Metal Otel
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Transcript of Metal Otel
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construcţiimetalice
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metalul în construcţii
fontă, fier forjat (sec. 18)fier (sec. 19)oţel
diferenţa dintre fontă, fier şi oţel
este determinată de conţinutul de
carbon
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3Pod din fontă - 1777
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fonta
• casantă
• se toarnă în forme
• rezistenţă mare la compresiune
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fierul
• material dur
• maleabil
• elastic • ductil
• rezistă bine la întindere
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oţelul
se obţine din minereul de fier printr-o
succesiune de operaţii:• separarea fierului
• transformarea fierului brut în oţel,prin eliminarea impurităţilor
• reducerea conţinutului de carbon
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oţelul
material izotrop (poate fi solicitat
la fel în toate direcţiile, atât la
întindere cât şi la compresiune)
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clasificarea oţelurilor
funcţie de rezistenţa la întindere
marca oţelului
OL 37 - oţel normal pentru construcţii metalice, denumit şi oţel „moale” sau „ductil”
OL 52 - oţel de înaltă rezistenţă pentru construcţii metalice
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caracteristici fizice
greutatea specifică:
• oţel: 7.85 - 8.00 kN/m3
• aliaj uşor de aluminiu: 2.70 kN/m3
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caracteristici mecanice
• maleabilitatea • elasticitatea • plasticitatea
• duritatea• tenacitatea• sudabilitatea
• fragilitatea • coroziunea
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maleabilitatea
proprietatea anumitor metale de ase deforma la rece sau la cald fără ase rupe şi de a putea fi trase în foisubţiri
oţelul utilizat pentru structurapoate avea o deformaţie de 20%înainte de rupere
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elasticitatea
proprietatea corpurilor care,
deformându-se sub acţiunea unei
forţe, tind să revină la forma
iniţială atunci când forţa încetează
să mai acţioneze
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plasticitatea
aptitudinea anumitor metale care,
deformându-se sub acţiunea unei
forţe, îşi conservă deformaţia
atunci când forţa încetează să
mai acţioneze
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duritatea
caracteristica metalelor de a rezista la diferite acţiuni mecanice
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tenacitatea
proprietatea unui metal de a putea suporta simultan, fără daune, eforturi ridicate şi alungiri mari
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sudabilitatea
proprietatea pe care o posedă unele metale de a se uni între ele atunci când sunt aduse la temperatura de fuziune
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fragilitatea
caracteristica metalelor „casante”
de a se rupe brutal în anumite
condiţii, cum ar fi temperaturile
scăzute
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coroziunea
fenomen electrochimic ce conduce la
formarea de oxizi; degradarea (lentă) a
pieselor metalice în mediu umed şi în
prezenţa oxigenului
protecţie
prin aplicare de vopsitorii sau
diverse straturi protectoare
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sensibilitate la foc
• îşi pierde rapid rezistenţa la temperaturi relativ joase (400 – 600o C)
• prin conductivitatea sa termică mare, riscă să propage incendiul
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protecţia la foc
beton
ipsos
tencuieli termoizolante din: vermiculită, perlită, fibre minerale, etc. + liant (frecvent ciment sau ipsos)
vopsele intumescente (termospumante)
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oţelurile speciale
• oţeluri inoxidabile
• oţeluri patinabile
• oţeluri refractare • oţeluri speciale de înaltă
rezistenţă
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oţelurile inoxidabile
rezistenţă chimică mult superioară oţelului obişnuit, datorită alierii cu alte metale cum ar fi crom, vanadium, molibden sau cupru
duritate mare
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oţelurile patinabile
în anumite condiţii de expunere, au proprietatea de a se acoperi progresiv cu un strat protector de oxizi care le conferă o bună rezistenţă la coroziune
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oţelurile refractare
aliaj cu crom-nichel sau crom-molibden
se utilizează pentru confecţionarea unor elemente supuse la temperaturi înalte (tuburi de cazane, rezervoare, furnale, etc.)
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oţelurile speciale de înaltă rezistenţă
mai dificil de sudat datorită conţinutului ridicat de carbon
utilizate în cazuri particulare, cum ar fi precomprimarea
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produse din oţel
oţeluri laminate
oţeluri trase sau trefilate
oţeluri turnate
oţeluri forjate
produse uzinate
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produse din oţel – profile laminate
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produse din oţel – profile laminate
bară ţeavă platbandă
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produse din oţel
tablă groasă, striată, ondulată şi cutată
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asamblarea elementelor din oţel
mecanice: cu „tije” - nituri
- buloane
coezive: prin sudare
prin încleiere
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aspecte de proiectare a construcţiilor din oţel
forma raţională a elementelor structurale
caracteristicile nodurilor
tipul de structură şi schema statică asociată
verificarea prin calcul a rezistenţei şi stabilităţii structurii
alcătuirea închiderilor şi compartimentărilor
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Crystal Palace 1851
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Chicago 1890
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Chrysler Building 1926
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Art Nouveau Horta - 1900
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Mies van der Rohe -Barcelona
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Centre Pompidou Paris 1970
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Calatrava
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aspecte de proiectare a construcţiilor din oţel
alegerea raţională a formelor elementelor structurale (grindă, stâlp, tirant, etc.) se bazează pe câteva noţiuni fundamentale de statică şi rezistenţa materialelor
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clasificarea încărcărilor
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principii de dimensionare
rezistenţa la solicitări
stabilitatea locală şi de ansamblu a structurii
limitarea deformaţiilor
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stâlpivariante de alcătuire
• profil laminat I (a) sau H (b)
• ţeavă cu secţiune circulară (c) sau rectangulară (d)
• profile şi/sau table asociate pentru a forma secţiuni compuse (e, f, g, h)
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grinzivariante de alcătuire
• grinzi cu inima plină
• grinzi reticulare (în zăbrele)
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grinzi cu inima plină
• profile laminate I (a) sau H (b), eventual ranforsate cu platbande sudate (c)
• grinzi 'expandate' obţinute din profile I (d)• profile U câte unul (e) sau câte două
cuplate (f) - pentru grinzi de bordaj sau de planşeu ranforsare cu platbande (g)
• secţiuni compuse din laminate sudate (h, i, j) cu inima rigidizată cu nervuri (k)
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grinzi în zăbrele
• talpă superioară • talpă inferioară• montanţi şi/sau diagonale• noduri
tălpile şi barele de inimă • profile laminate (L, U) • ţevi, cu secţiune circulară sau rectangulară,
îmbinate direct, prin sudură (j)
nodurile - realizate cu ajutorul unor „gusee” (c - i)
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