Merrill’s Pocket Guide to Radiography
Transcript of Merrill’s Pocket Guide to Radiography
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The Following Abbreviations Are Used Throughout the Pocket Guide
Abbreviation Definition Abbreviation DefinitionAC Acromioclavicular MCP Metacarpophalangeal
AML Acanthomeatal line MTP Metatarsophalangeal
AP Anteroposterior OID Object–to–image-receptor distance
ASIS Anterior superior iliac spine(s) OML Orbitomeatal line
C Cervical spine PA Posteroanterior
cm Centimeters PIP Proximal interphalangeal
EAM External acoustic meatus RAO Right anterior oblique
in Inches RPO Right posterior oblique
IOML Infraorbitomeatal line RUQ Right upper quadrant
kVp Kilovolt (peak) S Sacrum
L Lumbar spine SID Source–to–image-receptor distance
LAO Left anterior oblique T Thoracic spine
LPO Left posterior oblique TMJ Temporomandibular joint
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M E R R I L L ’ S
Pocket Guide to RadioGRaPhy
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M E R R I L L ’ S
Pocket Guide
to RadioGRaPhyFourteenth Edition
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MERRILL’S POCKET GUIDE TO RADIOGRAPHY ISBN: 978-0-323-59703-6
Copyright © 2019 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.Previous editions copyrighted 2016, 2012, 2007, 2003, 1999 and 1995.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
3251 Riverport LaneSt. Louis, Missouri 63043
Notices
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verifi cation of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959059
Content Strategist: Sonya SeigafuseContent Development Manager: Lisa NewtonContent Development Specialist: Betsy McCormacPublishing Services Manager: Shereen JameelProject Manager: Nadhiya SekarDesigner: Brian Salisbury
Printed in United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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vIntroduction
Merrill’s Pocket Guide to Radiography concisely pres-ents essential positioning information for the most frequently requested projections in a format designed for quick reference. This edition offers step-by-step explana-tions of methods to position the patient and body part for more than 150 of the most commonly requested radiog-raphy projections, including mobile.
Its format makes the Pocket Guide particularly easy to use, with each projection presented in a broadside, two-page spread. Each projection presentation includes the following information:• Patient position• Part position• Central ray angulation• Collimation• kVp• Photograph of properly positioned patient
• Footnote that references information in the 14th edition of Merrill’s Atlas
• Exposure technique chart with space for writing manual and automatic exposure control (AEC) technical factors (a sample of this chart with instructions for completion may be found on the next page after the contents)
• Competency check-off for students—blank lines are present on each projection page for the instructor to sign and date after the student has demonstrated com-petency for that projection
• Specific collimation sizing for use with DR systemsFeatures designed to enhance the utility of the Pocket
Guide include section dividers with tabs, which make finding the beginning of each section easier, and abbre-viations and external landmarks printed on the inside of the covers for quick reference.
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Part ThicknessA given technique always depends on the thickness of the body part.
mASet an mA that enables use of the small focal spot whenever possible.
kVpThe kVp should be set to penetrate the body part, ensure optimum image quality at the lowest dose.
TimeTime always varies with part thickness and respiration considerations.
CR, DR Exposure IndicatorIndicate the exposure index, S number, or REX number.
HF, 1Ø, or 3ØAlways indicate the generator phase. A 3Ø 12p requires 50% less mAs than a 1Ø 2p. A 1Ø 2p requires 50% more mAs than a 3Ø 12p.*
Manual FactorsPart
Thickness (cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
ImageReceptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF 1 , or 3
21 200 80 0.30 60 40 14 17 400 12:1 3 12p
How to Use the Technical Factors Chart
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DetectorsShade in the detector or detectors used for the body part.
AEC FactorsPart
Thickness (cm) mA kVp
AEC Detector
Density Comp. SID IR Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF 1Ø or 3Ø
21 200 80 0 48 14 17 400 12:1 3 12p
Density CompensationIndicate if a 1 or 2 or a 1 or
2 compensation is required for the exposure.
Example of the way technical factors would be entered for an AP projection of the pelvis in two different rooms. One room uses AEC, and the other uses manual technical factors.
*See imaging textbooks for other 1Ø and 3Ø variables.
Digital IndicatorThe exposure index for the system in use and projection should be entered here.
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Upper Extremity
Second Through Fifth Digits:PA, 2Lateral, 4PA oblique (lateral rotation), 6
First Digit (Thumb):AP, 8Lateral, 10PA oblique, 12
Hand:PA, 14PA oblique (lateral rotation), 16Lateral, 18
Wrist:PA, 20Lateral, 22PA oblique (lateral rotation), 24PA: ulnar deviation, 26PA axial; STECHER METHOD, 28
Carpal Canal:Tangential; GAYNOR-HART
METHOD, 30Forearm:
AP, 32Lateral, 34
Elbow:AP, 36Lateral, 38AP oblique (medial rotation), 40AP oblique (lateral rotation), 42AP partial flexion, 44
Humerus:AP, 46Lateral, 48
Proximal Humerus/Shoulder:Transthoracic lateral; LAWRENCE
METHOD, 50
Shoulder:AP, 52
Shoulder Joint:AP oblique; GRASHEY METHOD, 54
Shoulder:Inferosuperior axial; LAWRENCE
METHOD, 56Scapular Y: PA oblique, 58
Acromioclavicular Articulations:AP; PEARSON METHOD, 60
Clavicle:AP, 62AP axial, 64
Scapula:AP, 66Lateral, 68
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•Placeextendeddigitofinterestwithpalmarsurfaceofhanddown
ontheIR.•Separatedigitsslightly,andcenterthedigitunderexaminationtothe
centeroftheIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringPIPjointofdigitbeingexamined
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)allsidesofdigit,including1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoMCPjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Second Through Fifth DigitsPA
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:154.
