Metadata Applications Marcia Lei Zeng NSDL All Project Meeting October, 2003.
-
Upload
ralf-oliver -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Metadata Applications Marcia Lei Zeng NSDL All Project Meeting October, 2003.
Metadata Metadata Applications Applications
Marcia Lei Zeng
NSDL All Project Meeting
October, 2003
Outline
1. Many for one: available metadata standards
2. Different types of metadata and their functions
3. Post-MARC metadata principles
4. Working with your collections
5. Using controlled vocabularies
1. Many for One: Available Metadata Standards
What is the definition of metadata? Metadata are structured, encoded data that
describe characteristics of information-bearing entities to aid in the identification, discovery, assessment, and management of the described entities
Existing Metadata Standards (1)
(Check here for updated list and URLs
http://www.slis.kent.edu/~mzeng/metadata/metadatalist.htm)
Bibliographic Description (general) MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)
– MODS (Metadata Object Description Schema)– MARC XML
Dublin Core Element Set GILS (Government Information Locator Service) RFC 1807 (Format for Bibliographic Records) TEI Headers (Text Encoding Initiative) MCF (Meta Content Format) PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection)
Images and Objects Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) VRA (Visual Resource Association) Core Categories MESL (Museum Education Site Licensing Project) Data
Dictionary Object ID Guide to the Description of Architectural Drawings (FDA Guide) NISO Data Dictionary for Technical Metadata for Digital Still
Images Geospatial Data Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) Archive EAD (Encoded Archival Description) DTD Recordkeeping Metadata Standard for Commonwealth Agencies
(1999)
Existing Metadata Standards (2)
Right Management Rights Metadata DOI -- Digital Object IdentifierEducational-purpose Instructional management Systems (IMS) The Gateway to Educational Materials (GEM) Schema DC Education Schema (DC-ED) IEEE Learning Objects Metadata (LOM) Preservation of digital objects Preservation CEDARS Project: CEDARS Preservation Metadata Elements National Library of Australia. Preservation Metadata for Digital
Collections:Exposure Draft Networked European Deposit Library. Metadata for Long Term
Preservation Other specialized standards Music, media, broadcasting, etc.
Existing Metadata Standards (3)
Overlapping Metadata Standards
There is no limit for the type or amount of resources that can be described by metadata.
There is no limit for the number of overlapping metadata standards for any type of resources or any subject domain.
There is no limit for the types of profession or subject domain that would be involved in metadata standard development and application.
2. Different Types of Metadata and Their Functions
AdministrativeDescriptivePreservationTechnicalUse
Source: Murtha Baca ed.: Introduction to Metadata,
Pathway to Digital Information.
Getty Information Institute. Table 1.
Administrative Metadata
-- Metadata used in managing and administering information resources- Acquisition information- Rights and reproduction tracking- Documentation of legal access requirements- Location information- Selection criteria for digitization- Version control and differentiation between
similar information objects- Audit trails created by recordkeeping systems
Descriptive Metadata
--Metadata used to describe or identify information resources- Cataloging records- Finding aids- Specialized indexes- Hyperlinked relationships between resources- Annotations by users- Metadata for recordkeeping systems generated
by records creators
Preservation Metadata
Metadata related to the preservation management of information resources- Documentation of physical condition of
resources- Documentation of actions taken to preserve
physical and digital versions of resources, e.g., data refreshing and migration
Technical Metadata
-- Metadata related to how a system functions or metadata behave, for example:– Hardware and software documentation– Digitization information, e.g., formats,
compression ratios, scaling routines– Tracking of system response times– Authentication and security data, e.g.,
encryption keys, passwords
Use Metadata
-- Metadata related to the level and type of use of information resources- Use and user tracking - Exhibit records
- Content re-use and multi-versioning information
3. Post-MARC Metadata Principles
Simplicity Modularity Reusability Extensibility Interoperability
Administrative metadata
Descriptive metadata
Technical metadata
Use metadata
Preservation metadata
4. Working with your collections --Knowing the difference
“Object"/"work" vs. reproduction Textual vs. non-textual resources Document-like vs. non-document-like
objects Collection-level vs. item-level
“Credits: Photographs: Various photographers, mostly William Ward Watkin.”
