Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

Zulfiadi Zulhan/Taufiq Hidayat/Imam Santoso 2021 MG3111 Pyrometallurgy

02. Refractory

Pyrometallurgy (MG3111)

5th Semester – 2021/2022

Zulfiadi Zulhan

Taufiq Hidayat

Imam Santoso

Department of Metallurgical Engineering

Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering

Bandung Institute of Technology

INDONESIA


NO TALKING

NO SLEEPING

NO MOBILE PHONE

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https://www.pinterest.com/

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Course Content

1. Introduction

2. Refractory

3. Slag

4. Drying, Calcination, Roasting

5. Carbo- / Aluminothermic (Metalothermic)

6. Smelting, Refining

7. Pyrometallurgy of Copper I

8. Pyrometallurgy of Copper II

9. Mid Exam

10. Pyrometallurgy of Tin

11. Pyrometallurgy of Nickel (Nickel Matte, FeNi)

12. Pyrometallurgy of Zinc and Lead

13. Ferro Alloy I (FeMn)

14. Ferro Alloy II (FeCr, FeSi)

15. Group Presentation (FeNb, FeMo, FeTi, FeV, FeTa, FeW, CaSi, CaC2 etc.)

16. Final Exam


Refractory

http://www.thorpessc.com/what-makes-us-different/the-three-keys-to-reliability/

http://www.lkabminerals.com/

http://ricc.ir/?page_id=1205


Refractory

http://tridentrefractory.com/testimonials/hulamin-

refractory-reline-works-on-line-2-remelt-furnace/

http://www.refraline.com/refraline-0?page=3

http://www.steuler.de/en/steuler-kch/refractory-systems/refractory-

linings/cement-paper-and-cellulose-industry/

http://www.tjskl.org.cn/images/czae7149-pz247b738-

rotary_kiln.html


Refractory: Flash Furnace


Refractory: Isasmelt and Ausmelt


Refractory: Reverberatory Furnace


Refractory: Mitsubishi Process


Refractory: Imperial Smelting Furnace


Refractory: Teniente / Noranda


Refractory: Peirce Smith Converter


Refractory: Anode Furnace


Refractory: Bubbling


Refractory


Refractory

• Refractory are the primary materials used in the internal lining of

furnaces.

• Able to withstand temperatures from 600°C – 2000°C

mechanic

Refractory


Refractory and industrial materials melting point

chart

231327

419

660

1082

1455 1538

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

TinLe

adZin

c

Alum

inium

Cop

per

Nicke

l Iro

n

Refra

ctoy

Key Industrial Materials

Melt

ing

Po

int

(°C

)

Graphite, C, pure 3482

Thoria, ThO2, pure sintered 2998

Magnesia, MgO, pure sintered 2798

Zirconia, ZrO2, pure sintered 2698

Beryllia, BeO, pure sintered 2548

Silicon Carbide, SiC pure 2248

Magnesia, 90-95% 2193

Chromite, FeO-Cr2O3 2182

Chromium Oxide 2137

Alumina, Al2O3, pure sintered 2048

Chromite, 38% Cr2O3 1971

Alumina, fused bauxite 1871

Silicon Carbide 1871

Fire clay 1871

Kaolin, Al2O3-SiO2 1815


Refractory is expensive

• Means: any failure in the refractories results in a great loss of production

time, equipment, and sometimes the product itself.

• Type of refractories will influence energy

consumption and product quality.

http://www.mintek.co.za/Pyromet/200kVA.htm


Refractory Forms

Refractories are produced in two basic forms:

bricks / shapes bricks / shapes

1. Preshaped / preformed objects: bricks / shapes

2. Unformed products (specialties / monolithics): castables, pourables,

spray mixes, gunning mixes.

MSTS, AISE, 1998


Monolithics

Castables, or refractory concretes, are predominately dry, granular refractory

mixes designed to be mixed on site with water and capable of curing to a

stable dimensional form. Castables are particularly suited to the molding of

special shapes and parts at the installation site. They can be used for forming

complete furnace linings, and other unique shapes.

Gunning mixes comprise a variety of specialty refractory compositions that

develop a solid shape by air drying or heat curing. The principal requirements

are that they can be blown into position by air pressure through a lance or

nozzle, but must adhere on impact and build up to the desired lining

thickness. They are used for repairs, especially inside empty, hot furnaces.


