Meteorological Data Collection, - …asmic.akademisains.gov.my/download/water/scl/paper2.pdf · To...
Transcript of Meteorological Data Collection, - …asmic.akademisains.gov.my/download/water/scl/paper2.pdf · To...
Consultative Lab on Climate Change Impact on Water Resources (3rd September 2012)
“Issues and Challenges in
Meteorological Data Collection, Organization and Usage”
Kang Thean Shong
Malaysian Meteorological Department
Ministry Of Science, Technology and Innovation
CONTENT • Introduction to Malaysian Meteorological
Department (MMD)
• Simple Introduction to Meteorological Data
• Equipments Used & Data Collected by MMD
• Organization and User of MMD Data
• Climate Related Reports
• Issues and Challenges
• Way Forward
Introduction to Malaysian Meteorological Department
(MMD)
Malaysian Meteorological Department Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation
Jabatan
Meteorologi
Malaysia, Jalan
Sultan, 46667,
Petaling Jaya,
Selangor Darul
Ehsan.
www.met.gov.my
Fon : 03-79678227
Mission
• To Fulfill The Needs Of Malaysian, To
Acquire Meteorological, Climatological
And Geophysical Services For Security
And Societal Well Being, And For
Sustainable Socio Economy And National Security
OBJECTIVES
To produce quality and accurate weather forecast and warning, climatic
information, earthquake information and tsunami warning
To enhance the safety and efficiency of flight operations, shipping, military,
and public transportation and enhance the nation’s readiness in facing
disaster and climate change for societal well being
To provide scientific advice and technical expertise for policy and decision
making
To safeguard the national interest in the science of meteorology ,
seismology and geophysics and archive quality data for future generations
To enhance the quality and delivery of services in line with the
1Malaysia concept of People First, Performance Now
Simple Introduction to
Meteorological Data
• Meteorological Data is an Atmospheric, Marine and earthquake Data collected by MMD to be used in Weather & Climate Forecasting, Warning, Study/Research and Other Application.
Meteorological Data Provided by MMD
Example Atmospheric Data Collected by MMD
• Rainfall
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Wind Speed & Direction
• Relative Humidity
• Visibility
• Cloud Type & Cover
• Vertical condition of Atmosphere etc.
• MMD also provide Marine & Oceoneography,
Geophysic & Sysmology, Agrometeorology,
Aviation Meteorology, Environmental
Meteorology, Radar, Satellite AND Numerical weather Prediction (NWP) Data.
BUT !
Equipments Used & Data Collected by MMD
METEOROLOGICAL
STATION (38) UPPER AIR STATION (8)
RADAR STATION (11)
SATELLITE
WEATHER CAMERA
STATION (17)
DATA ACCUSATION
AUXILIARY STATIONS
(180)
TSUNAMI BUOY (3)
DATA ACCUSATION
TIDE GAUGE (17)
COASTAL
CAMERA (18)
SEISMIC STATIONS (29)
RMAF Butterworth
Bayan Lepas
RMAF Gong Kedak Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
RMAF Kuantan
Subang
KLIA
Central Forecast Office
Petaling Jaya
Main Meteorological Offices (9)
KLIA Meteorological Office
Central Forecasting Office
Gong Kedak Meteorological Office
Surface Observational Stations Network
Alor Star
Bayan
Lepas
Gong Kedak Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
Kuantan
Subang
KLIA
Petaling Jaya
Chuping
P. Langkawi
Labuan
Sandakan
Kudat
Limbang
Tawau
Kapit
Mulu
Lahad Datu
Bintulu
Lawas
Miri
Keningau
Sibu
Mukah
Seri Aman
Batu Embun
Muadzam Shah
Batu Pahat
Kluang
Mersing
Senai
Temerloh
Cameron Highlands
Kota Bharu
K. Trengganu
Sitiawan
Melaka
Lubuk Merbau
Ipoh
Kuala Pilah Tioman
Bario
Butterworth
To be implemented (10th Malaysia Plan)
Main Meteorolgical Stations (existing)
Prai
To be implemented (9th Malaysia Plan)
Cameron Highlands
Subang
Sitiawan
Alor Star
Bayan
Lepas
Kota Kinabalu
Kuching
Kuantan
KLIA
Tawau
Bintulu
Kota Bharu
Upper Air Stations (8)
KLIA Upper Air Station
Marine Observational Network
• 8 Acoustic Doppler
Current Profiler (ADCP)-
real time
• 3 Tsunami Buoys-real time
• Data from various
agencies : Royal Navy,
Marine Dept, Oil & Gas,
Scientific Expedition etc
