnasium Systems and Correct CO2 Setpoint 179 840 45 20 11 657 65$

Savings

Gymnasium Systems and Correct CO2 Setpoint 179,840 45.20 - - 11,657.65$ Correct CO2 Setpoint on Music and Industrial Arts Units 2,940 2.40 - - 741.57$ Replace Gym Metal Halide Fixtures With Fluorescent 19,746 8.06 - - 1,915.30$

Install Temperature Controls On Unit Heaters 32,393 14.58 - - 3,170.54$

Re-program Locker Room Makeup Air Unit 17,906 4.89 - - 1,674.99$ Re-Program Night Set Back 14,212 - - - 434.85$

Total Savings 586,102 148 - - 42,080

Energy Consumption Post Implementation 1,204,898 172.36 6,166 - 79,576.40$

30% savings, 1.05 year payback

Energy Intensity 11.88 0.002 0.06 - 0.78$ Percent Savings 32.7% 46.1% 0.0% NA 34.6%

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15,000 15,000 sfsf Public Library, Central IowaPublic Library, Central IowaT t l A l**F b ildi d i ti

Square Feet Total Annual kWh Total Annual

Therms

Universities Electric Meter #1 190,000 Gas Meter #1 11,900




Hospitals Totals 190 000 11 900


Univerisities

K-12 School

Data Centers


HospitalsHospitals Totals 190,000 11,900


Large Office

Small Office


Hospitals


Large Office

Small Office

Large Retail

Small Retail

Lodging

Zone 2


g g


Public Assembly 16,000 3


Restaurants

Warehouse


2 g g


Public Assembly


Restaurants

Warehouses

Instructions


y


Electric Gas CO2


190,000 kWh 11,900 Therms 394,734 lbs CO2

109,440 kWh 7,574 Therms 235,834 lbs CO2

Z


Energy Cost


Total Target Use

80,560 kWh 4,326 Therms 158,900 lbs CO2

4,834$ 4,109$

8,943$

17,886$

35,772$

Electric Gas CO2



Energy Savings

Dollar Savings


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Energy Intensity Before 11.88 0.74 24.67 Energy Intensity After 6.84 0.47 14.74 Projected % 10%

Library MeasuresLibrary MeasuresElectrical Demand Natural Gas

Elec. (kWh/yr) Electrical Demand

(kW, July) Natural Gas

(Therm/year) Cost ($/yr) Base year Consumption 189,920 N/A 11,925.0 $31,633Energy Intensity 11.87 N/A 0.75 1.98$

Savings

Repair Temperature Control Valves for Heating Coils and Perimeter Radiation - - 509.6 $583Reduce Vestibule Temperature - - 64.0 $73Reduce Night Set Back Temperature - - 626.8 $717Implement Efficient Morning Warm-up - - 19.3 $22Reprogram AHU Pump on/off Controller 2 331 $221Reprogram AHU Pump on/off Controller 2,331 - - $221Increase Setpoint of Summer Dehumidification, Reduce VAV Box Minimum Position 29,211 30.45 2,549.3 $5,683Daylighting 12,294 3.82 - $1,165

Total Savings 43,837 34 3,769.0 $8,464

E C ti P t I l t ti

1 9 Year payback mostly implemented

Energy Consumption Post Implementation 146,083 N/A 8,156 23,169 Energy Intensity 9.13 N/A 0.51 1.45 Percent Savings 23% N/A 32% 27%

1.9 Year payback, mostly implemented2 Months: 40% electric goal, 30% gas goal, 30% dollar goalg

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140,000 140,000 sfsf High School Southern MNHigh School Southern MNSquare Feet Total Annual kWh

Total Annual Therms


k-12 140,000 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2




Univerisities

K-12 School

Data Centers


i lHospitals Totals 2,155,000 -


Large Office

Small Office

Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneL d i1

Hospitals


Large Office

Small Office

Large Retail

Small Retail

Lodging

Zone 1


Lodging


Public Assembly 2


Restaurants

Warehouse

Total 140 000 Estimated Study Cost 23 200$Zone

1 Lodging


Public Assembly


Restaurants

Warehouses

Instructions


Total 140,000 Estimated Study Cost 23,200$


Electric Gas CO2


2,155,000 kWh 0 Therms 2,889,855 lbs CO2

1,518,157 kWh 0 Therms 2,035,849 lbs CO2

Z


Energy Cost


Total Target Use 1,518,157 kWh 0 Therms 2,035,849 lbs CO2

636,843 kWh 0 Therms 854,006 lbs CO2

38,211$ -$

38,211$

76,421$

152,842$

Electric Gas CO2



Total Target Use

Energy Savings

Dollar Savings


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High School MeasuresHigh School Measures

30% projected energy savings, actual 40% isavings

9.2 kWh/sf (as predicted in Iowa new building model)model)EnergyStar Portfolio Manager score = 85

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36,000 36,000 sfsf Office Building, Tucson, AZOffice Building, Tucson, AZT t l A l**F b ildi d i ti

Square Feet Total Annual kWh Total Annual

Therms





Hospitals Totals 1 280 000 -


Univerisities

K-12 School

Data Centers


HospitalsHospitals Totals 1,280,000


Large Office 36,000

Small Office


Hospitals


Large Office

Small Office

Large Retail

Small Retail

Lodging

Zone 5

Electric Resistance

g g


Public Assembly 6


Restaurants

Warehouse


5 g g


Public Assembly


Restaurants

Warehouses

Instructions


y


Electric Gas CO2


1,280,000 kWh 0 Therms 1,716,480 lbs CO2

666,878 kWh 0 Therms 894,283 lbs CO2

Z

Electric Resistance

Energy Cost


Total Target Use

613,122 kWh 0 Therms 822,197 lbs CO2

36,787$ -$

36,787$

73,575$

147,149$

Electric Gas CO2



Energy Savings

Dollar Savings


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AZ Office Building MeasuresAZ Office Building Measures

55% savings, implementation documents underway

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Benchmarking ConclusionsBenchmarking ConclusionsLatest data not crucialReliableCulprits have been easy to find. Major ones include:• Excessive simultaneous heating and cooling• Excessive simultaneous heating and cooling

(practically every building)• Pumping wastep g• Over ventilating with or without CO2 sensors• In general: CONTROLS!

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How Can You Use Benchmarking?How Can You Use Benchmarking?http://members.questline.com/login.aspx“Just enter your e-mail address to login”Questline provided by Tech Resources Inc. with over 500 utility customers

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Questions?Questions?Jeff [email protected]

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