Gunning Mix

Alumina for Gunning Mix

Magnesia for Gunning Mix


LD Converter (repair zones)


Monolithic: Anchor


Three classes of refractory (base on chemical

composition)

• Acid (SiO2)

should not be used in contact with basic slags, gases or fumes

• Basic (CaO, MgO)

used with basic chemical environment

• Neutral (Al2O3, Cr2O3)


Base Material for Refractory

Chemical Name Abbreviation Chemical Formula Melting Point, °C

Magnesium Oxide M MgO 2825

Aluminium Oxide A Al2O3 2050

Graphite - C > 3500

Silicon Oxide S SiO2 1610

Calcium Oxide C CaO 2614

Chromium Oxide - Cr2O3 2266

Zirconium Oxide - ZrO2 2715


Magnesia


Magnesia

1. MgO : chemical formula for

pure magnesium oxide

2. Magnesia : chemical name applied to

the oxide of magnesium

3. Periclase : mineral name for magnesium oxide (this mineral is

rarely found in nature; dead burned magnesium oxide

products, contained less than 10% impurities).

4. Magnesite : mineral name for magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, and

was one of the original sources for magnesium oxide

used in refractory products.


Definition

Magnesia refractory is defined by ASTM as a dead-burned refractory

material consisting primarily of crystalline magnesium oxide.

Dead burned: state of a basic refractory material resulting from heat

treatment that yields a product resistant to atmospheric hydration or

recombination with carbon dioxide.


Magnesia Heat Treatment

• Calcined : heat treatment is mild (~ 900 – 1300°C).

• Sintered : heat treatment in the range of ~1500 – 2200°C

(dead burned materials are in this group)

• Fused : temperature > 2800°C


Magnesium Oxide

Magnesium oxide has a very high melting point (about 2800°C).

Limitation: high thermal expansion

and high thermal conductivity

High melting point, resistance to basic slag, moderate cost, make

magnesium oxide product the choice for heat intensive, metallurgical

processes such as for production of metals, cements and glasses.


Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity



Source: RHI


Composition of Different Grade of Sintered

Magnesia

Chemical Analysis 1 2 3

CaO (%) 2.2 2.2 0.8

SiO2 (%) 0.7 0.35 0.1

Al2O3 (%) 0.1 0.2 0.1

Fe2O3 (%) 0.2 0.2 0.1

B2O3 (%) 0.015 0.02 0.005

MgO (%) 96.7 96.3 98.8

CaO/SiO2 3.1 6.3 8.0

Bulk density (kg/m3) 3400 3420 3400

Average size (mm) ~ 80 ~ 90 ~ 100


Composition of Different Grade of Sintered

Magnesia

Source: RHI


Ternary Diagram: CaO-MgO-SiO2


Refractory (Brick), Slag, Glass, Cement

Melting point of pure oxides

are high, between 1700 and

2600°C.

Melting point can be lowered

by addition of the other

component.


CaO-MgO

High liquidus and solidus

temperatures over the

complete range

100%MgO - 100% CaO.

Calcined dolomite

(CaO and MgO) have

melting point > 2300°C

Addition of magnesia

to calcined dolomite

increases

refractoriness


MgO-FeO

Liquidus and

solidus

temperature

decrease

rapidly when

iron oxide is

added to

magnesia


MgO-MnO

Magnesia is

resistance to be

attack by

manganous oxide.

Magnesia can be

used for production

of high manganese

steel.


MgO-FeO vs. MgO-MnO


MgO-SiO2

Forsterite, a mineral

having the composition

2MgO.SiO2, has a

refractoriness of 1890°C

The presence of iron oxide

lower the refractorines of

fosterite

MgO.SiO2 has melting

point of ~ 1560°C


MgO-Al2O3

Liquidus temperature falls

steadily with addition of

alumina until 50% of

mixture.