5 3
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Upper Extremity3
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•Demonstratepositionforpatient.Askpatienttoextenddigit
ofinterestandtocloserestofdigitsintoafist.•AdjustdigitofinterestparalleltoIRplane.•Restdigitonlateralormedialsurfaceasneededtoobtain
smallestpossibleOID.•Immobilizeextendeddigit.(Usecottonswabortape.)•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringPIPjoint
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)allsidesofdigit,including1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoMCPjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Second Through Fifth DigitsLateral
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:156.
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Upper Extremity5
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•Placepatient’shandinlateralposition,ulnarsidedownandcentered
toIRarea.•Rotatepalm45degreestowardIRuntildigitsarerestingonsponge
support.•Immobilizeseparateddigits.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringPIPjoint
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofdigit,including1inch(2.5cm)proxi-maltoMCPjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Second Through Fifth DigitsPA oblique (lateral rotation)
3
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:158.
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Upper Extremity7
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•Placeaffectedhandinextremeinternalrotation,withfirstdigitcen-
teredtoIRarea.•AdjustpositionofhandtoensuretrueAPprojectionoffirstdigit.•Extendandsecuredigitstwothroughfivetoeliminatesuperimposi-
tionoverfirstdigit.•Shieldgonads.
Central ray•Perpendicular,enteringMCPjointoffirstdigit
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofdigit,including1inch(2.5cm)proxi-maltoCMCjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
First Digit (Thumb)AP
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:160.
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Upper Extremity9
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•HavepatientrestpalmarsurfaceofhandonIR.•Adjustarchingofhanduntiltruelateralpositionoffirstdigitis
achieved.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringMCPjointoffirstdigit
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofdigit,including1inch(2.5cm)proxi-maltoCMCjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
First Digit (Thumb)Lateral
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:160.
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Upper Extremity11
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•Abductfirstdigit.•PlacepalmarsurfaceofhandfirmlyagainstIR,andadjustfirstdigit
toobliqueposition.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringMCPjointoffirstdigit
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofdigit,including1inch(2.5cm)proxi-maltoCMCjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
First Digit (Thumb)PA oblique
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:160.
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Upper Extremity13
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•RestforearmontablewithpalmarsurfaceofhandagainstIR.•Spreaddigitsslightly.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartothirdMCPjoint
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)allsidesofhandincluding1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoulnarstyloid.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
HandPA
kVp: 66 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:168.
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Upper Extremity15
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•RestforearmontablewithpalmarsurfaceofhandagainstIR.•Rotatehandlaterally(externally),andplacedigitson45-degree
radiolucentsupporttoshowinterphalangealjoints.AdjustdigitsparallelwithIR.
•Whenmetacarpalsareareaofprimaryinterest,rotatehandlaterallysothatfingertipstouchIR.
•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartothirdMCPjoint
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofhandincluding1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoulnarstyloid.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
HandPA oblique (lateral rotation)
kVp: 66 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:170.
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Upper Extremity17
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendofradiographictable.
Part Position•Restulnarsurfaceofforearmontablewithhandintruelateral
position.•Extenddigitswithfirstdigit(thumb)placedatrightanglestopalm
ofhand.Asanoption,havepatient“fan”fingersandplaceonposi-tioningspongetoreducesuperimpositionofphalanges(asillus-trated).
•CenterMCPjointstoIR,andadjustpalmarsurfaceofhandperpen-diculartoIR.
•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartosecondMCPjoint
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofshadowofhandandthumb,including1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoulnarstyloid.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:172.
HandLateral
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Upper Extremity19
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithaxillaincontactwithtable.
Part Position•Havepatientrestforearmontable.•CenterwristtoIRarea.•FlexdigitsslightlytoplacewristincontactwithIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidcarpalarea
Collimation:2.5inches(6cm)proximalanddistaltowristjointand1inch(2.5cm)onthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
WristPA
kVp: 66 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:176.
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Upper Extremity21
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithaxillaincontactwithtable.
Part Position•Flexelbow90degrees,withforearmandarmincontactwithtable.•CentercarpalstoIR,andadjusthandsothatwristisintruelateral
position.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartowristjoint
Collimation:2.5inches(6cm)proximalanddistaltowristjointand1inch(2.5cm)onpalmaranddorsalsurfaces.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
WristLateral
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:178.
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Upper Extremity23
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithaxillaincontactwithtable.
Part Position•RestanteriorsurfaceofwristonIR.•CenterwristtoIRarea.•Rotatewristapproximately45degreeslaterally(externally)and
supportonsponge.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringmidcarpalareajustdistaltoradius
Collimation:2.5inches(6cm)proximalanddistaltowristjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
WristPA oblique (lateral rotation)
kVp: 66 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:180.
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Upper Extremity25
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithaxillaincontactwithtable.
Part Position•Flexelbow90degrees,withforearmandarmincontactwithtable.•CenterwristtoIRarea.•Withoutmovingtheforearm,turnthehandoutwarduntilwristisin
extremeulnardeviation.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoscaphoidNOTE:Ifnecessarytodelineatefracture,anglecentralray10to15degreesproximally(towardelbow)ordistally.
Collimation:2.5inches(6cm)proximalanddistaltowristjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
WristPA: ulnar deviation
kVp: 66 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:182.
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Upper Extremity27
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientwitharmandaxillaincontactwithtable.
Part Position•PlaceoneendofIRonasupport,andadjustsothatfingerendis
elevated20degrees.•AdjustthewristforaPAprojection,andcenterwristtoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartotable,andpositiontoenterscaphoid
Collimation:2½inches(6cm)proximalanddistaltowristjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
WristPA axial STECHER METHOD
20°
kVp: 66 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:184.
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Upper Extremity29
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientwithforearmparallelwithlongaxisoftable.
Part Position•Hyperextendwrist,andcenterittocenterofIR.•Place¾-inchradiolucentpadunderlowerforearmforsupport,
ifneeded.•Adjusthandpositiontomakelongaxisofhandasverticalas
possible.•Havepatientgraspdigitswithoppositehandtoholdinextended
position,orpullwithaband(asshown).•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Directtopalmofhand1inch(2.5cm)distaltobaseofthird
metacarpalat25-to30-degreeangle
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onthethreesidesofshadowofwrist.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:190.