• Voluntary Observing Ship
(VOS)
KLUANG
SETAR
KUANTAN BINTULU
Omar
BUTTERWORTH SANDAKAN
SUBANG
KOTA BHARU
KUCHING
KOTA
KINABALU
KLIA
P. JAYA
SATELLITE AND RADAR STATIONS
LEGEND
(Doppler)
RADAR STATION
(11)
SATELLITE STATION
(1)
MIRI
RADAR ECHOES
NOAA GEO-STATIONARY
Hotspot & Haze Monitoring
Weather Monitoring
MODIS
Research & Analyses:
Chlorophyll, SST & Vegetation Index
SATELLITE PRODUCTS
NWP MODELS
MMD-MM5
MMD-WRF
MARINE MODELS
JMA-MMD MRI III Wave Model
MMD-WAM Wave Model
JMA-MMD Storm Surge Model
JMA-MMD Oil Spill Model
HYSPLIT TRAJECTORY MODEL
http://www.met.gov.my/fdrs/ FIRE DANGER RATING SYSTEM
MARINE REGIONS
FORECASTS FOR PORT AND FERRY OPERATORS
Kuantan
PTP
Bintulu
Miri
K. Kinabalu
n
South China Sea Sulu Sea
Penang
Kuching
P. Klang
Johor Bahru
Sandakan
Visual Strong Wind Warning System
Red Flag
Geting Fishery Complex
K. Trengganu
P. Chendering Fishery Complex
K. Pahang Fishermen Association
Nenasi Fishermen Association
K. Rompin Fishermen Association
Mersing
Mukah Fishermen Association
Bintulu Fishermen Association
Miri Fishermen Association
K. Kinabalu (SAFMA)
n
South China Sea Sulu Sea
Notice Board
KULIM
IPOH
FRIM
KLUANG
KOTA TINGGI
KUALA TERENGGANU LAHAD DATU
TAWAU
SIBU
KUCHING
SANDAKAN
KUDAT
BINTULU
KOTA KINABALU
SEPULUT
BAKUN
JERANTUT
17 Seismic
Stations
Earthquake Monitoring
Malaysian National Seismic Network
Porto Malai
Pulau Perak
Teluk Bahang
Pulau Perhentian
Kuala Terengganu
Pulau Tioman
Pulau Sembilan
One Fathom Bank
Tanjung Keling
Tanjung Gelang
Sibu
Bintulu
Miri
Labuan
Kota Kinabalu
Layang-layang
Sandakan
Semporna
Tawau
Lahad Datu
Kudat
Sea Level Measurement
21 Tidal Gauge Stations
Sea Level Measurement
MMD also monitors sea levels in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean through
networks operated by the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS).
Rondo Island ,Indonesia
Layang - - Layang Island
( )
3 Deep Ocean Buoys
Sulu Sea
Pantai Chenang
Pasir Panjang
Batu Feringgi
Kuala Muda
Pulau Pangkor
Pulau Ketam Pulau Tioman
Teluk Cempedak
Kuala Terengganu
Sibu
Bintulu
Miri
Labuan
Kota Kinabalu
Semporna
Sandakan
Kudat
Tawau
LEGEND : Phase 1: 4
Phase 2:
14
Coastal Camera Network
To monitor the sea conditions
Pantai Chenang
Sandakan Kuala Kurau
Pulau Pangkor
Pulau Ketam Pulau Tioman
Kuala Terengganu
Miri
Labuan
Kota Kinabalu Lahad Datu
Kudat
Teluk Bahang Kg. Kuala Sg. Muda
Kuala Kedah Tg. Bunggah
Batu Feringgi
Pasir Panjang
Kuala Teriang
Teluk Cempedak Semporna Tawau Kunak
Tsunami Siren Network
Stesen AWS Vaisala
Hospital Johor Bahru
Stesen AWS Vaisala
Hospital Tapah
Stesen AWS Vaisala
Empangan Semenyih
Stesen AWS 108
Penghulu Kerteh
Stesen Hujan Pos Brooke
Stesen Hujan Pos Ali
Senderut
Summary of MMD Observational Network
INSTRUMENTATION PARAMETER DATA TYPE
Wet-Only Sampler/ APS Wet fallout: pH,EC,Cl-,NO3-,SO4
2-,Na+,K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,NH4+,
oxalate, acetate, formate, mercury, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc, cadmium
Weekly
Anderson Precipitation Sampler (APS)
Dry fallout: Dust, Ca2+, Mg2+, mercury, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc
Monthly
High Volume Sampler / Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration / Particulate Matter (PM-10) concentration
Minutes Hourly Daily
Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer Total Column Ozone, DUV, UV-B, AOD Daily
Passive Sampler SO2,NH3,NO2, HNO3, Oxalic acid Weekly Monthly
Filter Pack SO2,NH3,HNO3,HCl, Cl-,NO3-,SO4
2-,Na+,K+, Ca2+, Mg2+,NH4+ Weekly
Multigas Analyzer NO,NO2,NOx,SO2,CO,O3 Hourly
LoFlo Mark2 CO2 Analyzer CO2 Minutes
Nephelometer Aerosol scattering coefficient Minutes
Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP)
Black carbon concentration, Aerosol absorption coefficient Minutes
Precision Filter Radiometer (PFR) Aerosol optical depth (AOD) Minutes
Ozonesonde Vertical ozone profile Minutes
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) PUF disk sampler
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) Monthly
Flask sampling CO2, CH4, CO, H2, N2O, SF6, Delta 13C, Delta 18O Weekly
Environmental Data