Between 50% Alumina to

pure alumina, there is

spinel type mineral

(MgO.Al2O3) with

refracoriness of 2135°C

Spinel is used as

refractory and as a bound

for magnesis, e.g. In

induction furnace lining,

and for chrome magnesia

bricks.


spinels are any of a class of minerals of general formulation A2+B23+O4

2-

which crystallise in the cubic (isometric) crystal system, with the oxide

anions arranged in a cubic close-packed lattice and the cations A and B

occupying some or all of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites in the lattice.

A and B can be divalent, trivalent, or quadrivalent cations, including

magnesium, zinc, iron, manganese, aluminium, chromium, titanium, and

silicon. Although the anion is normally oxide, the analogous thiospinel

structure includes the rest of the chalcogenides.

Aluminium spinels:

Spinel: MgAl2O4, after which this class of minerals is named

Gahnite: ZnAl2O4

Hercynite: FeAl2O4

Spinel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-packing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiospinel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahnite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynite


Source of Magnesia

Source of Magnesium oxide: MgCO3, (MgO = 47.6%)

MgCO3 = MgO + CO2

The other source of magnesias are

seawater, brines or salt deposits.


Composition of Seawater

http://www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm


Source of Magnesia (cont.)

The filter cake can then be fed directly to a rotary kiln or multiple-hearth

furnaces at about 900–1300°C to convert the magnesium hydroxide to

magnesia.

This calcined magnesia is then sintered for firing into dense refractory-

grade magnesia, usually in shaft kilns which reach temperatures around

2000°C (dead burned). The end product is sintered magnesia.

Fused magnesia is produced by melting a refractory grade magnesia or

other magnesia precursor in an electric arc furnace.

Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is precipitated by reaction with calcined

dolomite or limestone.

2 CaO + MgSO4.MgCl2 + 2 H2O = 2 Mg(OH)2 + (CaSO4 + CaCl2)

2(CaO +MgO) + MgSO4.MgCl2 + 4 H2O = 4 Mg(OH)2 + (CaSO4 + CaCl2)

Magnesium hydroxide slurry is filtered to increase its solids content.


Effect of firing temperature on the densification,

crystal size and hydration of low B2O3 (0.03%)

pelletized magnesia

Firing temperature,

°C (1 h at temp.)

Density,

g/cm3

Crystal size,

mm

ASTM hydration

tendency, %

1600 3.11 14 91

1650 3.19 17 68

1700 3.26 23 41

1750 3.32 26 27

1800 3.37 30 21

1850 3.40 40 16


Magnesia Refractory

• High purity is quite important because MgO has high refractoriness and

good resistance to basic slags.(for converters / ladles, impurities <

2.5%, CaO/SiO2 >3, SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 <0.2%, B2O3 < 0.02%)

• High density reduces infiltration and dissociation of magnesia grain

by slag. True density of periclase is 3.58. Lower density increases

total porosity. Densest body offers the best resistance to corrosion

by slags and is the strongest to resist abrasion. Desired commercial

MgO grains for converters and ladle > 3.4.

• Large crystallite size (best achieved in fused

magnesias) provides less surface area for slag

attack. (current crystallite size: 100-200 mm.

When best corrosion resistance is needed, some

fused MgO is used, the size can be measured in

several mm)


Magnesia Refractory (cont.)

• Carbon plays a vital role in minimizing the penetration of FeO containing

slag into the magnesia carbon refractory.

• (+) In the presence carbon in MgO-C refractory, iron

oxide reacts carbon from refractory. Carbon oxidation

tended to inhibit the slag penetration.

• (-) Following reaction takes place at temperature

1600°C and lower pressure of CO (e.g. in

vacuum):

MgO + C = Mg + CO

• (+) Carbon is nonwetting.


Magnesia Refractory (cont.)

Source: RHI


Magnesia Refractory: MgO-C

Source: RHI


Electric Arc Furnace


Application of MgO: Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

HOT SPOT

Refractory:

MgO - 14% CSlag line and

walls

Refractory:

MgO - C

Burnt MgO for

safety lining

Refractory:

MgO

MgO


Magnesia Chrome


Magnesia Chrome

Chrome ores, or chromites, often called chrome enriched spinels, are

naturally occurring members of the spinel mineral group. These materials

are all characterized by relatively high melting points, good temperature

stability (particularly in thermal union with magnesite) and moderate

thermal expansion characteristics.

