Michael R. Corbin et al- Ultracompact Blue Dwarf Galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope Imaging and...

8/3/2019 Michael R. Corbin et al- Ultracompact Blue Dwarf Galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope Imaging and Stellar Population

1/13

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[: FTOOGD [RAKD PDGD[KHRD IEANILNAL@ [PDGGA_ RHRTGAPIHL ALAGY[I[

Eikfadg _, Khoil'1'?

îggiae @, Sakka';

_hodph Ki` Cdlal`d{'0

Jhfl D, Fiooa`'4

_akfdg [, [hedsiggd'3

al` _hnid A, îl`fh{p1

_dkdisd` ?223 Arig ?3= akkdrpd` ?223 Jtgy 6

AO[P_AKP

d rd{dlp `ddr Ftoogd [rakd Pdgd{khrd &F[P) A`salkd` Kaeda ch [tsdy{(Finf _d{hgtpihl KfalldgT%' lah~%S%' al` I%oal` ieand{ hc lild tgpakherakp ogtd `~ac nagavid{ &TKO@{) {dgdkpd` che pfd [ghal@inipag [my [tsdy &[@[[), ^d `dfild TKO@{ a{ ghkag &z 7 2:21) {pa%cheiln nagavid{ fasiln alntga ìaedpd{gd{{ pfal 322 al` rfy{ikag ìaedpd{ 71 mrk, Pfdy ad ag{h aehln pfd eh{p edpag%rhh nagavid{ mlh~l' ilkgtìln ho%jdkp{ fasiln 1? ghn H(F 7 >:34' al` ad chtl` ph d{i`d ~ipfil shi`{, Ohpf pfd F[Pieand{ al` pfd hojdkp{ [@[[hrpikag {rdkpa dsdag pfap pfdy ad kherh{ipd{ hc yhtln &$1Y12 Ey) rhrtgapihl{ pfap `heilapd pfdi ginfp al` hg`d&$12 Ny) rhrtgapihl{ pfap `heilapd pfdi {pdgga ea{{d{' ~fikf ~d d{pieapd ph od $12>Y126E, Al ilpdedìapd%and&$12>Y129 y) rhrtgapihl i{ ag{h ilìkapd` il eh{p hojdkp{, Pfd hojdkp{ `h lhp arrda ph od a{ `ylaeikaggy ì{ptodà{ pfd rhphpyrd TKO@' RHV 163' otp pfd {ptkptd hc {dsdag hc pfde {tnnd{p{ pfap pfdiktdlp {pa cheapihl fa{ oddlpinndd` oy pfd khggi{ihl{(ednd{ hc {eaggd kgter{hc {pa{,Il hld ka{d' F[ 26??-;40?' pfdieand{ d{hgsd ~fap eay

od p~h {eagg &$122 rk) kherhldlp{ pfapfasd dkdlpgykhggi`d ' {trrhpiln pfi{ilpdrdpapihl, Il {iv hc pfd hojdkp{ etkfhc pfd {pa cheapihl i{ khlkdlpapd` il yhtln ea{{isd kgt{pd{' khlpiotpiln ph pfdi kherakpld{{ il nhtl`%oa{dìeand{, Pfd dsi`dlkd pfap pfd nagavid{ khl{i{p eailgy hc$12 Ny hg` {pa{ d{paogi{fd{ pfap pfdy ad lhp rhphnagavid{'cheiln pfdi fi{p ndldapihl hc {pa{, Pfdi gh~ edpaggikipid{ ad ehd gimdgy ph od pfd d{tgp hc pfd d{kard hc {trdlhsadjdkpa' apfd pfal yhtpf,

[tojdkp fdaìlnn{: nagavid{: `~ac nagavid{: cheapihl nagavid{: {paot{p nagavid{: {pdgga khlpdlp

1, ILP_H@TKPIHL

Ogtd kherakp `~ac nagavid{ &OK@{' ag{h dcdd` ph a{ F iinagavid{) fasd ghln oddl {t{rdkpd` hc odiln yhtln hojdkp{ od%kat{d hc pfdi sinhht{ {pa cheapihl al` gh~ edpaggikipid{ &d,n,'[dagd # [andlp 19>?= {dd ag{h pfd dsid~ oy Mtlpf # H {pgil

?222), Fh~dsd' ldagy agg OK@{ fasd oddl chtl` ph khl{i{p hc{paot{p dnihl{ ~ipfil dlsdghrd{ hc {inlifikalpgy dshgsd` &and{hc {dsdag ninayda{) {pa{ al` ad pft{ lhp ld~gy ched` nag%avid{ &d,n,' _aieall dp ag, ?222= Mhln dp ag, ?22;= ^d{pda dp ag,?220), _dkdlp {ptìd{ hc pfd eh{p edpag%rhh OK@{ ilkgtìlnI Z~ 16 fasd rh`tkd` khlikpiln d{tgp{ dna iln pfd rd{dlkdhc dshgsd` &and{ ndapd pfal $422 Ey) {pa{ il pfd{d hojdkp{'gdasiln hrdl pfd qtd{pihl hc ~fdpfd {hed OK@{ il`dd` dr%d{dlp hojdkp{ cheiln pfdi fi{p ndldapihl hc {pa{ &{dd Izhphs #Pftal ?220 al` Ehealy dp ag, ?224 ch I Z~ 16= H {pgil #Ehtfkild ?224= Khoil dp ag, ?224' fddacpd K24= Aghi{i dp ag,?224= Izhphs dp ag, ?224= Rt{piglim dp ag, ?224 ch hpfd hojdkp{),Ohpf rh{{ioigipid{ fasd ierhpalp iergikapihl{ ch tl`d{palìlnnagavy cheapihl' a{ ld~gy ched nagavid{ il pfd ghkag tlisd{d

~htg` aggh~ pfd cheapihl rhkd{{ ph od {ptìd` il ndapd `dpaigpfal il hojdkp{ ap sdy finf d`{ficp{' ~figd pfd rd{dlkd hc gandlteod{ hc dshgsd` {pa{ il agg ghkag `~ac nagavid{ ~htg` d{%

paogi{f pfap pfdy ched` ldagy khlpderhaldht{gy ~ipf pfdiehd ea{{isd khtlpdrap{, Il dipfd ka{d' OK@{ `d{dsd kadctg{pt`y odkat{d pfdy drd{dlp pfd dvpded gh~ dl`{ hc pfd nagavyea{{' gteilh{ipy' al` edpaggikipy ctlkpihl{ al` pft{ rgakd oa{ikkhl{pailp{ hl eh`dg{ hc nagavy cheapihl,

Ieaniln hc OK@{ fa{ dsdagd` a saidpy hc ehrfhghnid{&d,n,' Ghh{d # Pftal 1964= Mtlpf dp ag, 1966= Rara`dh{ dp ag,1993= Pdggd{ dp ag, 199>= Kaih{ dpag, ?221= Nig `dRazdp ag, ?22;),Pfd eajhipy fasd {izd{' {fard{' al` tl`dgyiln d` {pdgga rhr%tgapihl{ {ieiga ph qtid{kdlp `~ac dggirpikag nagavid{' {tnnd{pilnal dshgtpihlay khlldkpihl odp~ddl pfd{d kga{{d{ &d,n,' Pdggd{dp ag, 199>= otp {ddsal Zdddp ag, ?221 ch rh{{iogd khergikapihl{ph a {iergd dshgtpihlay eh`dg), Hpfd OK@{ fasd ehd idntga{ptkptd' ilkgtìln khedpay hojdkp{ ~ipf dghlnapd` {fard{al` finfgy a{yeedpik ì{piotpihl{ hc pfdi {pa cheapihl &{dd'd,n,' Ghh{d # Pftal 1964= Lhd{md dp ag, ?222= Izhphs # Pftal?22?= Aghi{i dp ag, ?224), Pfd {pt`y hc Mtlpf dp ag, &1966) d%sdagd` hld OK@' RHV 163' ph od tgpakherakp' ~ipf alntgaal` rfy{ikag {izd{ hlgy $;22 al` $;22 rk' d{rdkpisdgy, Pfdi

ieand{ ag{h {fh~d` gippgd dsi`dlkd hc al tl`dgyiln rhrtgapihlhc dshgsd` {pa{, [to{dqtdlp nhtl`%oa{d` ieaniln hc RHV 163ap {toak{dkhl` d{hgtpihl oy @htogid dp ag, &?222) al` ~ipf pfdFtoogd [rakd Pdgd{khrd &F[P) oy Khoil # Sakka &?22?) khl%fied` pfd dvpdedgy {eagg rfy{ikag {izd hc pfi{ hojdkp al` ag{hdsdagd` a {phln a{yeedpy {tnnd{pisd hc a dkdlp khggi{ihl od%p~ddl p~h dsdl {eaggd &$122 rk al` $12>E) kgter{ hc {pa{pfap einfp od dna`d` a{ {tonagakpik il laptd, Pfi{ d{tgp {tn%nd{p{ pfap RHV 163 i{ a `~ac nagavy il pfd rhkd{{ hc cheapihl'h ap gda{pa{{deogy' nisdl pfap pfd khgh{ hc pfd htpd dnihl{ hcpfd hojdkp ilìkapd pfd rd{dlkd hc dshgsd` {pa{ &@htogid dp ag,?222= Khoil # Sakka ?22?),

Pfd RHV 163 d{tgp{ {phlngy ehpisapd F[Pieaniln hc ehdtgpakherakp ogtd `~ac nagavid{ &fddacpd TKO@{), ^d pft{

{dakfd` @apa _dgda{d ? hc pfd [ghal @inipag [my [tsdy &[@[[)

1 @drapedlp hc Rfy{ik{ al` A{phlhey' Aizhla [papd Tlisd{ipy' R,H, Ohv6>1420' Pderd' AZ 64?6>= hnid,~il`fh{pBa{t,d`t,

? Ktdlp a``d{{: T[ Lasag Ho{dsaphy' Cgan{pacc [papihl' 12;91 ^d{pLasag Ho{dsaphy _ha`' Cgan{pacc' AZ 63221%64?1= ekhoilBlhc{,lasy,eig,

;[HCIA%T[_A' LA[A Aed{ _d{dakf Kdlpd' E[ ?11%;' Ehccdpp Cidg`'

KA 902;4%1222= ~sakkaBeaig,ak,la{a,nhs,0

@drapedlph `d C{ikaYKCE'Tlisd{ià`dCd`dag `d [alpaKapaila' K,R,0>3' 66202%922 Cghialhrhgi{' [K' Oazig= ki`Ba{ph,tc{k,o,

4 Lapihlag _aìh A{phlhey Ho{dsaphy' 4?2 D`ndehlp _ha`' Kfaghp%pd{siggd' SA ??92;= jfiooa`Blah,d`t,

3 Eav Rgalkm Il{piptp ct A{phlheid' Mhlin{ptfg 1>' @%3911> Fdi`dgodn'

Ndealy= {hedsiggdBeria,`d,

631

Pfd A{phrfy{ikag Jhtlag' 341:631Y6>;' ?223 Lhsdeod 12

+ ?223, Pfd Aedrikal A{prhlheikag [hkidpy, Agg rinfp{ rd{drsd`, Rrilpd` il T,[,A,


2/13

ph {dgdkp a fhehndldht{ {aergd hc TKO@{' pamiln a{ `dfililnkipdia al [@[[ n%oal` alntga ìaedpd` 7 322' a{ eda{td`che pfd Rdph{ial aìi paotgapd` il pfd [@[[ &~fikf ad eda%{td` ~ipf a Rdph{ial apih hc 2,?)' a rfy{ikag ìaedpd @ 7

