Carbohydrate Metabolism Definition of Metabolism: Metabolism
Metabolism a
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Transcript of Metabolism a
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Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
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METABOLISM
From the Greek term, metaballein, meaning change.Pertains to all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell.
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Energy
Defined as the capacity to do work or to cause particular changes.Cellular metabolism – the totality of all chemical reactions that a cell carries out.Metabolism- obtain energy and materials for growth.
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ATP
Is the central chemical in the energy transformations of cellular metabolismATP cannot be stored for long periods of time so it must be continually made.
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Role of Enzymes
Cellular metabolism is based on chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes.Enzymes are biological catalysts – accelerate the rates of chemical reactions.Most are proteins but a very few are RNA.
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ENZYMES
How do they work???
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Enzymes
Increase rates of a cell’s chemical reactions by more than a million times.Energy is required for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes lower activation energy.
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Energy of Activation
Increasing thermal energy (heating), which increases molecular velocityIncreasing the concentration of reactants, orAdding a catalyst
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Enzymes
Exhibit high degree of substrate specificity.The enzymes a particular cell synthesizes will determine which chemical reactions occur in cellular metabolism of that cell.Substrate + E E-S complex E + Product
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Enzyme Structure
Enzymes can be classified as simple or conjugated.Simple – consist of protein aloneConjugated – protein + nonprotein
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Enzyme Anatomy
Active SiteAllosteric SiteCo enzymeCofactorApoenzymeHoloenzyme
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Prosthetic Groups
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Active Site
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Competitive Inhibition
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Apoenzyme: Specificity and the Active Site
Range in sizeExhibit levels of molecular complexity
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Enzyme Specificity
The apoenzyme of each enzyme differs from others in its primary structureNuances in polypeptide folding Surface features of the tertiary structure provide a unique and specific site
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Coenzymes
Activities many and variedVitamins
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Classification of Enzyme Function
Site of actionType of action Type of substrate
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Location & Regularity of Enzyme Action
Exoenzymes – ex. Penicillinase, lipase, proteasesEndoenzymes – ex. Metabolic pathway enzymes
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Enzymes
ConstitutiveInduced
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Synthesis & Hydrolysis Reactions
Bacterial cells are constantly in a frenzy of activity, constantly synthesizing proteins, DNA, and RNA.Anabolic Reactions – Condensation ReactionsRequire ATPCatabolic Reactions – Hydrolysis Reactions
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Transfer Reactions by Enzymes
Addition or removal of a functional group are important to the overall economy of the cell.Oxidation – Reduction reactions
Important in metabolic pathwaysRole in molecular conversions
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The Role of Microbial Enzymes in Disease
Exoenzymes which help bacteria avoid host defenses or promote their multiplication in tissues.Virulence factors or toxins: Streptococcus pyogenes (streptokinase, protease); Staphylococcus aureus (lipases); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (elastase, collangenase)
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The Role of Microbial Enzymes in Disease
Clostridium perfringens (lecithinase C, lipase)
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The Sensitivity of Enzymes to their Environment
Activity of an enzyme is influenced by the cell’s environment.Temperature, pH, osmotic pressureDenaturation – disruption causes distortion of the enzyme
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Checklist
Act as organic catalysts to speed up the rate of cellular reactionsAre composed of protein and may require cofactorsHave unique characteristics such as shape, specificity, and functionEnable metabolic reactions to proceed at a speed compatible with life
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Checklist
Provide a reactive site for target molecules called substratesAssociate closely with substrates but do not become integrated into the reaction productsAre not used up or permanently changed by the reaction
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Checklist
Lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceedCan be recycled, thus function in extremely low concentrationsAre limited by particular conditions of temperature and pH
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Metabolic Pathways and Carbon Flow
The enzymatically mediated metabolic reactions of a cell proceed via a series of small discrete steps that establish a metabolic pathway.CatabolicAnabolic
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Metabolic Pathways
Rarely consist of a single action or step.Each step catalyzed by an enzyme.Pathways are interconnected and merge at different sites.Pacemakers – sets the rate of a pathway’s progression.Respond to various control signals
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Direct Controls
Competitive InhibitionFeedback ControlNegative Feedback
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Controls on Enzyme Synthesis
Enzyme RepressionEnzyme Induction
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The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy
Biosynthesis, movement, transport, or growth could proceed without ENERGY
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Nutritional Patterns Among Bacteria
Two criteria: Energy (E) source & Carbon (C ) SourcePrototrophs – light as primary E sourceChemotrophs – redox reactions for EAutotrophs – use CO2
Heterotrophs – require an organic C source
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Classification
PhotoautotrophsPhotoheterotrophsChemoautotrophsChemoheterotrophs