Chrome ores are covered by the formula (Fe,Mg)(Fe,Cr,Al)2O4 where

magnesium can substitute for iron, and aluminum for chromium.

Cr2O3: Min.30%-45%

•SiO2: Max. 5-7%

•Fe2O3: 13-15 %

•Al2O3: 17-19%

•MgO: 8-9%

•P: Max. 0.1%

•S: Max. 0.1%

•Moisture: Max.8 %.

•CR/FE ratio: min.2.50PT. Daya Sekawan Abadi

http://www.tradeboss.com/default.cgi/action/viewcompanies/companyid/145417/


Magnesia Chrome

Direct Bonding: chrome ore and magnesia are joined predominantly by a

solid state diffusion mechanism at temperature up to 1800°C

Pure Cr2O3 chemically separated from chromite can be used in combination

with lower cost oxides to produce specific refractory properties.

+ =


Typical Data of Magnesite Chrome

Source UK

Co sintered

South Africa

Fused Mag.

Chrome

Canada / US

Fused Mag.

Chrome

Silica (SiO2) 1.15 1-60 1.20

Alumina (Al2O3) 5.70 7.20 6.10

Titania (TiO2) 0.20 0.20 0.30

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 12.50 10.70 13.00

Lime (CaO) 0.80 0.60 0.40

Magnesia (MgO) 61.50 59.90 60.10

Chromic Oxide (Cr2O3) 18.00 18.80 18.60

Bulk density (g/cm3) 3.53 3.75 3.8


Magnesia Chrom

Chrome oxide has good resistance to slag attack. In combination with

magnesia, the magnesia-chrome products have excellent

refractoriness and spalling resistance.

Soluble hexavalent chromium compounds could be formed are

formed, leading to an environmetally unfriendly product disposal

problems due to its potentially carcinogenic characteristic


Application of Magnesite Chrome

• Applications of magnesite chrome are similar to magnesia

• Pay attention:

- magnesia does not increase (pick-up) magnesium content in metal

- chrome containing refractories can lead to a serious chromium pick-

up in steel and discoloration of glass

• Magnesia-chrome is applied for submerged arc furnaces (SAF),

smelting furnaces for ferro alloys, copper converters, AOD lining, VOD-

ladle lining, RH plant.


AOD Converter


Refractory: Mitsubishi Process


MgO – Cr2O3


Cr2O3 – FeO/Fe2O3


Lime


Lime

CaO has a melting point approaching 2600°C and shows a fairly high

resistance to basic slags.

It may well be asked, why this readily available material is not uses as a

principal refractory?

The answer one word is hydration. It is readily attacked by water

form calcium hydroxide.

Reaction DG at 1600°C (kcal / mole O2)

2 Ca + O2 = CaO -205

4/3 Al + O2 = 2/3 Al2O3 -175

2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO -170

Si + O2 = SiO2 -140

4/3 Cr + O2 = Cr2O3 -110


Dolomite


Dolomite (Magnesia Lime)

Natural carbonate dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3) can be converted to

refractory dolomite (CaO.MgO) by high temperature firing.

High purity dolomite: CaO + MgO > 97% , impurities 0.5 - 3%

Chemical Analysis (wt%)

Al2O3 0.45

Fe2O3 0.90

SiO2 0.70

MgO 41.2

CaO 56.7

Bulk density (kg/m3) 3250


Dolomite Application

• Dolomite has excellent refractoriness and is thermodynamically very

stable in contact with steel or steelmaking slags.

• CaO is the most stable of the common refractory oxides at

steelmaking temperatures.

Reaction DG at 1600°C (kcal / mole O2)

2 Ca + O2 = CaO -205

4/3 Al + O2 = 2/3 Al2O3 -175

2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO -170

Si + O2 = SiO2 -140

4/3 Cr + O2 = Cr2O3 -110

• Dolomite is used in ladle lining (steel zone). CaO in dolomite support

desulphurization of steel

(CaO) + [S] = (CaS) + [O]


Dolomite (-)

• The free lime portion of the dead burned dolomite can react with

atmospheric moisture which causes the material to powder and

crumble. (Dolomite is more reactive to moisture than magnesia)

• The degree of hydration under set conditions of time, temperature,

and relative humidity is dependent upon the proportion of lime and

impurities contained in the material and upon the density of the grain

achieved during the dead burning process.