1 mrk' al` a {rdkph{khrik d`{ficp z 7 2:21' ph ieand pfde apfinf {rapiag d{hgtpihl, Pfd{d {dgdkpihl kipdia drd{dlp aoipaygieip{ ph pfd alntga al` rfy{ikag {izd ì{piotpihl hc pfd OK@ rhr%tgapihl al` ad `d{inld` ph i`dlpicy hojdkp{ pfap ad hlgy eanilaggyd{hgsd` che pfd nhtl` al` pfap ad pft{ nhh` pandp{ chF[P,Pfd rh{{iogd rfy{ikag ìccddlkd{ odp~ddl TKO@{ al` OK@{ i{hld hc pfd i{{td{ ph od a``d{{d` il pfi{ rard,

Ht {dakf dsdagd` pfap TKO@{ ad ad' ~ipf hlgy lild ho%jdkp{ il @apa _dgda{d ? hc pfd [@[[ eddpiln pfd aohsd kipdia,^figd lh khgh gieip ~a{ ierh{d`' agg hc pfd hojdkp{ eddpiln pfd{dgdkpihl kipdia ~dd chtl` ph od akpisdgy {pa%cheiln' arrda%iln tlichegy ogtd il pfd [@[[ khgh%kherh{ipd ieand{ &~ipf lhkgda dsi`dlkd hc al dshgsd` rhrtgapihl), Pfdy ag{h fasd {rdk%pa khlpaililn {phln dei{{ihl gild{, Ht `dfilipihl hc a TKO@ i{

pft{ gd{{ d{pikpisd pfal pfd eh{p dkdlp `dfilipihl{ hc OK@{oa{d` hl khgh &d,n,' Nig `d Raz dp ag, ?22;)' otp pfd oa{ik kipdiaad dccdkpisdgy pfd {aed, [dsdag hc pfd{d lild hojdkp{ ad ag{hkga{{ifid` a{ dvpdedgy edpag rhh oy Mliazds dp ag, &?22;)'fasiln 1? ghn &H(F ) 7 >:34 a{ eda{td` che pfd dei{{ihlgild{ il pfdi [@[[ {rdkpa, Pfi{ ctpfd ehpisapd{F[Pieaniln'il h`d ph d{hgsd pfdi {ptkptd al` pd{p ch pfd rd{dlkd hcdshgsd` {pa{, Ht {dgdkpihl kipdia aggh~ pfd hojdkp{ od d{hgsd`ph a rfy{ikag {kagd $12 rk ~ipf pfd Finf _d{hgtpihl Kfalldg hcpfd A`salkd` Kaeda ch [tsdy{ &AK[(F_K) hcF[P,

Il pfi{ rard ~d rd{dlp pfd AK[(F_K ieand{ al` rfhphe%dpy hc pfd{d lild TKO@{' aghln ~ipf al alagy{i{ hc pfdi {pdg%ga rhrtgapihl{ che pfdi [@[[ hrpikag {rdkpa, Ht rilkiragfilìln che ohpf pfd ieand{ al` {rdkpa i{ pfap agg hc pfd hojdkp{

fasd al tl`dgyiln dshgsd` {pdgga rhrtgapihl ~ipf al and hc apgda{p$12 Ny' aghln ~ipf dkdlp &$1Y12 Ey hg ) {paot{p{, [pa{hc ilpdedìapd and &$12>Y129 y) ad ag{h ilìkapd` il eh{p hcpfd hojdkp{, [dsdag hc pfd hojdkp{ &a{ ~dgg a{ RHV 163) ag{hkhlpail yhtln ea{{isd {pa kgt{pd{ &YEK{)' al` rh{{iogy {trd{pa kgt{pd{ &[[K{)' {ieiga ph pfh{d chtl` il hpfd OK@{ &d,n,'Pftal dp ag, 199>= Jhfl{hl dp ag, ?222), [[K{ al` YEK{ fasdoddl chtl` il ohpf eajh ednd{ al` lhlilpdakpiln nagavid{'al` pfd ched eay drd{dlp ld~gy ched` nghotga kgt{pd{&{dd' d,n,' HKhlldgg dp ag, 1990= ^fipehd ?222= Ga{dl ?220),Ht AK[(F_K ieand{ hc hld hc pfd {aergd hojdkp{' F[ 26??-;40?' kgdagy d{hgsd ip ilph p~h {eagg al` arradlpgy ilpdakpilnkherhldlp{ pfap ad antaogy {tonagakpik il laptd' al` pfh{dàpa ad ì{kt{{d` il ndapd `dpaig il a {draapd rard &K24), Pfd

ehrfhghnid{ hc {hed hc pfd deaililn hojdkp{ ad {tnnd{pisd hc

dkdlp ednd{(khggi{ihl{ odp~ddl {eaggd kgter{ hc {pa{ pfapeay fasd pinndd` pfd hojdkp{ ktdlp {paot{p{,

Il v ? ~d `d{kiod pfd {aergd rhrdpid{ al` pfd F[Pho{dsa%pihl{, Il v ; ~d rd{dlp pfd ieand{' pfd {rdkpa' al` pfdi alagy{i{,

d khlkgt`d ~ipf a ì{kt{{ihl hc pfd d{tgp{ il v 0, A kh{ehghnyhcF2 >1 me {1 Erk1' 2:>;' E 2:?> i{ a{{ted`

&[rdndg dp ag, ?22;),

?, [AERGD R_HRD_PID[ AL@ F[P HO[D_SAPIHL[

?,1, [aergd Rhrdpid{

Pfd oa{ik rhrdpid{ hc pfd lild {aergd hojdkp{ ad {teea%izd` il Paogd 1, Pfd n%oal` eanlipt`d{ al` d`{ficp{ ad chepfd [@[[ àpaoa{d,> Ht ì{palkd d{pieapd{ drd{dlp asdand{hc cht ì{palkd sagtd{ oa{d` hl pfd hojdkp{ d`{ficp{ al` pfdSinhkdlpik ilcagg khdkpihl{ hc [kfdkfpd &1962)' Ftkfa &1966)'Oilnndgi dp ag, &199;)' al` Ehtg` &1994), ^d ag{h nisd pfd ì{%palkd ph pfd ldad{p ldinfohiln nagavy' a{ `dpdeild` che pfd

LA[A Dvpanagakpik @apaoa{d & LD@)' ~fikf ilkgt`d{ agg hojdkp{ì{khsdd` il pfd [@[[, Pfd{d ì{palkd{' aghln ~ipf il{rdkpihl hcpfd [@[[ ieand{' {fh~ pfap agg hc pfd hojdkp{ ad i{hgapd`, Pfdpfdd hojdkp{ pfap fasd a ldinfoh ~ipfil 1 Erk {pigg d{i d il sdy{ra{d dlsihledlp{' al` pfd ldinfohiln nagavid{ad `~ac{, Chdvaergd' pfd hojdkp [@[[ J26?4-;4;? &5F[ 26??-;40?) d{i d{il a shi ' al` ip{ ldad{p ldinfoh i{ a gh~ {tcakd oinfpld{{ `~acnagavy= pfd ldad{p gand nagavy gid{ arrhvieapdgy ; Erk a~ay&Rt{piglim dp ag, ?22;), OK@{ ad ag{h chtl` il gh~%`dl{ipy dlsi%hledlp{ &Kaerh{%Antiga dp ag, 199;= Pdggd{ # Pdgdsikf 1994=Rhrd{kt dp ag, 1999= Pdggd{ # Ea``hv ?222),

?,?, F[P Ho{dsapihl{ al` Rfhphedpy

Pfd AK[(F_K fa{ a rivdg {kagd hc 2O2?>rivdg1' khd{rhl %iln ph a rfy{ikag {kagd $12

Y?2 rk rd lheilag d{hgtpihl dgdedlp

ap pfdì{palkd{ hc pfd hojdkp{, d hopaild` `ddr ieand{ hc agglildhojdkp{ il pfd {aergd il pfd C;;2^' C442E &lah~ S)' al`C610^ figpd{ hc pfd AK[(F_K, Pfd{d figpd{ khsd ldagy pfdkhergdpd ~asdgdlnpf alnd hc pfd AK[( F_K al` ~dd kfh{dl phashi` pfd {phln dei{{ihl gild{ il pfd hojdkp{ {rdkpa ilkgtìln]H iiiU mm0949' 422> al` F , Pfd eda{td` tvd{ {fhtg` pft{eailgy drd{dlp pfd {pdgga khlpiltte dei{{ihl hc pfd hojdkp{'~ipf a khlpiotpihl che ldotga khlpiltte dei{{ihl `drdlìlnhl pfd {pdlnpf al` and hc pfd {paot{p &{dd Gdipfdd # Fdkmeal1994= Mtnd dp ag, 1994), ^d d{pieapd pfd khlpiotpihl hc pfi{ldotga kherhldlp che pfd hojdkp{ [@[[ {rdkpa il v ;,;, Pfd

PAOGD 1

[aergd Hojdkp{

[@[[ Laed Hpfd Laed n Ean, z

@i{palkd che Eigmy ây

&Erk)

@i{palkd ph Ldad{p Ldinfoha

&Erk)

J21;;4?,43-1;0?29,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 16,1 2,226> ;6,3 ;,4

J2?;3?6,>>2246?9,>,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [FHK 1?9 16,2 2,226; ;;,2 0,2

J2?0614,9;261>13,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [FHK 1;> 13,0 2,2203 ?2,? 2,12 &`~ac )J26?444,00-;4;?;1,9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, F[ 26??-;40? 1>,6 2,22?0 14,0 2,2? &`~ac )

J1119;0,;4-41;21?,1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ar{ Nagavy 13,9 2,2200 1>,3 6,6

J11?>0?,93-301221,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [FHK ;?4 1>,? 2,22>6 ;9,0 12,0

J11;;01,19-3;09?4,6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [FHK ;;0 1>,0 2,22>2 ;4,0 12,0

J11;40;,2;-214;?4,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1>,9 2,224; ?3,9 2,0> &`~ac )

J114?0>,4122022>,3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, TE 03; 1>,0 2,2203 ?3,9 ?,0

a Ka{d{ il ~fikf pfd ldad{p ldinfoh i{ a `~ac nagavy ad lhpd` il radlpfd{d{,

>

[dd fppr:((~~~,{`{{,hn,

KH_OIL DP AG,63? Shg, 341


3/13

àpd{hc pfd ho{dsapihl{ al` pfd ilpdnapihl pied{ il dakf figpd adrd{dlpd` il Paogd ?, Pfd ieand{ ~dd khdkpd` ch Nagakpikchd%

nhtl` dvpilkpihl t{iln pfd ear{ hc [kfgdndg dp ag, &1996) odchdkdapiln pfd khgh ieand{ al` eda{tiln eanlipt`d{,