Carpal CanalTangential GAYNOR-HART METHOD 25°–30°
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Upper Extremity31
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewitharmextendedandentireextremity
insameplane.
Part Position•Supinatehand,andcenterforearmtoIRtoincludejointorjointsof
interest.•AdjustrotationtoplacehumeralepicondylesequidistantfromIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofforearm
Collimation:2inches(5cm)distaltowristjointandproximaltoelbowjoint,and1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ForearmAP
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:192.
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Upper Extremity33
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithhumerusandforearmincontact
withtable.
Part Position•Havepatientflexelbow,andpositionentireextremityinsameplane.•Flexelbow90degrees,andadjusthandtolateralposition(thumb
up).•CenterforearmtoIRtoincludejointorjointsofinterest.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofforearm
Collimation:2inches(5cm)distaltowristjointandproximaltoelbowjoint,and1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ForearmLateral
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:194.
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Upper Extremity35
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewitharmextendedandentireextremity
insameplane.
Part Position•Extendelbow,supinatehand,andcenterelbowjointtoIR.•AdjusthumeralepicondylestobeequidistantfromIR.•Havepatientleanslightlylaterallyifnecessarytoensure
APalignment.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoelbowjoint
Collimation:3inches(8cm)proximalanddistaltoelbowjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ElbowAP
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:195.
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Upper Extremity37
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithelbowflexed90degrees.
Part Position•Havepatientresthumerusandforearmontable,andpositionentire
extremityinsameplane.•Center90-degreeflexedelbowjointtoIR,andadjustwristandhand
inlateralposition.•AdjusthumeralepicondylesperpendiculartoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoelbowjoint
Collimation:3inches(8cm)proximalanddistaltoelbowjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ElbowLateral
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:196.
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Upper Extremity39
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewitharmextendedandentireextremity
insameplane.
Part Position•Extendelbow,supinatehand,andcenterelbowjointtoIR.•Rotatearmmedially.•Adjustanteriorsurfaceofelbow(epicondyles)to45degreestoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringelbowjoint
Collimation:3inches(8cm)proximalanddistaltoelbowjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ElbowAP oblique (medial rotation)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:198.
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Upper Extremity41
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewitharmextendedandentireextremity
insameplane.
Part Position•Extendelbow,supinatehand,andcenterelbowjointtoIR.•Rotatearmlaterally.•Adjustanteriorsurfaceofelbow(epicondyles)to45degreestoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringelbowjoint
Collimation:3inches(8cm)proximalanddistaltoelbowjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ElbowAP oblique (lateral rotation)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:199.
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Upper Extremity43
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Seatpatientatendoftablewithhumerusrestingontableforone
imageandforearmrestingontablefortheotherimage.
Part PositionDistal humerus:•Placehumerusontable,andsupporttheelevatedforearm.•Supportforearm.•Supinatehandifpossible.•PlaceIRunderelbowandcentertocondyloidareaofthehumerus.
Proximal forearm:•Placedorsalsurfaceofforearmontable.•PlaceIRunderelbowandcenterapproximately1inchdistalto
humeralepicondyles.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•DirectperpendiculartoIR,enteringappropriateportionofelbowjoint
Collimation:3inches(8cm)proximalanddistaltoelbowjointand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS pp. 1:200-201.
ElbowAP partial flexion
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Upper Extremity45
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Unlesscontraindicated,supinatehand.•AdjusthumeruswithepicondylesparallelwithIR.•Ifpatientisrecumbent,elevateandsupportoppositeshoulder,if
needed.•CenterhumerustoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Obtainradiographduringsuspendedrespiration.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofhumerus
Collimation:2inches(5cm)distaltoelbowjointandsuperiortoshoulderand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 (non-grid) 75 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:211.
HumerusAP
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Upper Extremity47
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Unlesscontraindicated,slightlyabductarm.•CenterarmtoIR.•MediallyrotatearmuntilepicondylesareperpendiculartoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofhumerus
Collimation:2inches(5cm)distaltoelbowjointandsuperiortoshoulderand1inch(2.5cm)onsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
HumerusLateral
R
kVp: 70 (non-grid) 75 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:214.
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Upper Extremity49
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Raiseuninjuredarm,andrestitonorbesidehead.•Elevateuninjuredshoulderasmuchaspossible.•Adjustpatienttoprojecthumerusbetweenvertebralcolumnand
sternum.•Unlesscontraindicated,adjusthumeralepicondylesperpendiculartoIR.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidcoronalplane,exitingsurgicalneckofaffected
humerus.Ifpatientcannotelevateunaffectedshoulder,anglecentralray10to15degreescephalad.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecol-limatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:236.
Proximal Humerus/ShoulderTransthoracic lateral LAWRENCE METHOD
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Upper Extremity51
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Centerapoint1inch(2.5cm)inferiortocoracoidprocesstoIR.•Adjusthandin(1)externalrotation:humeralepicondylesparallel
toIR,(2)neutralrotation:epicondylesabout45degreestoIR,or(3)internalrotation:epicondylesperpendiculartoIR,dependingondepartmentprotocol.
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•Directperpendiculartopoint1inch(2.5cm)inferiortocoracoid
process
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Shoulderfiltergreatlyimprovesimagequality.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:227.
ShoulderAP
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Upper Extremity53
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorrecumbent.
Part Position•CenterIRtoscapulohumeraljoint.Thejointis2inches(5cm)me-
dialand2inches(5cm)inferiortosuperolateralborderofshoulder.•Rotatebody35to45degreestowardaffectedside.(Note:Greater
rotationmaybeneededtoplaceplaneofscapularbodyparalleltoIRifpatientisrecumbent.)
•Abductarmslightlywithpalmofhandonabdomen.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecolli-matedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:232.
Shoulder JointAP oblique GRASHEY METHOD
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Upper Extremity55
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithhead,affectedshoulder,andelbow
elevated3inches(8cm).