Bil Sistem Satelit Jenis Data Format Data
1. Satelit mengorbit kutub FY1D dan
NOAA
Data Level 1 HRPT
Imej JPG
Data Hotspot doc, xls
2. Satelit mengorbit kutub TERRA dan
AQUA (MODIS)
Data Level 0 PDS
Imej JPG
3. Satelit geopegun Feng Yun Data Level 0 S-VISSR
Imej JPG
4. Satelit geopegun MTSAT Data Level 1 Section File
Imej JPG
6. Satellite MTSAT Software Application:
i) Rainfall Rate Estimation
ii) Wind vector
iii) Mosaic
iv) Sector Projection
v) Source Image
Imej
JPG
Nota :
HRPT - High Rate Picture Transmission
PDS - Production Data Sets
S-VISSR - Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer
HRIT - High Resolution Information Transmission
Meteorological Satellite Data
Organization and User
of MMD Data
Weather Forecasts
Marine
Meteorology &
Oceanography
Climatology
Agrometeorology
Environmental
Meteorology
Seismology & Tsunami
Warnings
Weather Modification
Training
Services Provided
CLIENTS
Recrectional Special events Aviation
Plantations Air force Fisheries
Shipping
Special events
Oil exploration
Organization Involve
• International : WMO, ASEAN and etc
• Local : Government & NGO
• Government : DOE, DCA, JKR, JPS, JPSM and etc
• NGO : Individual, Insurance Company, Consultant Company, and etc.
Climate Related Reports
Example of Reports by MMD • Monthly Weather Bulletin – brief description weather condition with
statistical information on rainfall, temperature, solar radiation, evaporation and particulate matter (PM 10, < 10 micron) as well as synoptic climatology analysis
• Monthly Abstract of Meteorological Observations – data summary of daily mean sea level pressure, temperature, dew point, sun shine, global radiation, rainfall, evaporation, wind
• Annual Summary of Meteorological Observation – data summary of monthly
• Annual Climate Summary
• Monthly weather report – forecast, mainly rainfall amount, for the next 3 months
• Agroclimatic Analysis and Outlook – Monthly (weekly rainfall outlook for 3 weeks)
• Agrometeorological Bulletion – Decadal ( decadal rainfall outlook)
• Climate Projection till 2099
• Weather and Haze Reporting during dry/haze season
• Fire Danger Rating System
• Drought Monitoring
Issues And Challengers
Issues and Challenges in Data Collection 1. Late Delivery of Data - auxiliary stations from external agencies, such as from
FELDA and orang asli settlements 2. Interruption in Communication Lines - mobile network problem: causing late delivery of AWS data
to IMS data server. - Stremyx line problem: causing late delivery of data from
principle stations to IMS data server. 3. Sensors breakdown/unserviceable - causing data from automatic stations not complete 4. Repeated transmission of identical Data from stations - need to quality check data
5. Operational Cost
– RM120,000 – RM140,000 per new AWS, maintenance twice per year, Communication Cost (internet/mobile), Part Replacement Cost, Observer Cost and accessibility for auxiliary stations, especially remote areas
6. Closing and moving of stations,
- causing interruption and inconsistency of data
7. Strategic Location of stations
- Not able to meet the request of data for certain strategic locations, MARDI, need more station and staff for management
- Other than cost, the challenge of obtaining land for new stations
- Station in a remote places such as Orang Asli settlements is difficult to reach and manage. At times, no data available due to person responsible on leave and away from the settlement. Also take time to replace if lost
Issues and Challenges in Collection
Issues and Challenges in Collection
8. Lack of spare parts - late replacement and recovery of instruments. - quality of data collection affected 9. Lack of staff - maintenance work affected and delayed - repair of breakdown delayed 10. Lack of transport - maintenance and repair works affected 11. Aviation data are shared internationally & world wide
according to agreement by ICAO & WMO. The UTC time is used for this purpose. Data have to be transmit and collect on time
Issues and Challenges in Data Collection
12. Data Standard
- Internationally, all MMD data used the WMO and ICAO standard.
