Metal Forming, Production Engineering II
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Transcript of Metal Forming, Production Engineering II
Lecturer:-Zeradam Y.
March, 2014
Ambo University Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Production Engineering II (MEng 3162)
Outline
• Sheet metal forming operation
• Applications of sheet metal
• Cutting operationShearingBlankingPunching
• Engineering analysis of sheet metal cutting
Part ISheet metal forming
Sheet metal working includes cutting and forming operations performed on relatively thin sheets of metal.
Shearing Blanking Punching
Bending Drawing Spinning Stretching
Cutting Forming
Con..
Typical sheet metal thicknesses are below 6mm (1/4in). When the thickness exceeds about 6mm,the stock is
usually referred to as plate rather than sheet. The sheet or plate stock used in sheet metalworking is
produced by rolling.
Applications
Construction equipments
Automobile and truck bodies
Ship building furniture Railway Cars
Airplane
Con..
space industries;
Chemical industry;Drink & food industry.
Nuclear
Con..
Shower cabinets and others Washing machines
Cookers Refrigerator bodies
Domestic use
Five basic sheet metal operations
Cutting Shearing Blanking Punching
Con..
Forming Bending, Spinning, Stretching, Drawing
Cutting operation
• Cutting of sheet metal is accomplished by a shearing action between two sharp cutting edges.
• The upper cutting edge (the punch) sweeps down past a stationary lower cutting edge(the die).
Con..
c
(1)
Just before the punch contact the work
Con..
• c
(2)
Punch begins to push into the work, causing plastic deformation
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• c
(3)
Punch compresses and penetrates into the work and causing a smooth cut surface
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• c(4)
Fracture is initiated at the opposing cutting edges that separate the sheet.
Symbols V and F represents motion and applied force , respectively, t = stock thickness , c = clearance.
Shearing
• Is a sheet metal cutting operation along a straight line between two cutting edges.
• Shearing is typically used to cut large sheets into smaller sections for subsequent press working operations.
Con..
• It is performed on a machine called a power shear, or squaring shear.
• The upper blade of the power shears is often inclined (to reduce
cutting force).
• The shearing operation constitutes the first stage of any forming
process by producing either
The starting material (cutting out of a sheet) OR
Preparing an existing work piece e.g by punching a hole or a
series of holes before forming.
Blanking
• Involves cutting of sheet metal along a closed outline in a single step to separate the piece from the surrounding stock, as shown in figure a the part that is cut out is the desired product in the operation and is called the blank.
Punching
• Is similar to blanking except that the separated piece is scrap, called the slug. the remaining stock is desired part. the distinction is illustrated in figure b.
Engineering analysis of sheetmetal cutting
• One of the important parameters in sheet metal cutting is clearance between the punch and die
• The clearance c in a shearing operation is the distance between the punch and die.
• Typical clearance in conventional press working range between 4% and 8% of the sheet metal thickness t.
Con..
• Measured perpendicular to the direction of the blade movement.
• It affects the finish of the cut(burr) and machine’s power consumption.
Con..
• If the clearance is too small, then the fracture line tend to pass each other ,causing a double burnishing and large cutting force.
con..
• If the clearance is too large ,the metal becomes pinched between the cutting edges and an excessive burr results.
Con..
• The correct clearance depends on sheetmetal type and thickness.
• The recommended clearance can be calculated by the following formula:
C = Act
Where:
C=Clearance , mm;
Ac = Clearance allowance (percentage of the material thickness)
t=Stock thickness, mm.
Con..
• The clearance allowance is determined according to the type of metal 4.5%, 6% or 7.5% of the material thickness.
• For convenience, metals are classified into three groups with an associated allowance value for each group.
Clearance allowance for three sheet metal groups
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• The calculated clearance values can be applied to conventional blanking and hole-punching operations to determine the proper punch and die sizes.
• The die opening must always be larger than the punch size(obviously).
• Because of the geometry of the sheared edge, the outer dimension of the part cut out of sheet will be larger than the hole size.
Con..
• Punch and die sizes for a round blank of diameter Db are determined as;
Blanking punch diameter =Db-2c
Blanking die diameter =Db
• Punch and die sizes for a round hole of diameter Dh are determined as:
Hole punch diameter = Dh
Hole die diameter = Dh+2c
Con..
Angular Clearance Purpose: allows slug
or blank to drop through die
Typical values: 0.25 to 1.5 on each side
Cutting force
• Estimates of cutting force are important because this force determines the size (tonnage) of the press needed. Cutting force F in sheetmetal working can be determined by
Where S= Shear strength of the metal, Mpa
t = Sthock thickness, mm
L= length of the cut edge,mm
• In blanking ,punching ,slotting ,and similar operations , L is the perimeter length of the blank or hole being cut.
•
Con..
Example
A round disk of 150mm diameter is to be blanked from a
strip of 3.2mm cold rolled steel whose shear
strength=310MPa. Determine (a) the appropriate punch
and die diameters, and (b) blanking force.
Con..
Other sheet-metal cutting operations
Cutoff
Is a shearing operation in which blanks are separated from a sheet-metal strip by cutting the opposite sides of the part in sequence.
Con..
With each cut, anew part is produced.
Distinguish it from a conventional shearing operation.
• The cut edges are not necessarily straight
Parting
Involves cutting a sheet-metal strip by a punch with two cutting edges that match the opposite sides of the bank.
Con..
This might be required because the part outline has an irregular shape.
Parting is less efficient than cutoff in the sense that it results in some wasted materials.
Slotting
Is the term sometimes used for a punching operzation that cuts out an elongated or rectangular hole.
Perforating
Involves the simultaneous punching of a pattern of holes in sheet metal.
The hole pattern is usually for decorative purposes, or allow passage of light, gas, of fluid.