Part Position•Abductaffectedarm90degreesfrombody,ifpossible.•Keeparminexternalrotation,andsupportonpilloworsandbags.•PlaceverticallyorientedIRaboveshoulderasclosetoneckaspossible.•Turnpatient’sheadawayfromsidebeingexamined.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•Horizontallythroughaxillatoexitregionofacromioclavicularjoint.
Direct15to30degreesmedially.
Collimation:Adjust12inches(30cm)inlengthand1inch(2.5cm)aboveanteriorshadowofshoulder.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 75 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:238.
ShoulderInferosuperior axial LAWRENCE METHOD
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Upper Extremity57
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorprone.Uprightpositionispreferredwhen
shoulderistender.
Part Position•CenteranteriorsurfaceofaffectedshouldertoIR.•Palpatescapularborders,androtatepatientsothatmidcoronalplane
forms45-to60-degreeanglefromIR.(Note:PlaneofscapularbodywillbeperpendiculartoIR.)
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoshoulderjointatlevelofscapulohumeraljoint
Collimation:Adjustto12inches(30cm)inlengthand1inch(2.5cm)tolateralshadow.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Shoulderfiltergreatlyimprovesradiographicquality.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:243.
Shoulder (Scapular Y)PA oblique
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Upper Extremity59
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightifconditionpermits.
Part Position•AdjustmidpointofIRtolevelofacromioclavicular(AC)joints.•CentermidsagittalplaneofbodytomidlineofIRifbothACjoints
canbeshownononeradiograph.Otherwise,centertoeachindivid-ualACjointfortwoseparateexposures.
•ToshowACseparation,attachsandbagsofequalweight(5–10lb)toeachwristandalsoobtainasecondradiographwithoutweightsforcomparison.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRmidwaybetweenACjoints(foroneexposure)
orperpendiculartoeachACjoint(fortwoexposures)
Collimation:Adjustto6317inches(15343cm)forsingleexposureor3.533.5inches(939cm)fortwoexposures.Placesidemarkerinthecol-limatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:253.
Acromioclavicular ArticulationsAP PEARSON METHOD
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Upper Extremity61
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•CenterclavicletocenterofIR,midwaybetweenmidlineofbody
andlateralborderofshoulder.•Turnpatient’sheadawayfromaffectedside.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidshaftofclavicleNOTE:Ifnecessarytodecreasepart-IRdistanceandtoimproverecordeddetail,obtainPAclavicle.Placepatientfacinggridusingperpendicularcentralray,andpositionusingabove-mentionedlandmarks.
Collimation:Adjustto8312inches(18330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:257.
ClavicleAP
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Upper Extremity63
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•CenterclavicletolowerthirdofIR,midwaybetweenmidsagittal
planeandlateralborderofshoulder.•Turnpatient’sheadawayfromaffectedsideifnecessary.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Suspend.
Central Ray•Angled15to30degreescephaladcenteredtomidshaftofclavicleNOTE:Ifnecessarytodecreasepart-IRdistanceandtoimprovere-cordeddetail,obtainPAaxialclavicle.Placepatientfacinggridusing15to20degreescaudalcentralrayangulation.
Collimation:Adjustto8312inches(18330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecolli-matedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:258.
ClavicleAP axial
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Upper Extremity65
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorupright.Uprightpositionispreferred
whenshoulderistender.
Part Position•Abductarmtoarightangletobody,flexelbow,andsupporthand.•CenterpalpatedscapularareatoIRapproximately2inches(5cm)
inferiortocoracoidprocess.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:•Slowbreathing.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRatmid-scapularareaapproximately2inches
(5cm)inferiortocoracoidprocess
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:260.
ScapulaAP
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Upper Extremity67
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientproneorupright.Uprightpositionispreferredwhen
shoulderistender.Part Position•Placepatientinobliqueposition45to60degrees,andcenteraf-
fectedscapulatoIR.•Extendaffectedarmacrossanteriororposteriorthoraxorabove
headtoshowappropriateportionofscapula.•Palpatemedialandlateralbordersofscapula,andadjustbodyrota-
tionsothatscapulaislateralandisprojectedfreeofribcage.•Shieldgonads.Respiration:•Suspend.Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,andpositiontomedialborderofprotrudingscapulaCollimation:Adjustto12inches(30cm)inlengthand1inch(2.5cm)tolateralshadow.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Shoulderfiltergreatlyimprovesradiographicquality.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:262.
ScapulaLateral
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Upper Extremity69
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Lower Extremity
Toes:AP or AP axial, 72AP oblique (medial rotation), 74Lateral, 76
Foot:AP or AP axial, 78AP oblique (medial rotation), 80Lateral (mediolateral), 82
Calcaneus:Axial (plantar dorsal), 84Lateral, 86
Ankle:AP, 88Lateral (mediolateral), 90AP oblique (medial rotation), 92
Ankle (Mortise Joint):AP oblique (medial rotation), 94AP stress studies, 96
Leg:AP, 98Lateral, 100
Knee:AP, 102AP weight-bearing, 104Lateral, 106AP oblique (lateral rotation), 108AP oblique (medial rotation), 110
Intercondylar Fossa:PA axial; HOLMBLAD METHOD, 112PA axial; CAMP-COVENTRY
METHOD, 114Patella:
PA, 116Lateral (mediolateral), 118Tangential; SETTEGAST
METHOD, 120
Femur:AP, 122Lateral, 124
Femoral Necks:AP oblique; MODIFIED CLEAVES
METHOD, 126Hip:
AP, 128Lateral; LAUENSTEIN AND HICKEY
METHODS, 130Axiolateral; DANELIUS-MILLER
METHOD, 132Pelvis and Upper Femora:
AP, 134
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontable,kneesflexedwithfeet
separated.
Part Position•CentertoeswithplantarsurfaceflatagainstIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Angle15degreesposteriorlytoshowjointspaces.•PositionsothatcentralrayentersthirdMTPjoint.•Useperpendicularcentralraywhenjointspacesarenotcrucial.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesoftoesincluding1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoMTPjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Imagecanbeimprovedsignificantlywithuseoffilter.
