Methods & Measures
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Transcript of Methods & Measures
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Science!
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What is Science?• The word science comes from the Latin
"scientia," meaning knowledge. • Science is the systematic and
organized inquiry into the natural world and its phenomena.
• Science seeks to gain a deeper and often useful understanding of our world.
• Science is useful in solving problems, though sometimes the solution to one problem creates another.
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Scientific Discovery●Science is always changing and
advancing. Why?●Because every day scientists conduct
new experiments that discover things that had already existed but we had no knowledge of because we didn’t have the proper technology.
●As long as technology advances science will advance.
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What is Technology?• Technology is the application (use) of
knowledge learned through scientific inquiry.
• Examples:– microscopes– telescopes– computers– machines– cars– synthetic fibers (i.e. nylon)– genetic engineering– cloning– nuclear Energy
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Limitations of Science
•Science cannot provide answers to every question.
•Researcher Bias
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The Question• In order for science to solve a problem
there must be variables that can be observed, measured and tested.
• Some questions do not have these measurable variables such as ethical/moral questions about what is good, bad, right or wrong.
• Science is NOT religion though they sometimes seek to answer similar questions…the quest for the answer is obtained in a totally different way.
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Researcher Bias●Researcher have inherent biases or
personal opinions that could affect their observations.
●A researcher must therefore always be objective when conducting an experiment. In other words they must be open to all outcomes and willing to test for all of these outcomes.
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Scientific Disciplines
Life Science• Biology • Ecology*• Biotechnolog
y*• Medicine• Microbiology*
Earth Science•Meteorology •Geology* •Oceanography* •Astronomy
Physical Science •Chemistry*•Physics
Social Science•Psychology•Sociology•Anthropology/Archaeology•Economics
-ology = study of
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Theories • A theory is an explanation of commonly
observed natural phenomena based on scientific facts.
• Theories must be substantiated through multiple experiments.
• Science is limited by the available body of knowledge; for this reason theories are not concrete and can be and are often updated and/or changed completely.
• Examples: Big Bang Theory, Theory of Evolution, Germ Theory of Disease
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Laws • When the observed phenomenon NEVER
FAILS the test, it becomes a law!• Unlike a theory, a law doesn’t attempt to
explain how something works, it simply describes a phenomenon.
• Laws are overwhelmingly substantiated and universally accepted as being true.
• Examples: Gravity, Newton’s Laws of Motion, The Doppler Effect, Keppler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
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Scientific Method● The scientific method IS what makes
scientific inquiry systematic. ● It is a system or process of inquiry
that involves four primary stages:1)Prepare2)Plan3)Do4)Conclude and apply
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Prepare• Identify the question you’d like to
answer.• Research previous work done on the
topic making sure that you will be able to make an educated guess at the outcome.
• Your educated guess will be known as your hypothesis.
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Hypothesis• A hypothesis is an educated guess (a
prediction) about the outcome of an experiment.
• It MUST be TESTABLE! Meaning that you must be able to measure both variables.
• They are typically written as if/then statements:
If [I change this variable], then [this variable will do this].
Ex: If I raise the temperature of a cup of water, then the amount of sugar that can be dissolved in it will be increased.
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Plan● Design an experiment to test the
hypothesis.● Identify:
– The independent variable (manipulated) is what the experimenter is changing.
– The dependent variable (responding) is the variable that is responding to the change the experimenter has made.
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Control● A control group is maintained in which
no variables are changed. This demonstrates that a change has in fact occurred as a result of the change to the independent variable.
● All other variables in the experiment must be constant (the same) to insure that the response is due only to the change in the independent variable.Ex. same water source & quantity, sunlight exposure, space, temperature, etc
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Do• Observe and record data that
result from running the experiment.
• Data tables keep the data organized.
• Quantitative data is favored in science because it has a concrete numerical value.
Ex: # of days, measurements• Qualitative data is more subjective, relative, and
usually descriptive in nature. Ex: subject 1 has a stronger odor than subject 2
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Conclude and Apply• Analyze results
– What caused the result?• Draw conclusions
– What can we say about our experiment?• Did it work?
– Why?• Did it fail?
– Why? – What can we do next time to make it work?
• Experiments supply us with scientifically verified facts.
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MeasurementsWhy do we measure things?•to duplicate the results of an experiment•to accurately make comparisons•they just make our lives easier!
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Standardization• Measurements have been used by humans
nearly as long as humans have been anatomically modern.
• Standardization is a hallmark of civilization and has been handled in many different ways in the past.
• The use of a foot as a standard unit of measure is linked to the ancient Greeks. The only problem is… is everyone’s foot the same size? So is it truly standardized?
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SI Units● The English solved this problem by using
specifically the king’s foot.● The French in 1790 took it a step further and
created a decimal (or base 10) system (like you use in math class) to simplify things.
● In 1960 scientists agreed to one International System of Units (abbreviated SI Units) which happens to be that creation of the French and which you know as the metric system.
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Common MeasurementsThe things we measure most are:
•Length•Mass•Volume•Temperature•TimeAll measurements require 2 things:•A quantity (number)•A unit of measure
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The Metric System• The metric system uses a system of
prefixes to describe numbers of various sizes.
• This helps with comparisons which is one of our main reasons for measuring things to begin with.
• Examples:– 1000 kilograms is A LOT (literally a ton) but 1000
grams is just 1 kilogram.– Aaron and Noah wanted to have a contest to see
which of their paper airplanes could fly the longest distance. Aaron's plane flew four meters. Noah's plane only flew seventy-nine centimeters. How much further did Aaron's plane fly?
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ConversionsSometimes in order to compare two quantities you need to convert the units:KING
HENRYDIED
BY
DRINKINGCHOCOLATE MILK
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Mass• Mass is the amount of matter (stuff) in an
object.• The base unit for measuring mass is the
gram*.• The measuring device is a balance.• One gram divided by 1000 is a milligram*.• 1000 grams is a Kilogram*.
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Length• Length is the distance between 2 points.• The base unit for measuring length is the
meter*.• The measuring device is the meter stick or
ruler.• One meter divided by 100 is a centimeter*• One meter divided by 1000 is a millimeter*
•1000 meters is a Kilometer*
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Volume• Volume is the amount of
space the object occupies.
• The base unit for measuring volume is the liter*.
• The measuring device is a graduated cylinder.
• One liter divided by 1000 is a milliliter*.