Metamorphism Changes in Rock Composition or Texture Due to Heat, Pressure and Action of Fluids.
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Transcript of Metamorphism Changes in Rock Composition or Texture Due to Heat, Pressure and Action of Fluids.
We Do Not Live at “Normal” Conditions
• By the standards of Earth’s interior, we live in a frozen vacuum
• Things that look “abnormal” to us are normal behavior for materials– Solids can flow– Solids can react chemically with each
other– A given material can have several
different atomic structures
Chemical Changes in Rocks
Weathering
• At Surface
Diagenesis
• Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphism
• Starts about 200 C
• Outside range of normal near-surface conditions
Where Does the Heat Come from?
Uranium and Thorium Other Elements + Lead + Radiation (about 90%)
Potassium-40 Calcium-40 or Argon-40 + Radiation (about 10%)
Where Does the Pressure Come from? • Air Pressure = 14 P.s.i. (1 Atmosphere or 1
Bar) • Pressure Beneath 10 Meters (33 Ft.) Of Water
= 1 Atm. = 1 Bar • Same Pressure Beneath 3.5 M (10 Ft.) Of
Rock • Pressure in Deepest Part of Ocean = 1000 Bars • Pressure under One Mile of Rock = 500 Bars• 1000 Bars (2 Mi. or 3 km Of Rock) = 1
Kilobar (Kb.)
Types of Metamorphism
Contact• Around Intrusions • Shallow: 0-6 Km • Low Pressure • Local
Regional• Wide Areas • 5-20 Km, Sometimes
30+ • High Pressure • Usually Accompained
by Deformation
What Happens During Metamorphism
Minerals React to Form New Minerals
• 2SiO2 + CaMg(CO3) 2 == CaMgSi2O6 + 2CO2
• Quartz + Dolomite == Pyroxene
Minerals Change Form
• Al2SiO5 == Al2SiO5
• Andalusite == Kyanite
New Materials Are Added (Metasomatism)
• CaMg(SiO2)2 + 2CO2 == CaMg(CO3)2 + 2SiO2
• Pyroxene + CO2 == Dolomite + Quartz
• Minerals in Solution == Ore Bodies
Recrystallization
Why Don't Rocks "De-metamorphose"?
Reactions Can't Reverse Because Ingredients Lost – 2AlSi2O5(OH) == Al2SiO5 + 3SiO2 + H2O – Clay Mineral == Andalusite + Quartz + Water (Lost)
• An example of carbonate metamorphism: – CaMg(CO3) 2 + 2SiO2 == CaMgSi2O6 +2CO2 – Dolomite + Quartz == Pyroxene + CO2 (Lost)
Reactions "Freeze" Sometimes it Does Happen if Fluids Present• Retrograde Metamorphism• On the surface we call it weathering
Metamorphic Grade -
Degree to Which the Rock Has Changed Composition
• Can Often See Original Bedding
• Can Sometimes Even See Deformed Fossils
• At High Grades, Rocks Can Often Lose All Trace of Their Original Appearance
Major Metamorphic Rock Types
Temp C Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt ShaleIndex Minerals
Lignite Bituminous
500 Anthracite
300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite
700 Greenstone
800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite
500 900 Schist Garnet
1000 Amphibolite Staurolite
600 1100Gneiss
Kyanite
1200 Sillimanite
700Melting Begins
Major Metamorphic Rock Types
Temp C Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt ShaleIndex Minerals
Lignite Bituminous
500 Anthracite
300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite
700 Greenstone
800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite
500 900 Schist Garnet
1000 Amphibolite Staurolite
600 1100Gneiss
Kyanite
1200 Sillimanite
700Melting Begins
Major Metamorphic Rock Types
Temp C Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt ShaleIndex Minerals
Lignite Bituminous
500 Anthracite
300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite
700 Greenstone
800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite
500 900 Schist Garnet
1000 Amphibolite Staurolite
600 1100Gneiss
Kyanite
1200 Sillimanite
700Melting Begins
Major Metamorphic Rock Types
Temp C Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt ShaleIndex Minerals
Lignite Bituminous
500 Anthracite
300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite
700 Greenstone
800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite
500 900 Schist Garnet
1000 Amphibolite Staurolite
600 1100Gneiss
Kyanite
1200 Sillimanite
700Melting Begins
Major Metamorphic Rock Types
Temp C Temp F Coal Limestone Sandstone Basalt ShaleIndex Minerals
Lignite Bituminous
500 Anthracite
300 600 Graphite Marble Slate Chlorite
700 Greenstone
800 Quartzite Phyllite Biotite
500 900 Schist Garnet
1000 Amphibolite Staurolite
600 1100Gneiss
Kyanite
1200 Sillimanite
700Melting Begins
Polymorphism
Al2SiO5
• Andalusite
• Kyanite
• Sillimanite
Ice - 6 high pressure forms
Diamond - Graphite
Calcite - Aragonite
Quartz -
• - Tridymite - Cristobalite (increasing temperature)
• - Coesite - Stishovite (increasing pressure)
Metamorphic Facies Depth\Temp 300C 400C 500 C 600 C 700 C 800 C
5 km Zeolite Contact Metamorphism - Andalusite forms
10 km - 3 kb GreenschistChlorite, Biotite form
•Slate
•Greenstone
•Quartzite
•Marble
AmphiboliteGarnet, Staurolite, Kyanite form
•Schist
•Amphibolite
•Quartzite
•Marble
•Gneiss
GranuliteSillimanite formsMuscovite breaks down to K-feldsparPartial Melting
•Gneiss
15 km Blueschist
20 km - 6 kb
25 km
30 km - 9 kb
35 km
40 km - 12 kb Not Found Eclogite (Mantle)