Paogd ; rd{dlp{ pfd rfhphedpik rhrdpid{ hc dakf hojdkp,Pfd hojdkp eanlipt`d{ ~dd eda{td` che pfd ìzzgd` al` {my%{topakpd` ieand{ rh`tkd` oy pfd F[Pd`tkpihl rirdgild t{ilnpfd [P[@A[ dggir{d pa{m &pfd eanlipt`d{ ch kherhldlp{ Aal` O hc [@[[ J26?4-;4;? ~dd eda{td` t{iln rhgynhlagardptd{= {dd K24), Khlsd{ihl che khtlp apd{ ph tvd{ ~a{ea`d t{iln pfd khlsd{ihl cakph{ il pfd ieand fda`d figd{, Khg%tel &?) nisd{ pfd gdlnpf il ak{dkhl`{ hc pfd eajh avi{ hc pfddggirpikag ardptd il ~fikf pfd hojdkp{ ginfp ~a{ eda{td`, Khg%tel &;) nisd{ pfd gieipiln {tcakd oinfpld{{ hc pfd C610^ ie%and' a{ eda{td` che pfd {my gdsdg odyhl` pfi{ ardptd, Pfddeaililn khgtel{ nisd pfd hojdkp eanlipt`d al` khgh{' al`pfd ao{hgtpd eanlipt`d{ il pfd C442E figpd kagktgapd` che pfdì{palkd{ nisdl il Paogd 1, Pfd ; gieipiln AO eanlipt`d{ hcrhilp {htkd{ il pfd ieand{ eda{td` che pfdi oakmnhtl` gds%dg{ ad arrhvieapdgy ?4,9 &C;;2^)' ?4,> &C442E)' al` ?3,3&C610^ ), Pfd{d gieipiln eanlipt`d{ aggh~ pfd `dpdkpihl hc il%ìsi`tag HO al` d` {trdnialp {pa{ ap pfd ì{palkd{ ph pfd nag%

avid{' otp lhp ilìsi`tag eail%{dqtdlkd al` nialp {pa{ hc gapd{rdkpag pyrd,

;, _D[TGP[

;,1, Khgh Ieand{

Pfd kherh{ipd AK[(F_K C;;2^' C442E' al` C610^ ie%and{ hc agg lild nagavid{ ad {fh~l il Cintd 1' ~fdd pfd ieand{fasd oddl gha`d` ilph pfd ogtd' nddl' al` d` khgh kfalldg{' d%{rdkpisdgy, Pfd ieand{ ad ì{rgayd` hl a ghnaipfeik ilpdl{ipy{kagd odkat{d hc pfd gand alnd il ilpdl{ipy odp~ddlpfd {paot{pal` qtid{kdlp dnihl{ hc pfd hojdkp{, Pfd {aed khgh paogd ~a{t{d` il agg ieand{, Pfd fintd{ ag{h {fh~ pfd alntga {izd al`khd{rhlìln rfy{ikag {kagd ap pfd a`hrpd` ì{palkd{ ph pfd ho%jdkp{, Pfd ieand{ ad {kagd` {tkf pfap pfdy {fh~ pfd {ptkptd hcpfd hojdkp{ `h~l ph arrhvieapdgy pfd gieipiln {tcakd oinfp%ld{{d{ nisdl il Paogd 1' {h il lh ka{d{ `h pfdy drd{dlp hlgy pfdpir hc pfd ikdodn, Il a`ìpihl' a nay%{kagd ieand hc [@[[J26?4-;4;? i{ rd{dlpd` il K24 al` khlfie{ pfap pfd hojdkpkhl{i{p{ hc p~h rfy{ikaggy {draapd kherhldlp{' a{ hrrh{d` phfinf {tcakd oinfpld{{ dnihl{ il a {ilngd hojdkp, ^d ag{h pid`ph rfhphedpikaggy {draapd pfd rhilp {htkd{ al` tld{hgsd`

PAOGD ?

F[P Ho{dsapihl{

Ilpdnapihl Pied

&{)

Hojdkp TP @apd hc Ho{dsapihl C;;2^ C442E C610^

J21;;4?,43-1;0?29,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 [dr 9 1;;2 ?4;2 12;2

J2?;3?6,>>2246?9,> ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 [dr ?4 13;6 1693 1;;6J2?0614,9;261>13,4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?224 Ea 11 13?0 1366 1443J26?444,00-;4;?;1,9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 Hkp 0 1333 1923 1;33

J1119;0,;4-41;21?,1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 Lhs 1? 1>2? ?230 102?

J11?>0?,93-301221,4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 [dr ?0 1>>0 ?200 10>0

J11;;01,19-3;09?4,6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 [dr ?1 1>>0 ?200 10>0

J11;40;,2;-214;?4,2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?220 [dr ?1 10>0 1666 1;02

J114?0>,4122022>,3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?224 Jtg ?3 104? 1930 104?

Lhpd{,Eanlipt`d tlkdpailpid{ ad arrhvieapdgy 2,26 ch C442E al` 2,2; ch C;;2^ al` C610^, @dpaig{ hc pfdeda{tdedlp hc pfd eanlipt`d{ ch [@[[ J26?4-;4;? kal od chtl` il K24,

PAOGD ;

Rfhphedpy che F[P Ieand{

Hojdkp

&1)

Ardptd @iaedpd

&ak{dk)

&?)

gie&610^)

&ean ak{dk?)

&;)

AO&C442E)

&0)

AO&C;;2E)AO&C442E)&4)

AO&C442E)AO&C610^)&3)

EC442E&>)

J21;;4?,43-1;0?29,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,6 ?1,4 19,?2 2,11 2,?? 1;,>J2?;3?6,>>2246?9,>,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >,? ?1,> 16,13 1,26 2,;4 10,0J2?0614,9;261>13,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?0,> ?1,9 13,3> 2,46 2,;1 10,9

J26?444,00-;4;?;1,9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?1,>

Kherhldlp A,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,6 19,44 2,03 2,2> 11,0Kherhldlp O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,9 ?1,;> 2,0> 2,2> 9,3

J1119;0,;4-41;21?,1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,6 ?1,6 1>,23 2,12 2,2; 10,?

J11?>0?,93- 301221,4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,9 ?1,9 1>,;> 1,1; 2,;4 14,3J11;;01,19 -3;09?4,6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4,2 ?1,9 16,2? 2,23 2,16 10,>J11;40;,2;-214;?4,2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,; ?1,> 1>,93 2,6> 2,0; 10,?

J114?0>,4122022>,3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0,? ?1,9 1>,9> 2,10 2,10 10,?

Lhpd{,Ardptd iaedpd drd{dlp{ pfd eajh avi{ gdlnpf hc pfd dggir{d ~ipfil ~fikf tv ~a{ eda{td`, Pfd dvrd{{ihl gie&610^) drd{dlp{ pfd gieipiln {tcakdoinfpld{{ hc pfdC610 ieand{' a{ eda{td` che pfd{my gdsdg,Pfd dvrd{{ihlEC442E i{ pfdao{hgtpd eanlipt`deda{td che pfdAO&C442E) sagtd{al` kagktgapdt{iln pfd ì{palkd{ il Paogd 1,

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[ 63;Lh, ?' ?223


4/13

Cin, 1,Khgh ieand{ hc lild TKO@{ kdapd` che F[PAK[(F_K ieand{ il pfd C;;2 ' C442E' al` C610^ figpd{, Pfd ilpdl{ipy {kagd i{ ghnaipfeik' al` pfdhidlpapihl i{ lhpf ap pfd phr al` da{p ph pfd gdcp, Pfd alntga {kagd i{ lhpd` ch dakf hojdkp' aghln ~ipf pfd khd{rhl`iln rfy{ikag {kagd ap pfd a`hrpd` `i{palkd ph dakfnagavy &Paogd 1),


5/13

{pa{ il pfd nagavid{ t{iln pfd @AHRFHP al` [Dvpakph rakm%and{' otp pfd{d appderp{ caigd` `td ph pfdi khergdvipy,

Pfd ieand{ kgdagy dsdag eh{p hc pfd hojdkp{ &lhpaogy [@[[J1119-41;2' [@[[ J11?>-3012' al` [@[[ J11;;-3;09) ph odkherh{ipd{ hc rhrtgapihl{ hc ìccddlp and{' ~ipf {paot{p d%nihl{ deod``d` il dlsdghrd{ hc d` {pa{, Pfd `dkherh{ipihl hcpfd {pdgga rhrtgapihl{ hc pfd hojdkp{ i{ od{p `dpdeild` che pfdi{rdkpa' ~fikf i{ pfd {tojdkp hcv ;,;, Fh~dsd' ~d fil` C442EC610^ khgh{ il pfd ada{ a~ay che pfd {paot{p dnihl{ ph od ilpfd arrhvieapd alnd 2,>Y1,6' khl{i{pdlp ~ipf rhrtgapihl{ he%ilapd` oy d` nialp {pa{,

Ilìsi`tag {pa{ ad dsi`dlp il eh{p hc pfd hojdkp{' al` eda%{tdedlp hc pfd ao{hgtpd eanlipt`d{ al` khgh{ hc {dgdkpd` {pa{t{iln pfd a`hrpd` ì{palkd{ ph pfd nagavid{ khlfie{ pfde ph odHO {pa{ al` d` {trdnialp{, Khlkdlpapd `t{p i{ lhp {ddl il alyka{d{' lh i{ {phln ldotga khlpiltte dei{{ihl' d,n,' il {fdgg{ h

figaedlp{{thtl iln pfd {paot{p dnihl{ h pfd {pdgga dlsdghrd{hc pfd nagavid{ pfde{dgsd{' ~ipf pfd rh{{iogd dvkdrpihl hc [@[[J2?06261> &{dd v ;,?), [@[[ J26?4-;4;? i{ pfd hlgy hojdkp d%{hgsd` ilph p~h {eaggd kherhldlp{ oy pfd AK[(F_K ieand{,[dsdag hc pfd hojdkp{ khlpail YEK{' al` ~d rd{dlp rfhphedpyhcpfde il v ;,4, Lhld hc pfd hojdkp{{fh~ hosiht{ pi ag cdaptd{ hcpfd pyrd {ddl il RHV 163 &Khoil # Sakka ?22?)' otp pfdy ad lhprapiktgagy {yeedpik dipfd, ^d ì{kt{{ dakf hojdkp ilìsi`t%aggy il v ;,?,

;,?, Kheedlp{ hl Ilìsi`tag Hojdkp{

[@[[ J21;;-1;0?,Pfi{ i{ hld hc pfd eh{p ì{palp al` il%pil{ikaggy {eaggd{p hojdkp{ il pfd {aergd, Ip i{ ag{h hld hc pfdogtd{p' ~ipf ip{ ginfp `heilapd` oy {dsdag rh{{iogd YEK{ &{dd

v ;,0) al` ag{h oy a dgapisdgy ogtd kherhldlp hc tld{hgsd`{pa{, [dsdag d` {trdnialp {pa{ ad ag{h si{iogd' d{paogi{filn altrrd gieip ph pfd and hc pfd {paot{p&{) hc $126 y ic pfdi rh%ndliph{ ~dd HO {pa{ al` ic al il{palpaldht{ ot{p i{ a{{ted`,[@[[ J21;;-1;0? ag{h qtagifid{ a{ dvpdedgy edpag%rhh akkh`%iln ph Mliazds dp ag, &?22;)' ~ipf a sagtd hc 1? ghn &H(F) >:32 2:2;, Ip{ ehrfhghny i{ idntga' ~ipf a {tnnd{pihl hc apiàg cdaptd il pfd {htpfda{p ìdkpihl, Ip{ {rdkpag dldny ì{piot%pihl &v ;,;) il ikapd{ pfapal tl dgyilnrhrtgapihl hc dshgsd {pa{i{ rd{dlp' agpfhtnf ip i{ lhp kgdagy {ddl il pfd khgh%kherh{ipdieand' rh{{iogy a{ pfd d{tgp hc gh~ {tcakd oinfpld{{,