Notching and Seminotching
• Notching involves cutting out a portion of metal From the side of the sheet or strip.
• Seminotching removes a portion of metal from the interior of the sheet.
Con..
Seminotching might seem the same as punching and slotting operation.
The difference is that the metal removed by seminotching creats part of the blank outline, while punching and slotting creates holes in the blank.
Shaving
Fine blanking
Is a shearing operation used to blank sheet metal parts with close tolerances and smooth, straight edges in one step, as illustrated in figure (b).
Con..
Pressure pad applies holding force(Fh) in order to prevent distortion.
The punch then descends with slower than the normal velocity and smaller clearance to provide the desired dimension and cut edge.
The process in usually for small stock thicknesses.
Questions ?
Part II
Bending operation
Bending in sheet metal work is defined as the straining of the metal around a straight axis (figure a).
During bending the metal on the inside of the neutral plane is compressed ,while the metal on the outside of the neutral plane is stretched (figure b).
Con..
• The metal is plastically deformed so the bend takes a permanent set upon removal of stresses that caused it.
• Bending produces little or no change in the thickness of the sheet metal.
V-Bending and Edge bending
Bending operations are performed by using punch and die tooling .
The common bending methods are
1. V-Bending ,performed with a V-die.
Con..
2. Edge bending , performed with wiping die.
Con..
Engineering analysis of bending
The metal of thickness t is bend through an angle called the bend angle α.
This results in a sheet metal part with an included angle α’, where α + α’= 180°
Con.. R=Inside Bend radius
W= The bend is made over the width of the work piece W.
Kba= k factor ( the location of the neutral axis in the material.
• Calculated as the ratio of the neutral axis (measured from the inside
bend surface to the material thickness)
• Since neutral axis is the theoretical location at which the material is
neither compressed nor stretched .we use the following
recommended values of K.
Con..
Recommended value of Kba
R<2t,Kba=0.33
R ≥2t,Kba=0.50 t=stock thickness
Bend allowance
The bend allowance (Ab) is the length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or the arc length of the bend.
Spring back When the bending pressure removed at the end of deformation ,elastic
energy remains in the bent part ,causing it to recover particularly to its original shape. This elastic recovery is called springback.
Figure: (1) during the operation ,the work is forced to take the radius Rt and included angle α’t determined by the bending tool (punch in v-bending) (2) after the punch is removed ,the work springs back to radius R and included angle α’. Symbol: F=applied bending force.
Con..
• Spring back in bending show itself as a decrease in bend angle and an increase in bend radius.
Sb= spring backα’= Included angle of the sheet metal (after spring
back)α’t =Included angle of the bending tool
Compensation for springback
Can accomplished by several methods one of these methods is over bending. Due to this elastic recovery, it is necessary to over-bend the sheet a precise amount to achieve the desired bend radius and bend angle . This is called over bending.
Bending force
Con..
F = Bending force
TS = Tensile strength of the sheet metal
W = Width of part in the direction of the bend axis.
t= stock thickness
D=die opening dimension
Kbf= Is a constant for differences encountered in actual bending process. Its value depends on type of bending: For V-bending, Kbf=1.33; and for edge bending, Kbf=0.33
Con..
Example: A sheet metal blank is to be bent as shown in figure below. The metal has a modulus of elasticity=205(103) MPa, yield strength=275MPa, and tensile strength=450MPa. Determine (a) the starting blank size and (b) the bending force if a V-die is used with a die opening dimension = 25mm.
Other bending operations
Flanging
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Miscellaneous bending operations
• Figure: miscellaneous bending operations: (a) channel bending (b) U-bending
(c) air bending
(d) offset bending
(e) corrugating
symbol : F=applied force.
Bending
Part III
Drawing
Drawing is a sheet metal forming operation used to make cup shaped ,box-shaped ,or other complex curved, hollow shaped parts.
It is performed by placing a piece of sheet metal over a die cavity and pushing the metal into the opening with a punch.
The blank must be held down flat against the die by blank holder.
Con..
( a ) Drawing of cup shaped part :
(1) start of operation before punch contacts work, and
(2) near end of stroke
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(b) Workpart:
(1) starting blank, and
(2) drawn part .
Symbols: C=clearance, Db=blank diameter, Dp= punch diameter, Rp=punch corner radius, F=drawing force,Fh=holding force.
Parts produced
Ammunition shellsBeverage
SinksAutomobile and
Other parts
Mechanics of drawing
A blank diameter Db is drawn into a die by means of a punch of diameter Dp.
The punch and die must have a corner radii, given by Rp and Rd .
Con..
If the punch and die were to have sharp corners (Rp and Rd=0) a hole punching process wood be accomplished rather than drawing operation.
The sides of the punch and die are separated by a clearance c.
The clearance in drawing is about 10% grater than the stock thickness.
C= 0.1t
Con..
Stages in deformation of the work
1) Punch makes initial contact with work
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2) bending
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3) straightening
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4) Friction and compression
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5) Final cup shape
Engineering analysis of drawing
Checking for feasibility of the operation
First Drawing ration: The ratio of blank diameter Db to
punch diameter Dp.
Un upper limit on the drawing ration is a value of 2.0 (DR≤2.0)
Con..
Second Reduction r
The value of reduction r should be less than 0.50
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Third Thickness to diameter ration
It is desirable the ratio to be greater than 1%.
Con..
Example 1
Drawing force
F = drawing force, Nt = original blank thicknessTS= tensile strengthDb and Dp = starting blank and punch diameter.
Constant 0.7 is correction factor to account for friction.
Con..
Where Fh=holding force in drawing ,NY=yield strength of the sheet metalt =starting stock thickness,mmRd=die corner radius, mm
The holding force (Fh) required can be calculated by using the following formula.
Con..
1
Example 2