ToesAP or AP axial
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:288.
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Lower Extremity73
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontable,kneesflexedwithfeet
separated.
Part Position•CentertoesoverIRarea,andmediallyrotatelegandfootuntil
30-to45-degreeangleisformedfromIRtoplantarsurfaceoffoot.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringthirdMTPjoint
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesoftoesincluding1inch(2.5cm)proximaltoMTPjoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ToesAP oblique (medial rotation)
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:291.
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Lower Extremity75
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientonunaffectedside(forgreatandsecondtoes)
oraffectedside(forthirdthroughfifthtoes).
Part Position•AdjustfoottoplaceaffectedtoeparalleltoIRandintruelateral
position.•Usegauze,tape,orotherpositioningaidtoseparatetoes.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIPjointofgreattoeorPIPjointofsecondthorough
fifthtoes
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesoftoeincluding1inch(2.5cm)proximaltojoint.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ToesLateral
kVp: 63 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:292.
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Lower Extremity77
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontable,kneesflexedwithfeet
separated.
Part Position•PlaceplantarsurfaceoffootincenterofIR,andadjustmidlineof
footparalleltolongaxisofIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Angle10degreestowardtheheel(posteriorly),enteringbaseof
thirdmetatarsal.•Directperpendicularly,ifdictatedbydepartmentprotocol.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesand1inch(2.5cm)beyondthecalcaneusanddistaltipoftoes.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Imagecanbeimprovedsignificantlywithuseoffilter.
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:298.
FootAP or AP axial
10°
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Lower Extremity79
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontable,kneesflexedwithfeet
separated.
Part Position•CenterfoottoIR.•Rotatelegmediallyuntilplantarsurfaceoffootformsangleof
30degreestoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartobaseofthirdmetatarsal
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesand1inch(2.5cm)beyondthecalcaneusanddistaltipoftoes.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
FootAP oblique (medial rotation)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:302.
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Lower Extremity81
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientonaffectedside.
Part Position•CenterfoottoIRandadjustplantarsurfaceperpendiculartoIR.•Adjustlegandfootinlateralpositionwithpatellaperpendicular
totable.•Dorsiflexfoottoform90-degreeanglewithlowerleg.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIR,enteringlevelofbaseofthird
metatarsal
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofshadowoffoot,including1inch(2.5cm)abovemedialmalleolus.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
FootLateral (mediolateral)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:306.
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Lower Extremity83
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedwithlegfullyextended.
Part Position•CenterIRtoankle.•Havepatientdorsiflexfoottoplaceplantarsurfaceperpendicularto
IR.•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Angle40degreescephaladtolongaxisoffootsothatcentralray
entersplantarsurfaceoffootatbaseofthirdmetatarsal.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onthreesidesofshadowofcalcaneus.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Imagecanbeimprovedsignificantlywithuseoffilter.
CalcaneusAxial (plantodorsal)
40°
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:317.
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Lower Extremity85
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientonaffectedside.
Part Position•CentercalcaneustocenterofIR.•Adjustlegandfootinlateralpositionwithpatellaperpendicularto
table.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidportionofcalcaneus,about1inch(2.5cm)
distaltomedialmalleolus.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)pastposteriorandinferiorshadowofheel;includemedialmalleolusandbaseoffifthmetatarsal.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
CalcaneusLateral
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:320.
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Lower Extremity87
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontablewithaffectedlegextended.
Part Position•CenterankletoIR.•AdjustanklejointinanatomicpositiontoobtaintrueAPprojection.•Havepatientflexfoot,andadjustanklewithtoespointingvertically.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoanklejoint,enteringmidwaybetweenmalleoli.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofankleand8inches(18cm)lengthwise,includingheel.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AnkleAP
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:325.
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Lower Extremity89
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine,thenrollontoaffectedside.
Part Position•CenterankletoIR.•Dorsiflexankleto90-degreeangle,andadjustfootinlateral
position.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoanklejoint,enteringmedialmalleolus.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofankleand8inches(18cm)lengthwise,includingheelandfifthmetacarpalbase.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AnkleLateral (mediolateral)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:326.
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Lower Extremity91
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontable.
Part Position•CenterankletoIR.•Dorsiflexfoot,placingankleatnearright-angleflexion.•Internallyrotateentirelegandfoottogetheruntil45-degreerotation
isachieved.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoanklejoint,enteringmidwaybetweenmalleoli.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofankleand8inches(18cm)lengthwise,includingheel.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
NOTE:Obtainlateralrotationobliquebyrotatinglegandfoot45degreeslaterally,asdescribedin14theditionATLASp.1:xxx.
AnkleAP oblique (medial rotation)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:329.
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Lower Extremity93
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontable.
Part Position•CenterankletoIR.•Dorsiflexfoot,placingankleatnearright-angleflexion.•Mediallyrotateentirelegandfoottogether15to20degreesuntil
intermalleolarplaneisparalleltoIR.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringanklejointmidwaybetweenmalleoli.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofankleand8inches(18cm)lengthwise,includingheel.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Ankle (Mortise Joint)AP oblique (medial rotation)
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:330.
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Lower Extremity95
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorseatedontablewithsmallsupportunder
knee.
Part Position•CenterankletoIR.•PositionankleforAPprojection.•Stressjointbyplacingitinpositionofextremeinversionor
eversion,thenimmobilizingit.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoanklejoint,enteringmidwaybetweenmalleoli.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofankleand8inches(18cm)lengthwise,includingheel.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AnkleAP stress studies
Moderate inversion stress using tape; lead glove recommended for increased stress.
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:333.
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Lower Extremity97
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithlegextended.
Part Position•CenterlegtoIR,andadjustlegsothatfemoralcondylesareparallel
toIRandfootisvertical;flexankleto90degrees.•Includebothjoints.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofleg.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesand1.5inches(3.8cm)beyondtheankleandkneejoints.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
LegAP
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 80 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:336.
