Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change Personal Change Project Target & Justification Alternate...
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Transcript of Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change Personal Change Project Target & Justification Alternate...
Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change
Personal Change ProjectTarget & JustificationAlternate GoalInformationTopicsHelping-Hindering ForcesAction StepsEvaluation
Outline
Theories/Models of Behavior Change
trying to understand change
Characteristics of Effective Goals
S.M.A.R.T.
Exercise Prescription
F.I.T.T. Principle
Nutritional Considerations
Theories and Models
Health Belief Model
Transtheoretical Model
Relapse Prevention Model
Theory of Reasoned Action
Theory of Planned Behavior
Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory
Social Support
Ecological Approaches
Health Belief Model
Four Critical Areas:
severity of potential illness
person’s susceptibility to that illness
benefits of taking preventive action
barriers to taking action
Self-efficacy
Cues to action
Transtheoretical Model
5 Stages (continuum)
“readiness to change”
1) Precontemplation
2) Contemplation
3) Preparation
4) Action
5) Maintenance
Relapse Prevention Model
Anticipation of problems with adherenceneg. emotional or physiological stateslimited coping skillssocial pressureinterpersonal conflictlimited social supportlow motivationhigh-risk situationsstress
Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior
Behavior determined by person’s intention
attitude toward the behavior
influence of social environment
Theory of Planned Behavior
adds perceived control
opportunities, resources, skills
Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory
Change affected by
environmental influences
personal factors
attributes of the behavior itself
Self-efficacy (belief in capability)
Incentive to perform behavior (“+” > “-”)
Person must value outcomes/consequences
Social Support
Conceptualization/Measurement of Support
Instrumental
giving non-driver a ride to class
Informational
telling someone about a program
Emotional
phone call follow-up
Appraising
providing feedback/reinforcement
Ecological Approaches
Sociocultural and Environmental Influences
supportive environments
bike paths, parks, policy
Multiple levels
individual, organizational, governmental
Multiple settings
schools, worksites, health care
institutions, communities
S.M.A.R.T.
SpecificMeasurableAttainableRelevantTime-based
positive; realistic; performance-oriented vs. outcome-oriented
Short-Term and Long-TermShort-Term
help you stay on track
makes task seem easier
builds confidence
Long-Term
planning important
write it down
revisit, review, revise
Exercise Prescription
“F.I.T.T.” Principle
Frequencyhow often?
Intensityhow hard?
Timehow long?
Type (mode)what kind?
Exercise Prescription
What is your goal?aerobic fitness
competition, healthweight management
appearance, healthIs there a difference?
frequencyintensitydurationmode (type)
Frequency
Aerobic Fitness
3 sessions/week
Weight Management
5-7 sessions/week
variety
“accumulation”
Intensity
Aerobic Fitness50-80% VO2max
60-90% maximal heart rateWeight Management
lower is better?“fat burning zone”
total caloric expenditureregularity
Duration
Aerobic Fitness
20-30 minutes/bout
depends on purpose
competition
Weight Management
45-60 minutes/bout
total caloric expenditure important
Type (Mode)
Aerobic Fitness
specificity
running
cycling
Weight Management
large-muscle activities
weight-bearing
enjoyable
Nutritional Considerations
Nutritional Intake
quantity and quality
food pyramids
energy needs
Fads/Gimmicks/Quackery
“diets”
supplements
Intake vs. Expenditure
Intake
diet
Expenditure
basal metabolic rate
(resting metabolic rate)
physical activity
most variable component
Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate
Males
RMR (kcal/d) = 88.362 + [4.799 x (ht)] + [13.397 x (kg)] – [5.677 x (age)]Amer J Clin Nutr, 40: 168-182, 1984
Females
RMR (kcal/d) = 447.593 + [3.098 x (ht)] + [9.247 x (kg)] – [4.330 x (age)]Amer J Clin Nutr, 40: 168-182, 1984
Note: kg = bodyweight in kg; ht = height in cm; age = age in years
Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate
World Health Organization EquationsAge Range Equation SD
Males18-30 679 + [15.3 x (kg)] 15130-60 879 + [11.6 x (kg)] 164>60 487 + [13.5 x (kg)] 148
Females18-30 496 + [14.7 x (kg)] 12130-60 829 + [8.7 x (kg)] 108>60 596 + [10.5 x (kg)] 108
Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Energy and Protein Requirements. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1985.
Gary R. Brodowicz, Ph.D.ProfessorSchool of Community [email protected]
ON TRAC503.725.5128Exercise Physiology Laboratory260 Urban Center Building