- Locally, MMD station maintenance obtained MS ISO standard
13. Managing Various Format of Data
• Historical Data : Pre war data, data from 1800.
• In situ Data in numerical value : Rainfall, Temperature, RH & etc.
• Data in Raster : Radar, Satellite & NWP.
• Coded Data : METAR, TAF, SYNOP & etc.
Commonly, the essential information content of the station will be simply
of the general form “at station x, for an elapsed period of time e, ending at
time” The associated metadata, which is needed to fully interpret the data,
could include such things as the:
•Reference date used by the database (GMT, time zone, others);
•Quality which has been ascribed to the observation;
•History of the values ascribed to the meteorological parameter and any
associated flags;
•Instrument used to record the observation, together with more fine detail
on its own maintenance programme, tolerances, internal parameters, etc;
•Name of the observer;
•Full details of the station and its history;
•Programme of observations in effect at the time and its history;
•the inventory of the elements stored in the database, their units, their
boundaries; and
•Topographical and ground-cover details of the site, information on
surrounding trees, buildings, etc, and how these have changed with time.
Issues & Challenges Station Record
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN DATA ORGANIZATION
1. The present data base management, e-cuaca, MAKLIM dan IMS, for real-time operation, data checking and extraction still not sufficiently comprehensive
2. Data Management need additional staff from the aspects of station maintenance, data quality control and publication
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN DATA ORGANIZATION
3. Quality Control of MMD data
• Data undergo Quality Control process. Non retrievable and unavailable data is mark in the data base
• Duplicate Data are removed.
• The historical data is manually ‘key in’ in the data base.
• Missing valued are ‘push in’ in the data base once the data is received.
• All data have to be complete, any incomplete data would not be used
• All the data is archived
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN DATA USAGE
1. Publics awareness and understand of meteorological terms lacking – a challenge for MMD to explain in simple terms
2. Lack of utilizing the data available for studies and research, including micro and local climate
3. Late Receipt and Provision of Incomplete Data - cannot meet the request for data from clients - bad image if defective data is provided to clients 4. Publication Interruption - late publication: not fulfilling KPI 5. Interruption in Data Analysis - interruption in preparing reports to government, monthly
weather reports etc 6. Interruption in Updating Web Page - not able to provide latest information for internal
operational web page (e-cuaca) and department external public web page
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN DATA USAGE
7 . Data Sharing - Internationally share through a WMO/ICAO
platform called Global Telecommunication System
(GTS)
- Aviation Briefing Terminal
- Locally shared through intranet (e-cuaca) and
departmental external/public web page to be used
by disaster manager, government agencies and
others.
MMD Data is under a Fi Act 1961
• Summary of the Fi
- Daily data RM 20.00/parameter/station/year
- Monthly data RM30.00/parameter/station/10year
• Good because it makes people appreciate data.
• Not good because MMD get so many complain from less affordable customer.
Increasing Demand for Meteorological Data
• Meteorological Data is used in Extension of Time (EOT), Insurance, Disaster Report.
• Below is a graph showing the increasing of Meteorological Data from 1971 to 2011
Percentage of Data
Request According to the
Main Requesting Agencies.
Mahkamah Tinggi 75%
Mahkamah seksyen
17%
Regional Centre for Arbitration
8%
Percentage of Tribunal Court
Percentage of case in court
Issues & Challenges in Climate Services
• Perintah Fi
• Services to all users, including future users
• Data structure must include all user applications
• Quality of data meets the demand of high quality
• Improved measurement and monitoring of climates
• Increased understanding of the causes and patterns of natural variability
• More reliable methods of predicting climate over seasons and years ahead
• Better understanding of the linkages between climate/atmospheric chemicals and a range of social and economic activities and ecological changes
• Capacity building
Way Forward • Mechanisms to ensure that the climate information and prediction
needs of all users are recognized;
• Extensive and systematic collection of climate observations, management of databases and the provision of data;
• Coordination of meteorological, oceanographic, hydrological and related scientific research to improve climate services;
• Multidisciplinary studies to determine national risk and sectoral and community vulnerability related to climate variability and change, to formulate appropriate response strategies, and to recommend national policies;
• Development and provision of extensive climate information and accurate prediction services to meet user needs;
• Linkages to other programmes with similar or related objectives to enhance services and to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts.
• To establish a single coordinating authority in data handling to ensure that there is no divergence among datasets
• Partnership and capacity enhancement
Terima kasih
THANK YOU