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Lower Extremity99
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineonaffectedside.
Part Position•CenterlegtoIR.•Adjustlegtolateralposition(patellaperpendicular).•Includebothjoints.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofleg.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesand1.5inches(3.8cm)beyondtheankleandkneejoints.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
LegLateral
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 80 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:338.
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Lower Extremity101
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithlegextended.•Adjustpatient’sbodysothatpelvisisnotrotated.
Part Position•CenterkneetoIRatlevel½inch(1.3cm)belowpatellarapex.•AdjustlegsothatfemoralcondylesareparalleltoIR.
Central Ray•Enterspoint½inch(1.3cm)inferiortopatellarapex.•DependingonASIS-to-tabletopmeasurement,directcentralrayas
follows:
,19cm 3to5degreescaudad(thinpelvis)19to24cm 0degrees.24cm 3to5degreescephalad(largepelvis)
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(18324cm).Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)beyondthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:342.
KneeAP
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Lower Extremity103
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightfacingx-raytubewithweightequally
distributedonfeet.
Part Position•AdjustcenterofIR½ inch(1.3cm)belowlevelofpatellarapices.•Havepatientpointtoesstraightaheadandslightlyseparateknees.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartoIR,enteringmidwaybetweenknees
atlevel½inch(1.3cm)belowpatellarapices.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
KneeAP weight-bearing
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:348.
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Lower Extremity105
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientrecumbentonaffectedside.
Part Position•Havepatientflexknee20to30degrees,andcenterIRtokneejoint,
justbelowpatellarapex.•PositionpatellaperpendiculartoIR.
Central Ray•Angle5to7degreescephalad,enteringkneejoint1inch(2.5cm)
distaltomedialepicondyle.
Collimation:Adjustto8310inch(18324cm).Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)anteriortothepatellaand1inch(2.5cm)beyondtheposteriorshadow.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
KneeLateral 5°–7°
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:346.
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Lower Extremity107
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithaffectedkneeextended.
Part Position•Rotateaffectedextremitylaterallyuntil45-degreerotationis
achieved.•CenterkneetoIRatlevel½inch(1.3cm)belowapexofpatella.
Central Ray•Direct½inch(1.3cm)inferiortopatellarapex.•Anglevariesasfollows,dependingonASIS-to-tabletop
measurement:
,19cm 3to5degrees(caudad)19to24cm 0degrees.24cm 3to5degrees(cephalad)
Collimation:Adjustto8310inch(18324cm).Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)beyondthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:350.
KneeAP oblique (lateral rotation)
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Lower Extremity109
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithaffectedkneeextended.
Part Position•Rotateextremitymediallyuntil45-degreerotationisachieved.•CenterkneetoIRatlevel½inch(1.3cm)belowapexofpatella.
Central Ray•Direct½inch(1.3cm)inferiortopatellarapex.•Anglevariesasfollows,dependingonASIS-to-tabletop
measurement:
,19cm 3to5degrees(caudad)19to24cm 0degrees.24cm 3to5degrees(cephalad)
Collimation:Adjustto8310inch(18324cm)onthecollimator.Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)beyondthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 70 (non-grid), 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:351.
KneeAP oblique (medial rotation)
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Lower Extremity111
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Havepatientkneelonradiographictablewithaffectedkneein
contactwithIR.
Part Position•CenterkneetoIRbyplacingatlevelofpatellarapex.•Flexknee70degreesfromfullextension.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartolongaxisoflowerleg,enteringmidpointofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(18324cm).Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)beyondthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Intercondylar FossaPA axial HOLMBLAD METHOD*
kVp: 70� *See ATLAS for alternate body positions.� Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:352.
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Lower Extremity113
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientpronewithhipsequidistantfromtable.
Part Position•Flexaffectedknee40to50degrees,andrestonsuitablesupport.•Adjustlegsothatnomedialorlateralrotationoccurs.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartolongaxisofleg,enteringkneejointatpopliteal
depression(withcentralrayangled40to50degreesfromvertical).
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(18324cm).Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)beyondthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Intercondylar FossaPA axial CAMP-COVENTRY METHOD 40°
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:354.
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Lower Extremity115
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientpronewithkneeextended.
Part Position•CenterpatellaandadjustlegtobeparalleltoIRplane.•Heelistypicallyrotated5to10degreeslaterally.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringmidpoplitealarea.
Collimation:Adjustto636inches(15315cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
PatellaPA
kVp: 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:357.
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Lower Extremity117
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientonaffectedside.
Part Position•Adjustaffectedkneetobeflexed5to10degrees.•CenterIRtopatella.•AdjustbodyrotationsothatpatellaisperpendiculartoIR.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringkneeatmidpatellofemoraljoint.•Collimatetopatella.
Collimation:Adjustto434inches(10310cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
PatellaLateral (mediolateral)
kVp: 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:358.
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Lower Extremity119
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientpronewithfootrestingontable.
Part Position•Havepatientflexaffectedkneeslowlyuntilpatellaisperpendicular
toIR,ifconditionpermits.•Adjustlegsothatnorotationoccurs,andimmobilize.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartojointspacebetweenpatellaandfemurifpatella
isperpendicular.•Ifpatellaisnotperpendicular,angulationdependsondegreeof
flexionofknee,usually15to20degrees.
Collimation:Adjustto434inches(10310cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
PatellaTangential SETTEGAST METHOD 15°–20°
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:362.
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Lower Extremity121
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithtoesup.•AdjustpelvistoplaceASISequidistantfromtable.
Part Position•Centeraffectedfemurtomidlineofgrid.•ImagedistalfemurbyplacingbottomofIR2inches(5cm)below
kneejoint.•Rotateextremityinternallytoplaceitintrueanatomicposition.•Applygonadshielding.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidfemurandcenterofIR.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofshadowofthighand17inches(43cm)inlength.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
FemurAP*
kVp: 85 *See ATLAS p. 1:364 for proximal femur instructions. Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:364.