[@[[ J2?;32246,Pfd ginfp che pfi{ hojdkp i{ `heilapdòy a {ilngd YEK lda ip{ kdlpd' ~ipf ilìsi`tag HO {pa{ al` d`{trdnialp{ ag{h `dpdkpd`, Al tl`dgyiln' dgapisdgy gh~ {tcakd

oinfpld{{ &arrhvieapdgy ?1,4 ean ak{dk? il C610^)' d`{pdgga dlsdghrd i{ `dpdkpd`' ~fikf arrda{ ph od ehd khlkdl%

papd` ph~a` pfd lhpf,[@[[ J2?06261>,Pfi{ hojdkp qtagifid{ a{ a khedpay

pyrd hc OK@' ~ipf a gand {paot{p dnihl ap ip{ lhpfdl d`ndal` a dgapisdgy gh~ {tcakd oinfpld{{ kherhldlp &arrhvieapdgy?2,4 ean ak{dk? il C610^) hc d``d {pa{ dvpdlìln ph pfd{htpf, Hlgy pfd {paot{p dnihl ~a{ `dpdkpd` al` kapaghnd` ilpfd [@[[ hojdkp àpaoa{d' gdaìln ph ht i`dlpifikapihl hc ip a{a TKO@ kalìàpd, ^figd ip i{ lhp {pikpgy a TKO@ tl`d htkipdihl hc a rfy{ikag {izd gd{{ pfal 1 mrk' ip{ {eagg {izd al` eh%rfhghny il pfd [@[[ ieand{ ~a{ {tcfikidlpgy {pimiln ph ~a%alp ilkgt{ihl il pfd {aergd, Pfd {paot{p dnihl fa{ a khergdv{ptkptd' khl{i{piln hc p~h kdlpag ghh{d kgt{pd{ hc {pa{ ~ipf{thtlìln a{{hkiapihl{ al` ilìsi`tag HO {pa{, P~h {fdgg%gimd {ptkptd{ ad {ddl ap pfd lhpfdl d`nd hc pfd {paot{p d%

nihl' ~ipf dkdlpgy ched` {pa{ hl pfdi d`nd{, Pfi{ eay od aldvaergd hc {trdlhsad%il`tkd` {pa cheapihl&{dd' d,n,'Hdy ?220=Hdy dp ag, ?224),

[@[[ J26?4-;4;?,Pfi{ deamaogd hojdkp fa{ oddl {pt`%id` il `dpaig oy K24' Rt{piglim dp ag, &?22;)' al` Mliazds dp ag,&?222), Pfd AK[(F_K ieand{ dsdag ip ph khl{i{p hc p~h sdy{eagg kgter{ hc {pa{ &`d{inlapd` A al` O) pfap arrda ph fasddkdlpgy khggi d`' pinndiln pfdi {pa cheapihl &K24), A cailprgted hc d``d {pa{ ilkgt iln il isi tag {trdnialp{ dvpdl`{ phpfd lhpf~d{p hc ohpf kherhldlp{' {trrhpiln al ilpdakpihl rik%ptd, Il pfi{ rard ~d t{d a ìccddlp ì{palkd ph pfd hojdkp hc 14,0sd{t{ 1?,> Erk &K24) oa{d` hl pfd ì{palkd%d{pieapd edpfh`ì{kt{{d` il v ?,1' ~fikf d{tgp{ il a {ginfpgy ìccddlp {izd {kagd&Cin, 1), Il K24 ~d {tnnd{p pfap [@[[ J26?4-;4;? drd{dlp{ a

`~ac nagavy il pfd rhkd{{ hc a{{deogiln che kgter{ hc {pa{pfap ad {tonagakpik il pde{ hc {izd al` ea{{,

[@[[ J1119-41;2,Pfi{ dgapisdgy oinfp al` ogtd hojdkp~a{ ì{khsdd` oy Ar &1934)' ~fh `d{kiod` ip a{ a sdy{eagg' khl`dl{d` nagavy' al` ip i{ hcpdl dcdd` ph a{ Ar{Nagavy il pfd gipdaptd, Ip fa{ ag{h hkka{ihlaggy oddl dcdd` pha{ a nagavy rai' odkat{d hc ip{ eanilag {draapihl ilph p~h khe%rhldlp{ il nhtl`%oa{d` ieand{, Pfd AK[(F_K ieand{ dsdagpfd{d p~h kherhldlp{ ph od {paot{p dnihl{ il a {ilngd tl`dgy%iln d` {pdgga dlsdghrd, Ltedht{ d` {trdnialp{ ad ag{h ds%i`dlp' rapiktgagy lda pfd d`nd hc pfd nagavy, ^d fil` hld kal%ìàpd YEK il pfd ~d{pdl {paot{p dnihl, Mliazds dp ag, &?22;)kga{{icypfi{ hojdkp a{ dvpdedgy edpag%rhh' ~ipf 1? ghn &H(F) >:41 2:20,

Cin, 1,Khlpiltd`

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[ 634


6/13

[@[[ J11?>-3012,Pfi{ hojdkp ì{rgay{ al ilpdd{piln khe%oilapihl hc dkdlp {pa cheapihl al` al tl`dgyiln kherhldlphc d` {pa{ ehrfhghnikaggy {ieiga ph a `~ac dggirpikag nagavy,Ip ìccd{' fh~dsd' che pfd eh{p kheehl pyrd hc OK@ &{dd v 1)il pfap pfd {pa cheapihl i{ ehd dsdlgy ì{piotpd` akh{{ pfd

nagavy' a{ hrrh{d` ph odiln khlkdlpapd` lda pfd kdlpd' al` i{lhp khlkdlpapd` il kgt{pd{,[@[[ J11;;-3;09,Pfi{ hojdkp i{ sdy {ieiga ph [@[[

J1119-41;2' khl{i{piln hc p~h oa{ikaggy ì{pilkp {paot{p dnihl{al` a htnfgy dggirpikag tl`dgyiln d``d rhrtgapihl, Ip ag{h khl%pail{ p~h YEK{ il pfd da{pdl {paot{p dnihl al` {dsdag d`{trdnialp{,

[@[[ J11;4-214;,Pfd dkdlp {pa cheapihl il pfi{ dga%pisdgy d` hojdkp i{ hkktiln eailgy il al arrhvieapdgy gilda{ptkptd lda ip{ lhpf~d{pdl d`nd' ~fdd il isi`tag HO {pa{ al`d` {trdnialp{ ad {ddl, Pfd eail oh`y hc pfd nagavy i{ hc dga%pisdgy gh~ {tcakd oinfpld{{ &arrhvieapdgy ?1,4 ean ak{dk?

il C610^) kherad` ph hpfd hojdkp{ il pfd {aergd,[@[[ J114?2202,Pfd dei{{ihlhc pfi{ hojdkp i{ `heilapd`

oy pfd ginfp hc a YEK ap ip{ kdlpd' ~ipf {hed {pa cheapihl ag{h

dsi`dlp ap ip{ {htpf~d{pdl pir, Gimd [@[[ J2?;32246' ip khl%pail{ a lteod hc d` {trdnialp{ al` al tl`dgyiln' gh~ {tcakdoinfpld{{ &arrhvieapdgy ?1,4 ean ak{dk? il C610^) khe%rhldlp hc d``d {pa{,

;,;, [pdgga Rhrtgapihl Alagy{i{

Pfd F[Pieand{ hc pfd {aergd hojdkp{ al` pfdi khgh{ dsdagpfde ph od kherh{ipd{ hc hg` al` yhtln {pdgga rhrtgapihl{, Ilh`d ph dvaeild pfi{ ehd rdki{dgy' ~d dpidsd` pfdi hrpikag{rdkpa che pfd [@[[ àpaoa{d al` alagyzd` pfde ~ipf pfd[PA_GINFP kh`d hc Ki` Cdlal`d{ dp ag, &?220' ?224= Eapdt{dp ag, ?223), [PA_GINFP fip{ al ho{dsd` {rdkpte ~ipf a khe%oilapihl hc etgpirgd {iergd {pdgga rhrtgapihl{ &[[R{= ag{h mlh~la{ il{palpaldht{ ot{p) {ylpfdpik {rdkpa t{iln a? eilieizapihlrhkd`td, Pfd {rdkifik [[R {rdkpa kfh{dl ch ht alagy{i{ adche Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;)' ~fikf ad oa{d` hl pfd [PDGIOgioay hc Gd Ohnld dp ag, &?22;)' Ra`hsa 1990 dshgtpihlaypakm{' al` a Kfaoid &?22;) ilipiag ea{{ ctlkpihl odp~ddl 2,1al` 122E, d t{d pfd {aed{dp hc?4 and{t{d` oyEapdt{ dpag,

&?223) ch pfdi alagy{i{ hc nagavid{ il [@[[ @apa _dgda{d ?, ^d

Cin, ?,_d{tgp{ hc pfd {rdkpag {ylpfd{i{ fippiln ph pfd [@[[{rdkpa hc {dsdl hc pfd lild {aergd hojdkp{ &v ;,;), Pfdho{dsd {rdkpte i{ lheagizd` oy pfdtv il pfd0212Y0232 6 ilpdsag al` i{ rghppd` ap pfd phr ~ipf a pfikm ogakm gild, Dei{{ihl gild{ al` oa` rivdg{ ~dd ea{md` il pfd fip{ al` ad à~l il ptqthi{d, Pfd filag eh`dg{rdkpte i{ à~l il d , Pfdohpphe {rdkpaad {te{ hc pfd khl{piptdlp [[R{rdkpa il cht and oil{: p 12> y &eandlpa)'12> y7 p 126 y &ogtd)'126 y7 p 129 y&nddl)' al` p ! 4 = 129 y &ogakm), Pfdldotga khlpilttedei{{ihl{rdkpte i{ {fh~l ~ipf a `hppd` ptqthi{d gild, Pfdrdkdlpand khlpiotpihl{ hc pfd{d kherhldlp{ ph pfdho{dsd` tv ap 02?2 6 ad {fh~l il radlpfd{d{, Pfd {rdkpte hc [@[[ J2?06261> i{ pfap hc pfd {paot{p dnihl ap pfd nagavy{ lhpfdl pir & Cin, 1),

KH_OIL DP AG,633 Shg, 341


7/13

a`hrp a edpaggikipy hc Z 2:2220&1(42 Z) ch agg eh`dg{'~fikf i{ pfd edpaggikipy il pfd Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;) gioaykgh{d{p ph pfd edpaggikipid{ hc pfd {aergd nagavid{ oa{d` hl pfdiH(F aotlàlkd{ &Mliazds dp ag, ?22;), ^d t{d al [EK d`%`dliln ga~ ph pdap ilpdlag dvpilkpihl odkat{d hc pfd {ieigaipy hcpfd {aergd hojdkp{ ph pfd [EK, Pfd {rdkpa ~dd ag{h khdkpd`ch Nagakpik dvpilkpihl t{iln pfd ear{ hc [kfgdndg dp ag, &1996)'{ficpd` ph pfd d{p caed' al` d{aergd` ph a d{hgtpihl hc 16, Oarivdg{ al` dei{{ihl gild{ ~dd dvkgt`d` che pfd filag fip{, Pfd

{rdkpa hc [@[[ J21;;-1;0? al` [@[[ J26?4-;4;? ~dd phhlhi{y ch [PA_GINFP ph tl {tkkd{{ctggy, Pfd {rdkpag dldnyì{piotpihl{ hc pfd p~h kherhldlp{ hc [@[[ J26?4-;4;? a{khl{paild` oy pfdi tvd{ il pfd C;;2^' C442E' al` C610^figpd{ ad rd{dlpd` il K24' ~fdd ip ~a{ chtl` pfap ohpf kherh%ldlp{ arrda ph od kherh{ipd{ hc ap gda{p p~h ì{pilkp {pdgga rhr%tgapihl{ ~ipf and{ $1 Ey al` $12 Ny,