The Construction of the Administration Buildinghttp://www.rice.edu/fondren/woodson/exhibits/Watkin/adminconstruction.html
How to describe …?
Describe what? The image itself? Or The building? The building as a building? Or A building which has a historical
importance?
Work vs. Image
A work is a physical entity that exists, has existed at some time in the past, or that could exist in the future.
An image is a visual representation of a work. It can exist in photomechanical, photographic and digital formats.
Data sets describing a chair that was documented by a photograph. The photograph was later copied to a slide format and scanned to create a digital image.
Frederick C. Robie House dining chair Designer: Wright, Frank L. (1867-1959)
See VRA Example 3. http://www.vraweb.org/vracore3.htm#compendium
Work vs. Image: an example
A digital collection needs to decide what is the entity of their collection:– works,– images, or– both?– How many metadata records are needed for each
entity?
Some part of the data can be reused.– E.g., one work has different images or different formats
Work vs. Image
Revisiting Dublin Core
Content Intellectual Property
Instantiation
Coverage Contributor Date
Description Creator Format
Type Publisher Identifier
Relation Rights Language
Source
Subject
Title
If one work has different reproduction …
Textual vs. Non-textual Text:
– Would allow for full text searching or automatic extraction of keywords.
– Marked by HTML or XML tags. – Tags have semantic meanings.
Non-textual, e.g., images:– Only the captions, file names
can be searched, not the image itself.
– Need transcribing or interpreting.
– Need more detailed metadata to describe its contents.
– Need knowledge to give a deeper interpretation.
Newspaper dated July 16, 1976, reporting the initial discovery of burials in Granado Cave.
Document-like vs. non-document-like
Each object usually has the following characteristics:
being in three dimensions,
having multiple components
carrying information about history, culture, and society, and
demonstrating in detail about style, pattern, material, color, technique, etc.
Collection-level vs. item-level
Collection level
Item level
Relation
Is Version OfHas VersionIs Replaced ByReplacesIs Required ByRequiresIs Part OfHas PartIs Referenced ByReferencesIs Format OfHas FormatConforms To
Collection example
Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother" Photographs in the Farm Security Administration Collection
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/128_migm.html(next slide)
5. Using Controlled Vocabulariesin Metadata Records
(Check here for the updated list:
http://www.slis.kent.edu/~mzeng/metadata/thesaurilist.htm)
Content data for some elements may be selected from a controlled vocabulary:
1. Established vocabularies• Controlled Vocabularies and Classification Schemes
• Standardized vocabularies
2. Name authority files
3. Controlled terms
Revisiting Dublin CoreContent
Intellectual Property
Instantiation
Coverage Contributor Date
Description Creator Format
Type Publisher Identifier
Relation Rights Language
Source
Subject
Title
Content data for some elements may be selected from a controlled vocabulary …
Established Controlled Vocabularies and Classification Schemes
Usually recommended by the metadata best practice guidelines:
Subject Headings– LC Subject Headings (LCSH)– Medical Subject Headings (MESH)
Thesauri– Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
Classification schemes– Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
Standardized vocabularies
– Type DCMI Type Vocabulary
– Format Internet Media Types [MIME]
– Language RFC 3066 [RFC3066] in conjunction with ISO639 Codes for the representation of names of languages
– Countries ISO 3166 - Codes for the representation of names of
countries
Name authority control
– The Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) , Getty
– Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), Getty
– LC Name Authority file = Anglo-American Authority File (AAAF)
and– local name authority files
Controlled terms Dictionaries and indexes
– Compile a list of suggested terms based on dictionaries and indexes
“Folk” controlled lists• DC-ED: audience, pedagogy• GEM Controlled Vocabularies:
– Audience | Format | Grade | Language | Pedagogy | Relation | Resource Type | Subject
– http://www.geminfo.org/Workbench/Workbench_vocabularies.html
Putting things together
Internal work:– Standards, including formats and vocabularies– A metadata input tool– Storage: text files and databases
User interface:– Browsing and searching interfaces
• The materials as well as the surrogates
• How to organize all the materials (by type, date, subject …)
– Integrating with different systems