• In practice, with modern packaging materials and techniques together

with other means of protecting the products, the storage of dolomite

products can be extended.


CaO-MgO

Calcined dolomite

(CaO and MgO) have

melting point > 2300°C


CaO – SiO2

At 50/50 mix, liquidus

temperature is 1450°C

If calcined dolomite is

heated with silica, lime

combined with silica

rather than magnesia


MgO-SiO2

Forsterite, a mineral

having the composition

2MgO.SiO2, has a

refractoriness of 1890°C

The presence of iron oxide

lower the refractorines of

fosterite

MgO.SiO2 has melting

point of ~ 1560°C


CaO - FeO / Fe2O3

a. In contact with molten iron; b. in contact with air

Low melting

point by the

ratio iron oxide

to lime is

about 4:1

If calcined

dolomite is

heated with

ferrous oxide,

lime combined

with ferrous

oxide rather

than magnesia


Ternary Diagram: CaO-MgO-SiO2

Silica additions to

doloma results in a

rapid drop in melting

point


Ternary Diagram: CaO-MgO-Al2O3

Alumina additions to

doloma results in a

slow drop in melting

point


Silica


Silica

1957: in the book of „Steelplant Refractories“: „Although silica continous to

meet severe competition from basic refractories of far higher melting point,

it still maintains its position as the No.1 steel plant refractory ...“

1952: LD (Linz-Donawitz) converter was first operated in Austria with 30t

vessels. The process is rapidly becoming the principal method of making

steel.

Since LD-converter demands a basic lining, silica has already lost its

prime position.

EAF and Siemens-Martins furnace roofs are changed from silica to

alumina or even to basic refractories.


Siliceous

Natural silica occurs primarily as the mineral quartz

Natural Silica Fused Silica

Silica (SiO2) 99.70 99.60

Alumina (Al2O3) 0.09 0.20

Titania (TiO2) 0.01 -

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 0.09 0.03

Lime (CaO) 0.03 0.04

Magnesia (MgO) 0.01

Total alkalies 0.02 0.01

Bulk density (g/cm3) 2.33 2.20


Fused Silica

Fused silica is produced by actual fusion of specially selected, very high

grade silica sands in electric arc, electrical resistance, or other furnace

procedures.

Crystalline raw material is converted into an amorphous glass, or fused

silica.

Fused silica has very low thermal expansion.

Fused silica products exhibit low thermal conductivity, high purity and

excellent resistance to thermal shock.


Application of Silica

Coking plant

Blast furnace stoves

Glass industries


Clay-Alumina


Clay and High Alumina

Although clays were among the first raw materials used to make

refractories, their usage has diminished as demands placed on modern

refractories have necessitated better performing materials.

Alumina, %

(i) Fireclay 25 – 45

(ii) Silimanite and other

Al2O3 type minerals

45 – 65

(iii) Mullite 65 – 75

(iv) Bauxite-based 75 – 90

(v) Corundum 90 – 100

Clays are still an important material in the industry.


Clay and High Alumina

Fireclay brick

High alumina brick

Mullite brick

Corundum

Corundum


Mineralogical Classification after Calcination

Mineral Name Chemical Formula Alumina %

Kaolinite Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O 45.9 (say 45)

Silimanite

Kyanite Al2O3.SiO2 63.0 (say 65)

Andalusite

Mullite 3Al2O3.2SiO2 71.8 (say 75)

Bauxite (pure) Al2O3.2H2O 100.0 (say 100)

Corundum (pure) Al2O3 100.0 (say 100)


Bauxite

Bauxite in the crude state is a naturally occurring group of minerals

composed primarily of either gibbsite (Al2O3•3H2O), diaspore, or

boehmite [AlO(OH)], and various types of accessory clays.

Refractory grade calcined bauxites are are produced from low iron, low

silica materials in rotary kiln calcining operations. Calcining

temperatures are in the 1400–1800°C range. Crude bauxite is

converted to the minerals corundum (Al2O3) and mullite (3Al2O3•2SiO2).