Pfd fip{ hopaild` che pfd [PA_GINFP kh`d ad rd{dlpd` ilCintd ?, Pfd [@[[ {rdkpag fiod{ ad ;22 il ìaedpd al` pft{ il%kgt`d dipfd agg h pfd eajhipy hc pfd ginfp il dakf hc pfd {aergdhojdkp{ &{dd Cin, 1), Il pfd ka{d hc pfd khedpay nagavy [@[[J2?06261>' pfd {rdkpte drd{dlp{ pfd {paot{p dnihl ap ip{lhpfdl pir, Il a`ìpihl ph pfd Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;) [[R {yl%pfd{i{ eh`dg{' ~d ilkgt`d a ldotga khlpiltte {rdkpte ph a{{d{{

ip{ rh{{iogd khlpiotpihl ph pfd ho{dsd` {rdkpa &{dd v ?,?), Pfi{ldotga khlpiltte i{ kagktgapd` ch al dgdkphl pderdaptd hc120 M al` a{{ted{ l& Fd ii)(l& F i) 2:1 al` l& Fd iii)(l& F i) 2:2' ~ipf dei{{ihl khdcfikidlp{ che Aggd &1960' r, 12?), ^d sd%ifid` pfap pfd kagktgapd` ldotga khlpiltte {pdlnpf{ ad il nhhànddedlp ~ipf pfd {pdlnpf{ dvrdkpd` hl pfd oa{i{ hc pfd hojdkp{Ftvd{, ^d fil` il agg hojdkp{' fh~dsd' pfap pfd khlpiotpihl hcpfi{ khlpiltte kherhldlp `hd{ lhp dvkdd` 12$ al` i{ odgh~ 1$il {dsdag hojdkp{, Pfi{ i{ khl{i{pdlp ~ipf pfd filìln hc K24 ch

[@[[ 26?4-;40?, Pfd ho{dsd` khlpiltte il agg pfd hojdkp{ i{pfddchd rd`heilalpgy {pdgga, Pfd {rdkpag `dkherh{ipihl i{ ig%gt{papd` oy nhtriln pfd [[R {rdkpa ilph cht and oil{ rgt{ pfdldotga kherhldlp' ~fh{d {pdlnpf{ ad gi{pd il dakf rghp, Il dakfhojdkp ~d fil` pfd od{p fip ph od hopaild` oy a kheoilapihl hc yhtln&12> y)' ilpdedìapd%and &$12>Y129 y)' al` hg` &!4 = 129 y)rhrtgapihl{, Pfdand hc pfd hg drhrtgapihl{ad chtl` ph od kgh{d{pph arrhvieapdgy 12 Ny, Pfd kheoild` tlkdpailpid{ il pfd eh`dg{al` àpa akptaggy gieip pfd and d{hgtpihl ph $2,4Y1,2 `dv' otp pfi{`hd{ lhp accdkp pfd khlkgt{ihl &il qtagipapisd anddedlp ~ipf pfdieand{) pfap {pdgga rhrtgapihl{ {ralliln {dsdag `dka`d{ il and adrd{dlp il agghc pfd hojdkp{,

Il Cintd ; ~d rd{dlp pfd od{p fip hc pfd Z 2:2220 Otztag# Kfaghp &?22;) eh`dg{ ph pfd phpag C;;2 ' C442E' al`

Cin, ?,Khlpiltd`

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[ 63>Lh, ?' ?223


8/13

C610^ tvd{ hc [@[[ 21;;-1;0?' {ilkd ip{ [@[[ {rdkpte i{phhlhi{ych pfd [PA_GINFP kh d ph dgiaogy fip, Pfd fip ~a{oa{d`hl {iv eh`dg{ ~ipf and{ odp~ddl 1 Ey al` 12 Ny' al` ~a{ ho%paild` oy a {iergd ? eilieizapihl rhkd`td' lhp [PA_GINFP,Agpfhtnf pfd fip i{ lhp a{ {phlngy khl{paild` a{ pfh{d che pfd[@[[ {rdkpa' ~d hopail khl{i{pdlp d{tgp{' il pfap pfd rd{dlkd hcap gda{p a sdyyhtln &$1 Ey)alàl hg &$12 Ny) rhrtgapihl i{il ikapd` il pfd hojdkp' a{ il [@[[ 26?4-;4;? &{dd K24), A {ilngd%

and rhrtgapihl kallhp fip pfd AK[(F_K figpd tvd{' al` pfdhsdagg {rdkpag dldny ì{piotpihl kal hlgy od fip oy pfd ilkgt%{ihl hc a rhrtgapihl ~ipf al and hc 1 Ny h hg`d,

Pfd dvpdl`d` {ptkptd hc [@[[ J2?06261> &Cin, 1) aggh~{t{ ph dvaeild pfd {rdkpag dldny ì{piotpihl hc pfd dnihl ldaip{ ndhedpik kdlpd t{iln pfd AK[(F_K ieand{, d {rdkifikaggyeda{td pfd tv il al ardptd 1O3? {qtad' kdlpdd` ap rivdg{v 314' y 40>' il agg pfdd ieand{, Pfi{ kdlpag dnihl aggh~{t{ ph ehd ìdkpgy eda{td pfd tl`dgyiln d` rhrtgapihl hcpfd nagavy pfal pfd {paot{p dnihl ap ip{ pir, Cippiln pfd tvd{~ipf pfd {aed {dp hc [[R eh`dg{ arrgid` ph [@[[ 21;;-1;0?'~d fil` pfap pfd od{p fip ph pfd tvd{ i{ hopaild` che pfd khe%oilapihl hc a 1 al` a 12 Ny hg` rhrtgapihl, Pfi{ i{ {fh~l ilCintd 0, Pfi{ d{tgp i{ qtagipapisdgy khl{i{pdlp ~ipf pfd fip ph pfd

{paot{p dnihl {rdkpte &Cin, ?)' agpfhtnf pfdd i{ a {inlifi%

kalp iccddlkd il pfd dgapisd khlpiotpihl{ hc {tkf rhrtgapihl{il pfd{d dnihl{, Pfd {rdkpag dldny ì{piotpihl hc pfi{ kdlpagdnihl ldsdpfdgd{{ kallhp od fippd` ~ipf a rhrtgapihl yhtlndpfal $1 Ny,

;,0, [pdgga Ea{{d{

[pdgga ea{{d{ hc pfd {aergd hojdkp{ ~dd d{pieapd` che pfdfilag {rdkpag fip{' t{iln gteilh{ipid{ kagktgapd` che pfd a`hrpd`

ì{palkd{ ph pfd nagavid{ &Paogd 1) al` ea{{%ph%ginfp apih{ kagkt%gapd` che dakf hojdkp{ rhrtgapihl eivptd &E(G sagtd{ ad $1 chpfd zoal`), A khdkpihl ch ginfp htp{i`d hc pfd ;22 [@[[ {rdkph%{khrik fiod ~a{ ea`d oy kherailn pfd z%oal` eanlipt`d{ hc pfdhojdkp{ eda{td` il{i`d pfd fiod ph pfdi phpagz%oal eanlipt d{, Ila` ipihl' pfd dnihl{ hc pfd nagavid{ khsdd oy pfd fiod{ ~igg gimdgyod pfd ogtd{p al` ~igg fasd ìccddlpE(G apih{ pfal pfd dnihl{ htp%{i`d hc pfd fiod{' ~fikf accdkp{ pfd d{pieapd{ hc pfdi phpag ea{{d{,Ph khdkpch pfi{'~d d{pieapd pfdz%oalÈ(G apih{ hc pfd dnihl{htp{i d hc pfd {rdkph{khrik ardptd{ t{iln pfdi C442EC610^khgh{' arrgyiln kagioapihl{ che a gand {aergd hc nagavid{ {d%gdkpd` che pfd [@[[, @dpaig{ hc pfi{ rhkd`td ad nisdl il pfdArrdlìv, Ch [@[[ J2?06261>' pfd [@[[ z%oal` eanlipt`dilkgt`d{ hlgy pfd lhpfdl {paot{p dnihl' {h ht ea{{ d{pieapd

i{ a gh~d gieip,

Cin, ?,Khlpiltd`

KH_OIL DP AG,636 Shg, 341


9/13

Pfd ea{{ sagtd{ ad nisdl il Paogd 0 al` drd{dlp pfd ea{{ktdlpgy khlpaild` il ohpf {pa{ al` {pdgga delalp{' ~fikf adilkgt`d` il pfd Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;) eh`dg{, Paogd 0 ag{hnisd{ pfd cakpihl hc pfd {pdgga ea{{ khlpaild` il pfd yhtln'ilpdedìapd%and' al` dshgsd` {pdgga rhrtgapihl{ ~ipfil pfd{rdkph{khrik ardptd{' al` pfd S%oal` {pdgga dvpilkpihl sagtd{hopaild` che pfd fippiln rhkd`td, Pfd phpag ea{{ sagtd{ ~dhopail ad sdy {eagg otp ad khl{i{pdlp ~ipf pfh{d chtl` che pfdrfhphedpik àpa hl RHV 163 &Khoil # Sakka ?22?) al` F[26??-;40? &K24)' ~fikf a{{ted` a phpag ea{{%ph%gteilh{ipy a%pih hc$?Y0 &Pftal 196>), d lhpd pfap kherhldlp O hc F[ 26??-;40? fa{ al d{pieapd` ea{{ hc$&?Y0) = 123 E' {eaggd pfal pfdea{{ hc pfd {aergd hojdkp{ al` arrhakfiln pfap hc a nghotgakgt{pd, Ip eay' fh~dsd' od drd{dlpapisd hc pfd ea{{d{ hc pfdkgter{ hc {pa{ ~fh{d khggi{ihl{(edniln eay fasd pinndd` pfdhojdkp{ {pa cheapihl' a{ ~a{ {tnnd{pd` ch RHV 163 oy Khoil# Sakka &?22?),

Cintd 4 {fh~{ pfd ì{piotpihl hc dgapisd ea{{d{ pfd ìccddlp{pdgga rhrtgapihl{' a{ `dpdeild` che pfd {rdkpag fippiln rh%

kd`td, Ip ag{h {fh~{ pfd dgapisd khlpiotpihl{ hc pfd{d rhrtga%pihl{ ph pfd ginfp hc pfd hojdkp{ap 02?26, Pfi{ rghp al` pfd sagtd{il Paogd ; {fh~ pfap pfd $12 Ny hg {pa{ il pfd hojdkp{ kheri{d$>4$Y96$ hc pfdi ea{{' ~figd pfd yhtln al` ilpdedìapd%and{pa{ il pfd ogtd hojdkp{ phndpfd khlpiotpd a {ieiga cakpihl hcpfd ginfp ap pfap~asdgdlnpf, Pfd tlkdpailpid{ il pfd ea{{cakpihl{il pfd pfdd and oil{ t{d` &Paogd 0) ad arrhvieapdgy 3$ &Ki`Cdlal d{ dp ag, ?224), Ilcdiln pfd {pa cheapihl fi{phid{ hc pfdhojdkp{ che pfd{d ea{{ ì{piotpihl{ i{' fh~dsd' lhp {iergd'nisdl pfd ldkd{{ay oilliln hc pfd {pdgga ea{{d{ &{dd' d,n,' Eapfi{dp ag, ?223), Pfd{d ì{piotpihl{ ag{h hlgy drd{dlp pfd ginfp il{i dhc pfd {rdkph{khrik fiod{= pfd cakpihl{ hc ginfp al` ea{{ drd%{dlpd` oy hg`d {pa{ ~igg ilkda{d ic pfd phpag nagavid{ ad khl%{i`dd`' nisdl pfap pfd dnihl{ a~ay che pfd nagavy ad d``d&{dd pfd Arrdlìv),

