Metabolic Pathways
description
Transcript of Metabolic Pathways
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Metabolism and Cell Structure ATP and Energy Important Coenzymes in Metabolic
Pathways Coenzyme NAD+
Coenzyme FAD Coenzyme A
Metabolic Pathways
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Metabolic Pathways
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Metabolism involves: Catabolic reactions that break down large,
complex molecules to provide energy and smaller molecules.
Metabolism
Anabolic reactions that use ATP energy to build larger molecules.
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Stages of Metabolism
Catabolic reactions are organized as stages: In Stage 1, digestion breaks down large molecules
into smaller ones that enter the bloodstream. In Stage 2, molecules in the cells are broken down
to two- and three-carbon compounds. In Stage 3, compounds are oxidized in the citric
acid cycle to provide energy.
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Stag
es o
f Met
abol
ism
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Cell StructureMetabolic reaction occur in specific sites within cells.
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Cell Components and Function
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ATP and Energy In cells, energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
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Hydrolysis of ATP
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases 7.3 kcal (31 kJ/mole). ATP ADP + Pi + 7.3 kcal (31 kJ/mole)
The hydrolysis of ADP to AMP releases 7.3 kcal (31 kJ/mole). ADP AMP + Pi + 7.3 kcal (31 kJ/mole)
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Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and ADP to AMP
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ATP and Muscle Contraction
Muscle fibers contains filaments of actin and myosin.
When a nerve impulse increases Ca+2, the filaments slide closer together to contract muscle.
The hydrolysis of ATP in muscle provides the energy for contraction.
As Ca+2 and ATP decrease, the filaments return to the relaxed position.
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ATP
and
Mus
cle C
ontra
ctio
n
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Coenzyme NAD+
In cells, the oxidation of compounds provides 2H as 2H+ and 2e- that reduce coenzymes.
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) participates in reactions that produce a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O).Oxidation O
||CH3—CH2—OH CH3—C—H + 2H+ + 2e-
ReductionNAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- NADH + H+
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Structure of Coenzyme NAD+
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) contains ADP, ribose, and nicotinamide.
NAD+ reduces to NADH when the nicotinamide group accepts H+ and 2e-
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Coenzyme FAD FAD participates in reactions that produce a
carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).
Oxidation —CH2—CH2— —CH=CH— + 2H+ + 2e-
ReductionFAD + 2H+ + 2e- FADH2
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Structure of Coenzyme FAD
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) contains ADP and riboflavin (vitamin B2)
FAD reduces to FADH2 when flavin accepts 2H+ and 2e-
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Coenzyme A CoA activates acyl groups such as the two-carbon
acetyl group for transfer. O O || ||
CH3—C— + HS—CoA CH3—C—S—CoA