Methods of Data Collection ,Brm
Transcript of Methods of Data Collection ,Brm
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Syed Ahmed Noman
0923BBA00995
Shamim
Mahafuzur Rahman
0923BBA00987
Sazzad Alam
Abdussalam
Aminul Islam
0923BBA00995
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There are several methods of collecting primary data,
particularly in surveys and descriptiveresearches. Important ones are:
Observation method
Interview method
Through questionnaires Through schedules and
Other methods which include
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Under the observation method, the information is sought by wayof investigators own direct observation without asking from the
respondent.Firstly,subjective bias is eliminated, if
observation is done accurately.Secondly, the information obtained under this
method relates to what is currently happening;
Thirdly, this method is independent of respondents
'willingness to respond
Firstly, it is an expensive method.
Secondly, the information provided by this method
is very limited.
Thirdly, sometimes unforeseen factors may
interfere with the observational task.Adva
ntage
Disadv
antage
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The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of
oral-verbal stimuli and reply interms of oral-verbal responses.This method can be used through personal interviews and, if
possible,through telephone interviews.Personal interview
method requires a person
known as the interviewer
asking questionsgenerally in a face-to-
face contact to the other
person or persons
Personal
interviews:
Telephone
interviews:
This method of collecting
information consists in
contacting respondentson telephone itself.
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Interviewer by his own skill canovercome the resistance, if any,
of the respondents;
Theinterview method can be made toyieldan almostperfectsample of the general population.
There is greaterflexibility under this method as the opportunity to
restructure questions isalways there, specially in caseofunstructured interviews.
Personal information can as well beobtained easily under this
method.
Samplescan be controlled more effectively as there arises nodifficulty of the missingreturns; The interviewer can usually controlwhich person(s) will answer
the questions.A
dvanta
ge
Disadvantage
It is a very expensive method, specially when large
and widely spread geographical sample is taken.
This method is relativelymore-time-consuming,
specially when the sample is large and recalls upon the
respondents are necessary
The presence of the interviewer on the spot mayover-
stimulate the respondent,
Under the interview method the organization required
for selecting, training and supervising the field-staff ismore complex with formidable problems.
Interviewing at times may introduce systematic error
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It is moreflexible in comparison to mailing
method.
It isfaster than other methods i.e., a quick way of
obtaining information.
It ischeaper than personal interviewing method
Recall is easy; callbacks are simple and economical.
There is ahigher rate of response
Interviewercan explain requirements more easily.
No field staffis required.
A
dvanta
ge
Di
sadvantage
Little time is given to respondents for considered
answers; interview period is not likely to exceed fiveminutes in most cases.
Surveys are restricted to respondents who havetelephone
facilities.
Extensive geographical coverage may get restricted bycost considerations.
It isnot suitable for intensive surveys where
comprehensive answers are required to various questions.
Possibility of the bias of the interviewer is relatively
more.
Questions have to be short and to the point;probes are
difficult to handle.
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A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed ortyped in a definite order on a form or set of forms. The
questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to read
and understand the questions and write down the reply in the
space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself.
There is low cost even when the universe is large and
is widely spread geographically.
It isfree from the bias of the interviewer
Respondents haveadequate time to give answers.
Large samples can be made use of and thus the
results can be mademore dependable and reliable.Advantage
Disadvantage Low rate of return of the duly filled in
questionnaires;
It can be used only when respondents are educated
and cooperating.There is also the possibility ofambiguous replies
It isdifficult to know whether willing respondents are
truly representative.
This method is likely to be theslowest of all.
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Quite often questionnaire is considered as the heart of a
survey operation. Hence it should be very carefully constructed.
Researcher should note the following with regard to these three
main aspects of a questionnaire
General form
Question sequence
Question formulation
and wording:
So far as the general form of a
questionnaire is concerned, it can eitherbestructuredor unstructured
questionnaire.
In order to make the questionnaire
effective and to ensure quality to the
replies received, a researcher shouldpay attention to the question-sequence
in preparing the questionnaire.
The researcher should note that each
question must be very clear for any sort
of misunderstanding. Question shouldalso be impartial in order not to give a
biased picture of the true state of affairs.
Structured questionnaires are those
questionnaires in which there are
definite, concrete and pre-determinedquestions.
Unstructured questionnaires are those
questionnaires in which there is no
definite, concrete and pre-determinedquestions
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This method of data collection is very much like the collection
of data through questionnaire, with little difference which lies
in the fact that schedules are being filled in by the enumerators
who are specially appointed for the purpose.
It requires the selection of enumerators to fill up schedules
The enumerators should be trained to perform their job well
Enumerators should be intelligent
They should be honest, sincere, hardworking
This method of data collection is very useful in extensive
enquiries and can lead to fairly reliable results.
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Depth interviews:
Warranty cards are usually postal sized cards which are usedby dealers of consumer durables to collect information
regarding their products.
The data are obtained in such audits not by questioning but
by observation.
A consumer panel is essentially a sample of consumers who
are interviewed repeatedly over a period of time.
The use of mechanical devices has been widely made to
collect information by way of indirect means.
Depth interviews are those interviews that are designed todiscover underlying motives and desires and are often used
in motivational research.
Warranty cards:
Distributor or store audits:
Consumer panels:
Use of mechanical devices:
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Secondary data means data that are already available i.e.,they refer to the data which have already been collected and
analysed by someone else. Usually published data are
available in:
various publications by the local govt.
various publications by the foreign govt.
technical and trade journals;
books, magazines and newspapers;reports and publications of various associations connected
with business and industry, banks, stock exchanges, etc.
public records and statistics, historical documents
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Before using secondary data the researcher must be
conscious incase of taking secondary data.
Secondary data must be reliable ,
Secondary data must be suitable for the selected tropic,Secondary data must be huge and available.
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Nature, scope and object of enquiry
Availability of funds
Time factor
Precision required
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