;,4, Yhtln Ea{{isd [pa Kgt{pd{

[dsdag hc pfd TKO@{ khlpail hojdkp{ pfap arrda ph od YEK{'pamiln a{ {dgdkpihl kipdia a eanilaggy d{hgsd` {ptkptd al` al

Cin, ?,Khlpiltd`

Cin, ;,Kherai{hl hc pfd C;;2^' C442E' al` C610^ tvd{ hc [@[[J21;;-1;0? ~ipf Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;) [[R {ylpfd{i{ eh`dg{' a{{teiln aKfaoid &?22;) ilipiag ea{{ ctlkpihl al` a edpaggikipy hc Z 2:2220, Pfd

à{fd` gild drd{dlp{ pfd a`ìpihl hc pfd 1 Ey al` 12 Ny {rdkpa,

Cin, 0,Kherai{hl hc pfdC;;2 ' C442E'al` C610^tvd{hc pfdkdlpagdnihl hc [@[[ J2?06-26>1 ~ipf Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;) [[R {ylpfd{i{eh`dg{ &v ;,;), Pfd à{fd` gild drd{dlp{ pfd a`ìpihl hc pfd 1 al` 12 Ny

{rdkpa,

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[ 639Lh, ?' ?223


10/13

ao{hgtpd eanlipt`d EC442E 7 9 ean, d rd{dlp a gi{p hc pfd{dkal iàpd{ al` a{{hkiapd` rfhphedpy il Paogd 4, Pfd eanlipt d{~dd eda{td` ~ipf pfd I_AC rfhp pa{m' t{iln kiktga ardptd{

~fh{d aìi said` che ; ph 3 rivdg{, Ardptd khdkpihl{ ~ddarrgid` t{iln pfd rghp{ al` paogd{ hc [iialli dp ag, &?224), A oakm%

nhtl` gdsdg ~a{ eda{td` al` {topakpd` t{iln kiktga alltgi hc~i pf ? rivdg{' ~ipf al illd aìt{ {dp? rivdg{ odyhl pfdkiktgaardptd, Pfd oakmnhtl` gdsdg i{ finfgy tlkdpail `td ph pfd tl%

dsdl ì{piotpihl hc pfd ginfp che pfd tl`dgyiln tld{hgsd` {pa{al` a`jakdlp hojdkp{' al` ~d d{pieapd tlkdpailpid{ il pfd d{tgpiln

PAOGD 0

D{pieapd` Ilpdlag Dvpilkpihl{ al` [pdgga Ea{{d{

Hojdkp AS Ean ghn &E(E) c&7>) c&>Y9) c&>2246?9,>,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,19 >,03 2,21 2,?0 2,>4

J2?0614,9;261>13,4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,;6 ,2> 2,23 2,2> 2,6>J1119;0,;4 -41;21?,1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,2; >,1; 2,21 2,29 2,92

J11?>0?,93 - 301221,4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,11 6,?> 72,21 2,2? 2,96J11;;01,19 -3;09?4,6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,1> >,>> 2,21 2,2? 2,9>

J11;40;,2; - 214;?4,2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,2; >,2> 72,21 2,12 2,92J114?0>,4122022>,3 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,;6 >,?3 2,2; 2,14 2,6?

Lhpd{,Pfd qtalpipid{c&7>)' c&>Y9)'al`c& y'odp~ddl12> al`129 y' alàohsd 129 y' d{rdkpisdgy' il pfdada{ hcpfd nagavid{khsddòy pfd{rdkph{khrik fiod{, Pfd {rdkpte hc [@[[ J21;;4?,43-1;0?29,0 i{ phh lhi{y ph dgiaogy d{pieapd pfd{d sagtd{, Ch[@[[ J26?444,00-;4;?;1,9 {dd K24, Ch [@[[ J2?0614,9;261>13,; pfd sagtd{ ad ch pfd lhpfdl {paot{pdnihl hlgy' rgakiln hlgy a gh~d gieip hl pfd phpag nagavy ea{{, D{pieapd` dh{ ad 72,1 ean il AS al` arrhv%ieapdgy 2,1 `dv il ghn E(E ,

Cin, 4,Gdcp: cakpihl hc ginfp ap 02?2 6 che pfd {pdgga rhrtgapihl kherhldlp{ che pfd {rdkpag {ylpfd{i{ fippiln & Cin, ?)= infp: cakpihl hc ea{{ khlpaild` il pfd

ìccddlp {pdgga rhrtgapihl kherhldlp{ &v ;,0), Pfd{d sagtd{ ad ch pfd ada{ khsdd` oy pfd [@[[ {rdkph{khrik fiod{,

KH_OIL DP AG,6>2 Shg, 341


11/13

khgh{ hc$2,? ean, ^fdpfd pfd{d hojdkp{ qtagicy a{ [[K{ tl%`d pfd kipdia hc fasiln 10:1 7 ES 7 11:9 &HKhlldgg dp ag,

1990) i{ ìcfiktgp ph `dpdeild odkat{d hc pfd dccdkp pfd achd%edlpihld` tlkdpailpid{' aghln ~ipf pfd khlpiotpihl hc ]H iiiUmm0949' 422> dei{{ihl ph pfd Soal` &a{ ph hrrh{d`ph pfd lah~%Soal` drd{dlpd` oy pfd C442E figpd' ~fikf ashi { pfd{d gild{)eanlipt d{' pfd dccdkp hc ldotga khlpiltte dei{{ihl' al` ì{palkdtlkdpailpid{, Pfd kal iàpd{ ~d i`dlpicy ~ipfEC442E 7 12 eaneay' fh~dsd' qtagicy a{ [[K{ tl`d pfi{ `dfilipihl,

Il Cintd 3 ~d kherad pfd khgh{ hc pfd YEK{ nisdl il Paogd ;~ipf pfd rdìkpd` khgh{ hc pfd Otztag # Kfaghp &?22;) Z 2:2220 {rdkpa t{d` ph fip pfd hojdkp {rdkpag dldny ì{piotpihl{,A d``dliln sdkph oa{d` hl pfd edal AS sagtd ch pfd hojdkp{&Paogd 0) al` a{{teiln a Nagakpik dvpilkpihl ktsd i{ ag{h {fh~l,Pfd khgh{ hc pfd hojdkp{ htnfgy eapkf pfd rdìkpihl{ hc pfdOtztag # Kfaghp &?22;) eh`dg{ acpd akkhtlpiln ch pfd d`%

`dliln al` il ikapd pyrikag kgt{pd and{ $12Y

02 Ey, Pfd Otztag# Kfaghp eh`dg{ `h lhp ilkgt`d ldotga khlpiltte dei{{ihl'~fikf ag{h gimdgy khlpiotpd{ ph pfd {kappd il pfd{d sagtd{,

0, @I[KT[[IHL

Pfd kgda dsi`dlkd hc {pa{ $12 Ny hg` il agg hc pfd {aergdhojdkp{ d{paogi{fd{ pfap pfdy ad lhp rhphnagavid{' cheiln pfdifi{p ndldapihl hc {pa{, TKO@{ ad pft{ {ieiga ph pfd eajhipyhc ghkag OK@{ il pfi{ d{rdkp, OK@{ htp ph z 2:?4 ag{h arrdaph od kherh{ipd{ hc {pdgga rhrtgapihl{ hc ìccddlp and{ &Oaazzadp ag, ?224), Il sid~ hc pfdi gh~ {pdgga ea{{d{' pfd sdy gh~edpaggikipid{ hc TKO@{ ad gimdgy ph od pfd d{tgp hc pfd d{kardhc {trdlhsa djdkpa &{dd Eak Gh~ # Cdaa 1999= [igikf #Pdlhih%Pangd ?221= Eapil dp ag, ?22?)' a{ hrrh{d` ph yhtpf,Pfd {aergd hojdkp{ gid hl a dvparhgapihl hc pfd ea{{(edpaggikipykhdgapihl chtl` ch gand [@[[ nagavid{ oy Pdehlpi dp ag,&?220)' ~fikf fa{ ag{h oddl appiotpd` ph pfd {trdlhsa%ìsdld{kard hc dlikfd` na{ che gh~%ea{{ nagavid{ &{dd ag{h Do dp ag,?223), [hed {trrhp ch pfi{ ilpdrdpapihl i{ chtl` che pfd F

ieand{ hc OK@{ hopaild` oy Nig `d Raz dp ag, &?22;)' ~fikf il%kgt`d pfd TKO@{ RHV 163 al` F[ 26??-;40?, Pfd{d ieand{{fh~ pfap il {dsdag hojdkp{' ilkgtìln pfd{d p~h TKO@{' pfd Fdei{{ihl dvpdl`{ odyhl` pfd _%oal` khlpiltte dei{{ihl hc pfdnagavid{' {tnnd{piln pfap {trd~il`{ {ieiga ph pfh{d {ddl ilgand ì{m nagavid{&d,n,' Gdfldp # Fdkmeal 1993) ad dvrdggilnedpag%dlikfd` na{ che pfd hojdkp{, Dkfdggd {rdkph{khry hc pfdF dei{{ihl hc pfd{d hojdkp{ i{ dqtid ph khlfie pfi{' a{ ~dgg a{finf%d{hgtpihl dei{{ihl%gild ieaniln ~ipf F[P, Ic hpfd dv%pdedgy edpag%rhh nagavid{{tkf a{ I Z~ 16 al`[O[ 2;;4%24?^ptgygakm dshgsd`{pa{' a{ drhpd` oy Izhphs # Pftal &?220) alÌzhphs dp ag, &?224)' d{rdkpisdgy' pfdlpfdy ~htg` od dvkdrpihl{ phpfd arradlp tgd pfap dshgsd` {pa{ ad rd{dlp il ghkag nagavid{ hcagg edpaggikipid{,

A finf cakpihl hc ea{{ khlpaild` il ldtpag na{ i{ alhpfdrh{{iogd edkfali{e ch pfd gh~ edpag khlpdlp hc pfd{d nagavid{,Pfd F i khlpdlp hc TKO@{ fh~dsd {fh~{ lh kgda rappdl' ~ipf{hed hojdkp{' d,n,' [@[[ J114?2202 &[agzd dp ag, ?22?)' gakm%iln `dpdkpaogd ?1 ke dei{{ihl' al` hpfd{ fasiln a kgda h ea%nilag `dpdkpihl &d,n,' [@[[ J1119-41;2: Ftkfpedid dp ag, ?224al` RHV 163: Odnte # Kfdlnagt ?224), A {y{pdeapik {pt`y hcpfd F i rhrdpid{ hc pfd hojdkp{ il pfd rd{dlp {aergd t{iln ho%{dsapihl{ che pfd Lapihlag _aìh A{phlhey Ho{dsaphy&L_AH) Nddl Oalm Pdgd{khrd al` Sdy Gand Aay ~igg od pfd{tojdkp hc a ctptd rard &J, D, Fiooa` dp ag, ?223' il rdraapihl),

Pfd dsi dlkd pfap pfd {pdgga ea{{ il pfd{d hojdkp{ i{ kheri{deailgy hc {pa{ $12 Ny hg` i{ khl{i{pdlp ~ipf pfd dkdlp finf%d{hgtpihl fy`h`ylaeik {ietgapihl{ hc `~ac nagavy cheapihl

il shi`{ &Fhdcp dp ag, ?223= {dd ag{h yipfd # Ghdo ?223)' ~fikf

PAOGD 4

Yhtln Ea{{isd [pa Kgt{pd Kalìàpd{

Kgt{pd Khhìlapd{a

Hojdkp AO&C442E)o AO&C;;2^) AO&C442E) AO&C442E) AO&C610^) EC442E

J21;;-1;0?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21 ;; 4?,0; 1; 0? 12,21 ?;,0 2,; 2,2 9,421 ;; 4?,09 1; 0? 29,43 ?;,9 2,2 2,; 9,2