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Lower Extremity123
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientonaffectedside,withkneeflexedabout45degrees.
Part Position•Centeraffectedfemurtomidlineofgrid.•Imagedistalfemurbydrawinguppermostextremityforwardand
supportingitathiplevel.•Adjustfemursothatepicondylesareperpendiculartotabletop.•PlacebottomofIR2inches(5cm)belowkneejoint.•Applygonadshielding.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidfemur.
Collimation:1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofshadowofthighand17inches(43cm)inlength.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
FemurLateral*
kVp: 85 *See ATLAS p. 1:366 for proximal femur instructions. Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:366.
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Lower Extremity125
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Adjustpelvissothatnorotationoccurs.•Havepatientflexhipsandknees.•Abductthighstoapproximately45degreesfromvertical;brace
solesoffeettogether.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringmidlineapproximately1inch(2.5cm)
superiortosymphysispubis.•Perpendiculartofemoralneckforunilateral.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Forsmallerpatients,collimate1inch(2.5cm)beyondtheskinshadowonthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.NOTE: Adaptforunilateralexaminationbyflexingandabductingaffectedextremity.kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:394.
Proximal Femora and Femoral NecksAP oblique MODIFIED CLEAVES METHOD
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Lower Extremity127
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.•AdjustASISequidistantfromtable.
Part Position•Rotateaffectedextremity15to20degreesmedially;centerhipto
IR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartopoint2½ inches(6cm)distalonlinedrawnperpen-
diculartomidpointoflinebetweenASISandpubicsymphysis.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
HipAP
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:398.
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Lower Extremity129
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Startwithpatientsupine,andturnpatientslightlytowardaffected
sidetoposteriorobliquebodyposition.
Part Position•Flexaffectedkneeandhipandrestontable;centeraffectedhipto
midlineofgrid.•Havepatientextendunaffectedknee.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartohipatpointmidwaybetweenASISandpubic
symphysisforLauensteinmethodandatcephalicangleof20to25degreesforHickeymethod.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:400.
HipLateral LAUENSTEIN AND HICKEY METHODS
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Lower Extremity131
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewithlevelofgreatertrochanterelevatedto
centerofIR.
Part Position•Havepatientflexkneeandhipofunaffectedside.•Elevatepatient’sfoot,andrestonsuitablesupport.•Adjustpelvissothatnorotationoccurs.•Rotateaffectedlegmedially15to20degreesunlesscontraindicated.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartolongaxisoffemoralneckandIR.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Imageisimprovedandcanbeperformedwithoneprojectioniffilter
isused.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:402.
HipAxiolateral DANELIUS-MILLER METHOD
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Lower Extremity133
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid;adjustsothatASISareequidistant
fromtable.•Rotatefeetandlowerextremitiesmedially15to20degreesunless
contraindicated.•CenterIRapproximately2inches(5cm)superiortopubicsymphy-
sisand2inches(5cm)inferiortoASIS.•Usegonadshieldingasappropriate.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Forsmallerpatients,colli-mate1inch(2.5cm)beyondtheskinshadowonthesides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:389.
Pelvis and Proximal FemoraAP
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Lower Extremity135
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Atlas and Axis:AP (open mouth), 138
Dens:AP; FUCHS METHOD, 140
Cervical Vertebrae:AP axial, 142Lateral; GRANDY METHOD, 144Flexion and extension lateral,
146AP axial oblique (RPO and LPO),
148PA axial oblique (RAO and LAO),
150Trauma lateral (dorsal decubitus),
152Trauma AP axial oblique, 154
Cervicothoracic Region:Lateral; SWIMMER’S TECHNIQUE,
156Thoracic Vertebrae:
AP, 158Lateral, 160
Lumbar-Lumbosacral Vertebrae:AP, 162Lateral, 164
L5-S1 Lumbosacral Junction:Lateral, 166
Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joints:AP oblique (RPO and LPO), 168
Lumbosacral Junction and Sacroiliac Joints:
AP axial; FERGUSON METHOD, 170
Sacroiliac Joints:AP oblique (RPO and LPO), 172
Sacrum:AP axial, 174Lateral, 176
Coccyx:AP axial, 178Lateral, 180
Thoracolumbar Spine: ScoliosisAP, PA, or lateral; FERGUSON
METHOD, 182
Vertebral Column
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetomidlineoftable,armsatsides,shoulders
insameplane.•CenterIRatlevelofaxis.•Openmouthwide;adjustheadsothatlinefromloweredgeofupper
incisorstomastoidprocessisperpendiculartoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Havepatientphonate“ah”duringexposure.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR,enteringopenmouth.
Collimation:Adjustto535inches(13313cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Atlas and AxisAP (open mouth)
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:438.
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Vertebral Column139
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•AdjustheadsothatmidsagittalplaneisperpendiculartoIR.•Extendchinuntilalinebetweenchinandtipofmastoidprocessis
perpendiculartoIR.•CenterIRtoleveloftipsofmastoidprocess.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR,enteringmidsagittalplanejustdistal
totipofchin.
Collimation:Adjustto535inches(13313cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
DensAP FUCHS METHOD
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:437.
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Vertebral Column141
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•CentermidsagittalplanetoIR.•Havepatientplacearmsatsides.•CenterIRatlevelofC4,andadjustalinebetweenupperocclusal
planeandmastoidtipperpendiculartoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle15to20degreescephalad,enteringslightlyinferiortothyroid
cartilageandexitingC4.
Collimation:Adjust10inches(24cm)lengthwiseand1inch(2.5cm)beyondskinshadowonsides.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Cervical VertebraeAP axial
15�-20�
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:441.
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Vertebral Column143
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientseatedorstandinginlateralposition.
Part Position•CentercoronalplanethroughmastoidprocessestoIR.•Adjustshoulderstosamehorizontallevelandbodytotruelateral
position.•Havepatientelevatechinslightlyandrelaxshoulders.Ifnecessary,
attachweightstowriststohelplowershoulders.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartoIR,enteringC4.•SIDof72inches(180cm)isrecommended.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Cervical VertebraeLateral GRANDY METHOD
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:443.
