Metabolism Catabolism-Glycolysis (Kreb Cycle) Anabolism-Photosynthesis.
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Transcript of Metabolism Catabolism-Glycolysis (Kreb Cycle) Anabolism-Photosynthesis.
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Metabolism
Catabolism-Glycolysis (Kreb Cycle)
Anabolism-Photosynthesis
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Metabolism
• Sum of all chemical reactions
• Catabolism
– Exergonic reaction– Most of energy in ATP –last phosphate bond
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Metabolism
• Anabolism– Consume more energy than produce– Use ATP for energy
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Enzymes
• Biological catalysts
• Energy of activation
• Specificity
• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Tertiary structure
• Quaternary structure
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Components of Enzymes
• Apoenzyme-protein only
• Cofactor-nonprotein– Trace elements
• Coenzyme-organic cofactor– Carriers of electrons etc– NAD+
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Enzyme-substrate Complex
• Active site on enzyme
• Transformation in substrate
• Products released
• Enzyme orients substrate
• Lowers energy of activation
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Denaturation
• Structure of enzyme is disrupted
• No longer active
• Temperature
• pH
• Substrate concentration– Enzyme becomes saturated
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Inhibitors
• Competitive inhibitors
• Noncompetitive inhibitors– Allosteric site
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Feedback Inhibition
• End product inhibition
• Series of enzymes –end product
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Energy Production
• Oxidation-reduction reactions
• Generation of ATP– Phosphorylation
– Used for metabolism, binary fission, endospore formation movement
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Types of Phosphorylation
• Substrate level
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Photophosphorylation
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Glucose as an example• Two energy processes
– Cellular respiration– Fermentation– Glycolysis
• Respiration-Krebs cycle & electron transport chain
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Glucose Metabolism
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 38 ADP +38 P
6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
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Glycolysis
• Summary of glycolysis• 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 C)• Production of 2 NADH & 2H+• Net of 2 ATP• Substrate phosphorylation• Takes place in cytosol of bacteria & eukaryotes• No oxygen is required• Alternate pathways
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Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration– Final electron acceptor is inorganic molecule
• Two types based on final electron acceptor
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Aerobic Respiration
• Krebs cycle
• Mitochondria of eukaryotes-matrix
• Cytosol in prokaryotes
• Intermediary step- production of acetyl CoA– 2 CO2 & 2 NADH
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Aerobic Respiration
• Acetyl Co enters Krebs cycle
• 4 carbons of glucose released as CO2
• 6 NADH & 2 FADH2 produced
• 2 ATP by substrate phosphorylation
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Electron Transport Chain
• Series of redox reactions• Stepwise release of energy• Oxygen final acceptor of electrons
• Inner membrane of mitochondria in eukaryotes• Foldings of plasma membrane or thylakoid
infoldings( photosynthesis)• Occurs only in intact membranes
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Carrier Molecules
• Some carry both electrons & protons (H+)
• Cytochromes transfer electrons only
• Oxygen is last link of chain
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Chemiosmosis
• ATP generation
• Proton pumps
• Proton motive force
• Protein channels with ATP synthases
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ATP Production
• Protons release energy as rush through pore
• ATP produced via oxidative phosphorylation
• Damage to membrane ceases proton movement
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Anaerobic Respiration
• Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen
• Some use NO3 - ,SO4
2-
• Important in nitrogen and sulfur cycles
• ATP varies, less than 38
• Only part of Krebs cycle & ETC used
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Fermentation
• Pyruvate converted to organic product
• NAD+ regenerated
• Doesn’t require oxygen
• Does not use Krebs cycle or ETC– Shut down
• Organic molecule is final electron acceptor
• Produces 2 ATP max
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Photosynthesis
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy
• Anabolism (carbon fixation)-produce sugars from CO2
• Two stages
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Overall Reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P
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Light Reactions
• Photophosphorylation-production of ATP– Only in photosynthetic cells
• Light energy (electromagnetic radiation) absorbed by chlorophylls– Chlorophyll a– Located in membranous thylakoids of chloroplasts-
plants & algae– Infoldings of plasma membrane of cyanobacteria
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Light Reactions
• Electrons flow through ETC
• Electron carrier is NADP+
• ATP produced by chemiosmosis
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Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
• Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
• 2 photosystems
• Produce both ATP via chemiosmosis
• Produce NADPH– Used to reduce CO2 in dark reactions
– Able to produce sugars
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Summary
• ATP produced by chemiosmosis– Uses energy released in ETC
• Oxygen produced from splitting of water– H2O→ 2H+ +2 e + O – Replace electrons lost from chlorophyll
• NADPH produced in second photosystem
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Dark Reactions
• Calvin-Benson Cycle
• Requires no light
• Uses energy from ATP (light reactions) to reduce CO2 to sugars
• Carbon fixation
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Summary
• Light H20 CO2
Photosystems & ETCChlorophyll a
Chemiosmosis
Calvin Cycle
NADP+
ADP+ P
ATPNADPH
O2sugars Cellular respiration
Organic cpds