21 ;; 4?,42 1; 0? 12,;3 ?;,0 2,; 2,? 9,421 ;; 4?,42 1; 0? 29,4> ?;,9 2,22 2,0 9,1

J2?;32246,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2? ;3 ?6,6? 22 46 ?9,19 ??,? 2,? 2,0 12,0

J1119-41;2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 19 ;0,;2 41 46 1?,9; ?1,3 2,; 2,1 9,>

J11?>-3012,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 ?> 0?,96 30 12 22,6 ??,; 2,0 2,6 12,>J11;;-3;09,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 ;; 01,;0 3; 09 ?4,09 ??,1 2,4 2,9 12,3

11 ;; 01,?9 3; 09 ?0,61 ?;,2 2,3 2,4 9,6

J114?2202,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11 4? 0>,46 22 02 2>,99 ?1,; 2,36 2,2 12,6

Lhpd,Tlip{ hc infp a{kdl{ihl ad fht{' eiltpd{' al` {dkhl`{' al` tlip{ hc `dkgilapihl ad `dndd{' akeiltpd{' al` ak{dkhl`{,a Il J?222, Tlkdpailpy i{ arrhvieapdgy 122,o Tlkdpailpid{ ad 2,1Y2,? ean,

Cin, 3,Khgh%khgh rghp ch pfd yhtln ea{{isd {pa kgt{pd{ i`dlpifid` il pfd{aergd hojdkp{ &Paogd 0), Pfd {yeohg{ drd{dlp dakf nagavy khlpaililn a kgt{pdal` ad [@[[ J21;;-1;0? &{qtad{)' [@[[ J11;;-3;09 &kh{{d{)' [@[[ J1119-41;2 &hrdl kikgd)' [@[[ J114?2202 &pialngd)' al` [@[[ J2?;32246 &ìa%ehl`), Pfd figgd` kikgd{ al` khlldkpiln gild drd{dlp pfd khgh{ hc Otztag #Kfaghp &?22;)[[R {rdkpa ~ipf a edpaggikipy hcZ 2:2220ch pfd and{ {fh~l, Ad``dliln sdkph d{pieapd` che pfd hojdkp{ edal AS sagtd{ al` a{{teiln a Na%

gakpik dvpilkpihl ktsd i{ {fh~l ap pfd gh~d infp,

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[ 6>1Lh, ?' ?223


12/13

ilkgt`d pfd dccdkp hc kh{eik dihlizapihl apz 3 hl pfdi oayhlkhlpdlp al` d{tgpiln {pa cheapihl apd{, Pfd{d {ietgapihl{ {fh~a {inlifikalp `dkgild il {pa cheapihl apd acpd dihlizapihl `td phrfhphdsarhapihl hc pfd oayhl{ il pfd nagavy khg` àm eappdfagh{' ~fikf d{tgp{ il gh~%edpaggikipy `~ac nagavid{ ~ipf rd%`heilalpgy hg` rhrtgapihl{ ap pfd rd{dlp drhkf, [hed d{i`tag{pa cheapihl i{ aggh~d`' ~fikf khtg` dvrgail pfd ilpdedìapd%and {pa{ ilìkapd` il pfd hojdkp{ oy ht [[R fippiln, Pfd `dpdk%pihl hc $12 Ny hg` {pa{ il {tkf {eagg nagavid{ ag{h rhsi`d{{trrhp ch pfd antedlp hc Yal # îl`fh{p &?220a= {dd ag{hYal # îl`fh{p ?220o) pfap {to%G nagavid{`heilapd pfd khe%rgdpihl hc pfd dihlizapihl rhkd{{ apz 3,

Pfd hinil hc pfd rd{dlp {paot{p{ il pfd hojdkp{ i{ gd{{ kgda'otp pfd a{yeedpik ì{piotpihl{ hc {hed hc pfde' d,n,' [@[[J1119-41;2' {tnnd{p pfap pfdy fasd oddl il`tkd` oy pfd d%kdlp khggi{ihl{(ednd{ hc {eaggd kgter{ hc {pa{, Pfd {phlnd{pka{d{ ch pfi{ kal od ea`d ch RHV 163 &Khoil # Sakka ?22?)al` F[ 26??-;40? &K24 al` pfi{ {pt`y) odkat{d hc pfdi ì{phpdèhrfhghnid{ al` pfd p~h%kherhldlp laptd hc pfd gappd, Hpfdhojdkp{ il pfd rd{dlp {aergd {tkf a{ [@[[ J11?>- 3012 ad' fh~%dsd' lhp a{ `ylaeikaggy i{ptod`' ~figd [@[[ J1119-41;2 al`

[@[[ J11;;-3;09 fasd ehrfhghnid{ al` ot{p {pdlnpf{ &a{ il%ìkapd` oy pfdi khgh{= Paogd 1) ilpdedìapd odp~ddl pfd{d ho%jdkp{,Pfi{ {tnnd{p{ ìccddlp {pand{ il a khtrgd rhkd{{ hc ednilnal` {pa cheapihl' otp AK[(F_K ho{dsapihl{ hc ehd TKO@{ad ldd`d` ph a``d{{ pfi{ khlkgt{isdgy, Il rapiktga' ip i{ hc {phlnilpdd{p ph {dd ic AK[(F_K ieand{ hc TKO@{ {ieiga ph F[ 26??-;40? d{hgsd ilph {draapd kgter{ hc {pa{ a{ {eagg a{ kherh%ldlp{ A al` O hc pfi{ hojdkp &Cin, 1), Khoil # Sakka &?22?) al`K24 fasd {tnnd{pd pfap {tkf kgter{ drd{dlp nagavy otigìlnoghkm{' ~fikf fasd agda`y a{{deogd` ilph gand nagavid{ il pfdsa{p eajhipy hc ghkag &al` ilpdedìapd%d`{ficp) nagavid{, Il pfdshi` dnihl{ ~fdd TKO@{ al` OK@{ d{i`d' khl{i`dapihl hcpfd pied{kagd{ a{{hkiapd` ~ipf pfd gand ilipiag {draapihl{ hc pfdotigìln oghkm{ &$1Y12 Erk= Paogd 1) il ikapd{ pfap pfi{a{{deogy

rhkd{{ khtg` od `dgayd` oy a {inlifikalp cakpihl hc pfd Ftoogdpied' aggh~iln t{ ph ~ipld{{ ip hlgy ap pfd ktdlp drhkf, Hpfddsi dlkd pfap pfd cheapihl hc shi nagavid{ i{ `dgayd` kherad`ph nagavid{ il `dl{d dlsihledlp{ i{ chtl` che pfd finf ilki%`dlkd hc ì{ptod` nagavid{ il pfd Ohhpd{ shi` &Ktzdl dp ag,199>) al` {papi{pikag dsi`dlkd che pfd [@[[ pfap shi` nagavid{fasd finfd {rdkifik &ea{{%lheagizd`) {pa cheapihl apd{ pfal

nagavid{ il ikfd dlsihledlp{ &_hja{ dp ag, ?224= Matccealldp ag, ?220), A{ lhpd` oy Matcceall dp ag, &?220)' pfd `drdl%`dlkd hc {pa cheapihl apd{ hl nagavy dlsihledlp i{ {ieiga phpfdi dshgtpihl ~ipf d {ficp, TKO@{ eay drd{dlp hld dvpdedhc pfi{ dgapihl{fir ch ~fikf ~d ad akptaggy {ddiln `~ac nag%avid{ il pfd rhkd{{ hc a{{deogiln che nagavy otigìln oghkm{'~fikf ap pfd rd{dlp drhkf khlpail {pa{ tr ph $12 Ny hg`,[trrhp ch pfi{ ilpdrdpapihl i{ chtl` che dagy d{pieapd{ hcpfd eiliete ea{{d{ ch nagavid{ cheiln sia apheik khhgiln~ipfil khg` àm eappd fagh{ &^fipd # _dd{ 19>6)' ~fikf eapkfpfd {pdgga ea{{d{ ~d d{pieapd ch ht hojdkp{ &Paogd ;),

Ic TKO@{ ad pfd d{tgp hc khggi{ihl{ odp~ddl {tonagakpikkgter{ khlpaililn eh{pgy $12 Ny hg` {pa{' pfdl pfd qtd{pihl{ai{d hc ~fdpfd i{hgapd` &lhlot{piln) kgter{ fasd oddl `d%pdkpd` il pfd [@[[ al` hpfd {tsdy{ al` ~fdpfd pfdy drd{dlpa {inlifikalp rhrtgapihl il nagavy shi`{, d kal rapiaggy al{~dpfi{ qtd{pihl oy ghhmiln ap pfd tv gdsdg{ hc pfd hg d{p rhrtgapihlkherhldlp{ il pfd [[R eh`dg fip{ &Cin, ?), Pfd tv gdsdg{ hcpfd{d kherhldlp{ il pfd oal` khd{rhl` ph AO eanlipt`d{ hcarrhvieapdgy 16 il eh{p hc pfd hojdkp{, Pfi{ i{ odgh~ pfd %oal`ktphcc eanlipt`d hc 1>,>> ch hojdkp{ {dgdkpd` ch {rdkph{khry

il pfd [@[[ &[pat{{ dp ag, ?22?) otp i{ aohsd pfd rfhphedpikgieip hc ??:? ean t{d` il pfd [@[[ [dkhl` @apa _dgda{d&Aoazajial dp ag, ?220), [tkf a rhrtgapihl ~htg` pft{ od `d%pdkpd` rfhphedpikaggy otp lhp {rdkph{khrikaggy il pfd [@[[,Fh~ da{igy {tkf hojdkp{ khtg` od ì{pilnti{fd` che finfd d`%{ficp hojdkp{ ~ipf {ieiga khgh{ deail{ ph od `dpdeild` al` i{odyhl` pfd {khrd hc pfd rd{dlp {pt`y, Pfd khlfieapihl hc {tkfa rdsiht{gy tli dlpifid rhrtgapihl ~htg`' fh~dsd' od sdy ie%rhpalp ch tl`d{palìln nagavy cheapihl al` {fhtg` od rt{tdàp finf rihipy,

^d pfalm al alhlyeht{ dcddd ch khl{ptkpisd {tnnd{pihl{pfap ierhsd pfd rard, d ag{h pfalm Mdl Lanaeild' Vt Mhln'

Jhd [igm' al`Fy [rila chfdgrctg ì{kt{{ihl{'alÀoigih Eapdt{ch fi{ fdgr ~ipf pfd [@[[ {rdkpa, Pfi{ d{dakf ~a{ {trrhpdòy LA[A pfhtnf nalp N2%12162,23%A ph ap Aizhla [papd Tli%sd{ipy che pfd [rakd Pdgd{khrd [kidlkd Il{piptpd, Pfd [rakdPdgd{khrd [kidlkd Il{piptpd i{ hrdapd` oy pfd A{{hkiapihl hc Tli%sd{ipid{ ch _d{dakf il A{phlhey' Ilk,' tl`d LA[A khlpakpLA[ 4%?3444,

ARRDL@IV

KH__DKPIHL CH_ _A@IAG SA_IALKD IL E( G

Ph akkhtlp ch pfd saialkd il pfd E( G apih hc pfd hojdkp{ htp{i`d hc pfd ;22 ìaedpd dnihl drd{dlpd` oy pfd [@[[ {rdkpa' ~d fi{pal`hegy {dgdkpd` a {aergd hc 343 gh~%ea{{ &7129,4 E) {pa%cheiln nagavid{ che pfd [@[[ al` `disd` a kagioapihl odp~ddlpfdizkhgh{ ~ipfil pfd [@[[ fiod{ al` pfdiE(G

zapih{ eda{td` che pfd {rdkpag fippiln d{tgp{ ~ipf pfd [PA_GINFP kh`d'

hopaililn

ghn &E5Gz) 1:91& z) 2:62:

