Methods of Math. Physics Dr. E.J. Zita, The Evergreen State College, 6 Jan.2011 Lab II Rm 2272,...
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Transcript of Methods of Math. Physics Dr. E.J. Zita, The Evergreen State College, 6 Jan.2011 Lab II Rm 2272,...
Methods of Math. PhysicsDr. E.J. Zita, The Evergreen State College, 6 Jan.2011
Lab II Rm 2272, [email protected]
Winter wk 1 Thursday: Electromagnetism
* Overview of E&M
* Review of basic E&M: prep for charge/mass ratio workshop
* Griffiths Ch.1: Div, Grad, Curl, and
Introduction to Electromagnetism
• 4 realms of physics• 4 fundamental forces• 4 laws of EM• statics and dynamics• conservation laws• EM waves• potentials• Ch.1: Vector analysis• Ch.2: Electrostatics
4 realms of physics, 4 fundamental forces
Classical Mechanics(big and slow:
everyday experience)
Quantum Mechanics(small: particles, waves)
Special relativity(fast: light, fast particles)
Quantum field theory(small and fast: quarks)
Four laws of electromagnetism
Electric Magnetic
Gauss' Law
Charges → E fields
Gauss' Law
No magnetic monopoles
Ampere's Law
Currents → B fields (and changing E→ B fields)
Faraday's Law
Changing B → E fields
Electrostatics
• Charges → E fields and forces
• charges → scalar potential differences dV
• E can be found from V• Electric forces move
charges• Electric fields store
energy (capacitance)
Magnetostatics
• Currents → B fields• currents make magnetic
vector potential A• B can be found from A
• Magnetic forces move charges and currents
• Magnetic fields store energy (inductance)
Electrodynamics
• Changing E(t) → B(x)• Changing B(t) → E(x)• Wave equations for E and B
• Electromagnetic waves• Motors and generators• Dynamic Sun
Some advanced topics
• Conservation laws
• Radiation
• waves in plasmas, magnetohydrodynamics
• Potentials and Fields
• Special relativity
Ch.1: Vector Analysis
Dot product: A.B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = A B cos
Cross product: |AxB| = A B sin
zyx
zyx
BBB
AAA
zyx
zB y B x B ,zA yA xA zyxzyx BA
Examples of vector products
Dot product: work done by variable force
Cross product:
angular momentum
L = r x mv
cosW F dl F dl
Differential operator “del”
Del differentiates each component of a vector.
Gradient of a scalar function = slope in each direction
Divergence of vector = dot product = outflow
Curl of vector = cross product = circulation
yz
yy
xx
ˆˆ
y
fz
y
fy
x
fxf
ˆˆ
y
Vz
y
Vy
x
Vx zyx
ˆˆV
zyx
VVVzyx
zyx
zyx
ˆˆV
Practice: 1.15: Calculate the divergence and
curl of v = x2 x + 3xz2 y - 2xz z
...)2(
ˆ)3(
ˆ22
y
xzz
y
xzy
x
xx
V
zyx
xzxzxzyx
zyx
ˆˆ
222
V
Ex: If v = E, then div E ≈ charge. If v = B, then curl B ≈ current.
Prob.1.16 p.18
Develop intuition about fields
Look at fields on p.17 and 18.
Which diverge?
Which curl?
Separation vector vs. position vector:
Position vector = location of a point with respect to the origin.
Separation vector: from SOURCE (e.g. a charge at position r’) TO POINT of interest (e.g. the place where you want to find the field, at r).
222ˆˆˆ zyxrzzyyxx r
2 2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ' ( ') ( ') ( ')
' ( ') ( ') ( ')
x x x y y y z z z
x x y y z z
r r
r r
r
r
Origin
Source (e.g. a charge or current element)
Point of interest, orField point
See Griffiths Figs. 1.13, 1.14, p.9
(separation vector)rr’
r
Fundamental theorems
For divergence: Gauss’s Theorem
For curl: Stokes’ Theorem
volume surface
d d flux v v a
surface boundary
d d circulation v a v l
Dirac Delta Function
2
ˆ
r
rf
0 0( )
0
if xx
if x
This should diverge. Calculate it using (1.71), or refer to Prob.1.16. How can div(f)=0?
Apply Stokes: different results on L ≠ R sides!
How to deal with the singularity at r = 0? Consider
and show (p.47) that
( ) ( ) ( )f x x a dx f a
Ch.2: Electrostatics: charges make electric fields
• Charges make E fields and forces
• charges make scalar potential differences dV
• E can be found from V• Electric forces move
charges• Electric fields store
energy (capacitance)
Gauss’ Law practice:
2.21 (p.82) Find the potential V(r) inside and outside this sphere with total radius R and total charge q. Use infinity as your reference point. Compute the gradient of V in each region, and check that it yields the correct field. Sketch V(r).
What surface charge density does it take to make Earth’s field of 100V/m? (RE=6.4 x 106 m)
2.12 (p.75) Find (and sketch) the electric field E(r) inside a uniformly charged sphere of charge density .