Al2O3 - SiO2

Alumina, %

Fireclay 25 – 45

Silimanite

and other

Al2O3 type

minerals

45 – 65

Mullite 65 – 75

Bauxite-

based

75 – 90

Corundum 90 – 100


High-Alumina FireBricks

http://www.skylinecomponents.com/AluminaFirebricks.h

tml


CaO – Al2O3 – SiO2


Applications

Industry Installation Location

Iron and steel Cupola Linings

Blast furnace Linings

BF stoves Linings

Torpedo ladles Linings

Hot metal mixers Linings

Ladles Linings

Induction furnace Linings

Continous casting Nozzles, tundish lining,

extension tubes, stopper

rod


Applications


Application

Stack

Belly

Bosh

Tuyere breast

Hearth

Refractory (Typical)

Corundum (Al2O)

Andalusite (Al2O3.SiO2)

Silicon Carbide (SiC)

Corundum (Al2O)

SiC, Corundum

Andalusite

Graphite

Silicon Carbide


Carbon


Carbon

The graphite may be synthetic in nature as produced by heating calcined

petroleum coke to 3000°C or may be natural graphite(s) from China,

Mexico, Canada etc.

Some carbon or all graphite refractories may be produced for applications

in highly reducing atmospheres.

Generally, graphites are used in refractories in order to reduce the wetting

characteristics of the refractory material with respect to slag corrosion and

to increase the thermal conductivity which will result in better thermal shock

resistance.


Carbon

In oxide-carbon refractories, the carbon content may range anywhere from

as low as 4–5% up to as high as 30–35%.

Note: as the graphitic content increases, the thermal conductivity of the

refractory increases, but the density of the refractory decreases.

This result is primarily due to the fact that the density of graphite is much

less than the density of the other refractory materials being used.


Application of Carbon Refractory

Industry Installation Location

Iron and steel Blast furnace Hearth (carbon brick,

graphite)

Ferro alloys (FeSi, FeCr,

FeMo)

Furnaces Hearth (carbon brick,

graphite)

Steel Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes (graphite)

Aluminium Smelters Anodes, cathodes,

sidewalls, hearth

(petroleoum coke)


Thermal Conductivity and

Heat Transfer


Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer

Refractory materials have always been used to conserve heat, and their

resistance to heat flow is a prime selection factor in many applications.

Heat transfer losses through single or multiple component refractory

walls can be calculated using the general formula:


Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer


Refractory

Preheating


Ladle Preheating

Vertical preheating Horizontal preheating


Ladle


Ladle (Refractory) Heating


Ladle (Refractory) Preheating / Heating


Ladle Drying Curve


Ladle Heat Up Curve


Copper Cooling


Furnace Cooling System

There is a trend to apply cooling system on / in the lining systems to

perform ten to fifteen years operation with a minimum repair.

By inserting water-cooled copper elements in the furnace brickwork, a

frozen slag on the refractory hot face will be formed. This frozen slag

protects the bricks from further erosion/corrosion by the liquid slag.


Copper Cooler


Some Refractory

Applications


Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) - Roof

Bauxite or

Corundum


LD Converter (Vessel Preheating)


Induction Furnace


Induction Cooking


Typical Component of Induction Furnace


Induction Furnace


Induction Furnace Lining


Induction Furnace


Summary

• Refractory: brick / shape and castable

• Refractory: Acid, Basic, Neutral

• Refractory: MgO, Dolomite, MgO-Cr2O3, Silica, Clay and Alumina,

Carbon

• Preheating

• Copper cooling application for refractory

• Refractory: Applications


Main References

1. Schacht, C.A., Refractories Handbook, Marcel Dekker, 2004

2. Chesters, J.H., Refractories: Production and Properties, The

Institute of Materials, 1973


Terima kasih!Program Studi Teknik Metalurgi

Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan dan Perminyakan

Institut Teknologi Bandung

Jl. Ganesa No. 10

Bandung 40132

INDONESIA

www.metallurgy.itb.ac.id

Dr.-Ing. Zulfiadi Zulhan, ST., MT.

[email protected]

Taufiq Hidayat, ST., M.Phil., Ph.D.

[email protected]

D.Sc. (Tech.) Imam Santoso, ST., M.Phil

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Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking

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Transcript of Metallurgy of Iron and Steelmaking