^d pfdl khlsdpd` pfd C442EC610^ khgh{ hc pfd hojdkp{ eda{td` htp{i`d hc pfd ;22 [@[[ {rdkph{khrik fiod ph z' a{{teiln a{iergd rh~d%ga~ {rdkpte' hopaililn

z 2:603&C442EYC610^):

Pfd C442EC610^ khgh{ eda{td` htp{i`d pfd ardptd{ ~dd arrhvieapdgy 2,;Y2,0 ean d``d pfal pfh{d ~ipfil, Pfi{ rh%kd`td a{{ted{ pfap pfd ardptd kdlpd{ ~dd khilki`dlp ~ipf pfd oinfpd{p rhilp{ hc pfd nagavid{ a{ {ddl il pfd C442E ieand{,

KH_OIL DP AG,6>? Shg, 341


13/13

_DCD_DLKD[

Aoazajial' M,' dp ag, ?220' AJ' 1?6' 42?Aggd' G, F, 1960' Rfy{ik{ hc Pfdeag Na{dht{ Ldotgad & @h`dkfp: _di`dg)Aghi{i' A,' sal `d Eadg' _, R,' Eakm' J,' Gdipfdd' K,' [iialli' E,' # Ph{i' E,

?224' ArJ' 3;1' G04Ar' F, 1934' ArJ' 10?' 02?Oaazza' C, @,' dp ag, ?224' rdrilp &a{ph%rf(241?;2>)Odnte' A,' # Kfdlnagt' J, ?224' EL_A[' ;3?' 329Oilndggi' O,' Rhrd{kt' K, K,' # Paeeall' N, A, 199;' A#A[' 96' ?>4

Otztag' N,' # Kfaghp' [, ?22;' EL_A[' ;00' 1222Kaih{' G, E,' Sigkfdz' J, E,' Nhlzagdz%Rddz' J, L,' Ingd{ia{%Radeh' J,' #

Kahl' L, ?221' ArJ[' 1;;' ;?1Kaerh{%Antiga' A,' Ehgd{' E,' # Ea{dnh{a' J, 199;' AJ' 123' 1>60Kfaoid' N, ?22;' RA[R' 114' >3;Ki` Cdla`d{' _,' Nt' Q,' Edglikm' J,' Pdgdsikf' D,' Pdgdsikf' _,' Mtlpf' @,'

_hìntd{ Gakdà' _,' # Jhntdp' O, ?220' EL_A[' ;44' ?>;Ki` Cdlal`d{' _,' Eapdt{' A,' [h`d' G,' J,' [pa{il{ma' N,' # Nhed{' J, E,

?224' EL_A[' ;46' ;3;Khoil' E, _,' # Sakka' ^, @, ?22?' ArJ' 461' 12;9Khoil' E, _,' Sakka' , @,' Fiooa ' J, D,' [hedsiggd' _, [,' # il`fh{p' _, A,

?224' ArJ' 3?9' G69 &K24)Ktzdl' [, P,' ^di{phr' @,' # Fhhrd{' K, N, 199>' AJ' 11;' 196;@htogid' S,' Mtlpf' @,' Khtoil' C,' # Eanail' R, ?222' A#A' ;4;' 66>Do' @, M,' [fargdy' A, D,' Rdppili' E,' [pdi`dg' K, K,' _d` y' L, A,' #

A`dgodnd' M, G, ?223' ArJ' 300' 61;Nig `d Raz' A,' Ea`hd' O, C,' # Rdstlhsa' H, ?22;' ArJ[' 10>' ?9

Fhdcp' E,' Ydrd{' N,' Nhppghod' # [rilndg' S, ?223' EL_A[' ;>1' 021Ftkfa' J, R, 1966' il A[R Khlc, [d, 0' Pfd Dvpanagakpik @i{palkd [kagd' d`,

[, sal `dl Odnf # K, J, Ripkfdp &[al Calki{kh: A[R)' ?4>Ftkfpedid' ^, M,' Mi{fla' N,' # Rdph{ial' A, ?224' A#A' 0;0' 66>Izhphs' Y, I,' # Pftal' P, V, ?22?' ArJ' 43>' 6>4

, ?220' ArJ' 313' >36Izhphs' Y, I,' Pftal' P, V,' # Nt{dsa' L, N, ?224' ArJ' 3;?' ?12Jhfl{hl' M,' Gdipfdd' K,' Sakka' ^, @,' # Khlpi' R, [, ?222' AJ' 1?2' 1?>;Matcceall' N,' ^fipd' [, @,' Fdkmeal' P, E,' Edla`' O,' Oilkfeall' J,'

Kfaghp' [,' Pdehlpi' K,' # Oilmeall' J, ?220' EL_A[' ;4;' >1;Mliazds' A, Y,' Ndodg' D, M,' Fah' G, F,' [pat{{' E, A,' Oilmeall' J,' #

Ctmtnipa' E, ?22;' ArJ' 49;' G>;Mliazds' A, Y,' dp ag, ?222' A#A' ;4>' 121Mhln' V,' Kfaghp' [,' ^di{{' A,' # Kfdln' C, Z, ?22;' A#A' 02;' 6>>Mtnd' F,' Cipzd%s, Agsdl{gdodl' T,' # Ghh{d' F,%F, 1994' A#A' ;2;' 01Mtlpf' @,' Eathnhàph' [,' # Sinhtv' G, 1966' A#A' ?20' 12Mtlpf' @,' # H {pgil' N, ?222' A#A _ds,' 12' 1

Ga{dl' [, [, ?220' il A[R Khlc, [d, ;??' Pfd Cheapihl al` Dshgtpihl hcEa{{isd Yhtln [pa Kgt{pd{' d`, F, J, N, G, E, Gaed{' G, J, [eipf' # A,

Lhpa &[al Calki{kh: A[R)' 19Gd Ohnld' J,%C,' dp ag, ?22;' A#A' 02?' 0;;Gdfldp' E, @,' # Fdkmeal' P, E, 1993' ArJ' 03?' 341Gdipfdd' K,' # Fdkmeal' P, E, 1994' ArJ[' 93' 9Ghh{d' F, F,' # Pftal' P, V, 1964' [pa Cheiln Nagavid{ al` _dgapd` Ho%

jdkp{' d`, @, Mtlpf' P, V, Pftal' # J, Pal Pfalf Sal & Rai{: IAR)' >;

Eak Gh~' E,%E,' # Cdaa' A, 1999' ArJ' 41;' 10?Eapil' K, G,' Mhotglikmy' F, A,' # Fdkmeal' P, E, ?22?' ArJ' 4>0' 33;Eapdt{' A,' [h`d' J,' G,' Ki` Cdlal`d{' _,' [pa{il{ma' N,' [kfhdldgg' ^,' #

Nhed{' J, E, ?223' EL_A[' ;>2' >?1Eapfi{' F,' Kfaghp' [,' # Oilkfeall' J, ?223' EL_A[' ;34' ;64Ehealy' Y,' dp ag, ?224' A#A' 0;9' 111Ehtg`' J, 1994' At{pagial J, Rfy{,' 06' 129;

Lhd{md' M,' Nt{dsa' L, N,' Cikmd' M, J,' Izhphs' Y, I,' Rara`dh{' R,' # Pftal'

P, V, ?222' A#A' ;31' ;;HKhlldgg' _, ^,' Nagganfd' J, [,' # Ftlpd' @, A, 1990' ArJ' 0;;' 34Hdy' E, [, ?220' Ar#[[' ?69' ?39Hdy' E, [,' âp{hl' A, E,' Mdl' M,' # âgpf' N, G, ?224' AJ' 1?9' ;9;H {pgil' N,' # Ehtfkild' E, ?224' A#A' 0;;' >9>Rara`dh{' R,' Ghh{d' F,%F,' Pftal' P, V,' # Cikmd' M, J, 1993' A#A[' 1?2'

?2>Rhrd{kt' K, K,' Fhrr' T,' # _h{a' E, _, 1999' A#A' ;42' 010Rt{piglim' [, A,' Mliazds' A, Y,' # Rae{mij' A, N, ?224' A#A' 00;' 91Rt{piglim' [, A,'Mliazds' A, Y,' Rae{mij' A, N,' Tnytehs' A, S,' # Ea{dnh{a'J,

?22;' A#A' 029' 91>_aieall' @,' Oika' D,' [phkfi%Odneall' P,' Edglikm' J,' # [kfeipp' F, ?222'

EL_A[' ;10' ?94_hja{' _, _,' Shndgdy' E, [,' Fhygd' C,' # Oilmeall' J, ?224' ArJ' 3?0' 4>1[agzd' J,' _h{dlodn' J, G,' di{{pdil' D, ,' Eazzadgga' J, E,' # Ohpftl' N, @,

?22?' AJ' 1?0' 191[kfdkfpd' R, G, 1962' AJ' 64' 621

[kfgdndg' @, J,' Cilmodild' @, R,' # @asi{' E, 1996' ArJ' 422' 4?4[dagd' G,' # [andlp' ^, G, ^, 19>?' ArJ' 1>;' ?4[igikf' [, A,' # Pdlhih%Pangd' N, ?221' ArJ' 44?' 91[iialli' E,' dp ag, ?224' RA[R' 11>' 1209[rdndg' @,' dp ag, ?22;' ArJ[' 106' 1>4[pat{{' E, A,' dp ag, ?22?' AJ' 1?0' 1612Pdggd{' D,' # Ea``hv' [, ?222' EL_A[' ;11' ;2>Pdggd{' D,' Edglikm' J,' # Pdgdsikf' _, 199>' EL_A[' ?66' >6Pdggd{' D,' # Pdgdsikf' _, 1994' EL_A[' ?>4' 1Pftal' P, V, 196>' il Ldagy Lheag Nagavid{' d`, [, E, Caod &Ld~ Yhm:

[rilnd)' 3>Pftal' P, V,' Izhphs' Y, I,' # Girhsdp{my' S, A, 199>' ArJ' 0>>' 331Pdehlpi' K, A,' dp ag, ?220' ArJ' 31;' 696sal Zdd' G,' [agzd' J, J,' # [miggeal' D, @, ?221' AJ' 1??' 1?1^d{pda' R,' Kti{ilid' C,' Pdggd{' D,' # Mdfin' K, ?220' A#A' 0?;' 1;;^fipd' [, E,' # _dd{' E, J, 19>6' EL_A[' 16;' ;01^fipehd' O, ?222' il A[R Khlc, [d, 19>' @ylaeik{ hc Nagavid{: Che pfd

Dagy Tlisd{d ph pfd Rd{dlp' d`, C, Kheod{' N, A, Eaehl' # S, N,Kfaealài{ &[al Calki{kh: A[R)' 19>

^yipfd' J, [,' # Ghdo' A, ?223' Laptd' 001' ;??Yal' F,' # îl`fh{p' _, A, ?220a' ArJ' 322' G1

, ?220o' ArJ' 31?' G9;

TGP_AKHERAKP OGTD @Â_C NAGAVID[ 6>;Lh, ?' ?223

Michael R. Corbin et al- Ultracompact Blue Dwarf Galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope Imaging and...

Documents

Transcript of Michael R. Corbin et al- Ultracompact Blue Dwarf Galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope Imaging and...