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Vertebral Column145
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Cervical VertebraeFlexion and extension lateral
Patient Position•Positionpatientseatedorstandinginlateralposition.
Part Position•CenterspinetoIR.•KeepmidsagittalplaneofheadandneckparalleltoplaneofIRand
askpatienttodothefollowing:(1)Dropheadforwardanddrawchinascloseaspossibletochesttoplacecervicalvertebraeinfullflexion—expose—and(2)elevatechinasmuchaspossibletoplacecervicalvertebraeinfullextension.
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartoIR,enteringC4.•SIDof72inches(180cm)isrecommended.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:445.
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Vertebral Column147
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Cervical VertebraeAP axial oblique (RPO and LPO)
15�-20�
Patient Position•Positionpatientseatedorstanding.
Part Position•Rotatebodyto45degrees,withsideofinterestfartherfromIR.•Havepatientextendchinslightlywhilelookingforward.•CenterspinetoIR.•CenterIRtoC3.•Shieldgonads.•Takebothobliqueprojections.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle15to20degreescephalad,enteringC4.•SIDof60to72inches(152to183cm)isrecommended.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inch(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:447.
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Vertebral Column149
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Cervical VertebraePA axial oblique (RAO and LAO)
15�-20�Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorprone.
Part Position•Rotatebody45degreeswithsideofinterestclosertoIR.•Extendchinslightly.•CenterspinetoIR.•CenterIRtoC5.•Shieldgonads.•Takebothobliqueprojections.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle15to20degreescaudad,enteringC4.•SIDof60to72inches(150to180cm)isrecommended.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inch(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:449.
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Vertebral Column151
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Cervical VertebraeTrauma lateral (dorsal decubitus)
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.•Donotmovepatientorremovecervicalcollarwithoutconsulting
physician.
Part Position•PlaceIRnexttopatient’sshoulder,andcenteratlevelofC4.•Donotrotateorextendneck.•Depressshouldersasmuchaspossible.Ifnecessary,loopabandage
aroundpatient’sfeetandaffixendstowristssothatextendingkneesdepressesshoulders.
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Anglehorizontalandperpendicular,enteringC4.•SIDof60to72inches(150to180cm)isrecommended.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inch(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 (grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:124.
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Vertebral Column153
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Cervical VertebraeTrauma AP axial oblique
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.•Donotmovepatientorremovecervicalcollarwithoutconsulting
physician.
Part Position•BraceheadandneckandliftonlyenoughtoslideIRunderneck.•PlaceIRunderbackboardifpatientisonbackboard.•CenterIRtomastoidonsideoppositex-raytube.(Thisallows
angledcentralraytoprojectimageofsideofinterestincenterofimage.)
•Shieldgonads.
Central Ray•Adjust45degreesmedialand15to20degreescephalad,entering
levelofC4.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inch(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecolli-matedexposurefield.
kVp: 75 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:127.
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Vertebral Column155
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Cervicothoracic RegionLateral SWIMMER’S TECHNIQUE
Patient Position•Positionpatientseated,standing,orinlateralrecumbentposition.Part Position•CentermidcoronalplanetoIR.•ElevatearmadjacenttoverticalIRholder,andrestitonhead.•Rotatethisshoulderforwardorbackwardaccordingtopatient’s
condition.Rotateoppositeshoulderinoppositedirection.•AdjustheadandbodysothatmidsagittalplaneisparalleltoIR.•Shieldgonads.Respiration:Suspend.Central Ray•PerpendiculartoC7-T1interspace.•Use5-degreecaudalangulationifshoulderfarthestfromIRcannot
beadequatelydepressed.Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Useofaspeciallydesignedcompensatingfilterwillimproveimagequality.
kVp: 96 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:456.
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Vertebral Column157
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Thoracic VertebraeAP
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorupright.Ifpossible,orientthepatientso
thelowerthoraxisatthecathodeendofthex-raytube.
Part Position•CentermidsagittalplanetoIR.•PositiontopofIR1½ to2inches(3.8to5cm)aboveshoulders.•Havepatientholdarmsatsides,shouldersinsameplane.•Flexhipsandkneestoreducedorsalkyphosisifpatientissupine.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedatendoffullexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR.Thecentralrayshouldbeapproximately
midwaybetweenjugularnotchandxiphoidprocess.
Collimation:Adjustto7317inches(18343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
COMPENSATING FILTER•Useofspeciallydesignedcompensatingfilterwillimproveimagequality.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:458.
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Vertebral Column159
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Thoracic VertebraeLateral
Patient Position•Positionpatientinlateralrecumbentpositionorupright.
Part Position•Centerposteriorhalfofthoraxtomidlineofgrid.•PlacetopofIR1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)aboverelaxedshoulders.•Elevateheadtospinelevel.Extendarmsforward.•Placeradiolucentsupportunderlowerthoracicregionuntilspineis
horizontaltotabletop.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Theexposurecanbemadewhilethepatientcontinuestobreathnor-mally,the“breathingtechnique,”toblurthepulmonaryvascularmark-ingsandribsorafterbreathingissuspendedattheendofexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIRatlevelofT7.Centralrayenters
posteriorhalfofthorax.
Collimation:Adjustto7317inches(18343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:461.
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Vertebral Column161
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Lumbar-Lumbosacral VertebraeAP
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•Flexkneesandhipsenoughtoplacebackinfirmcontactwithtable.•CenterIRatiliaccrests(L4).•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendattheendofexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR,enteringatlevelofiliaccrests
Collimation:Adjustto8317inches(18343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:467.
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Vertebral Column163
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Lumbar-Lumbosacral VertebraeLateral
Patient Position•Positionpatientlateral,withhipsandkneesflexed.
Part Position•CenterIRtolevelofiliaccrests.•Centermidcoronalplaneofbodytogrid.•Extendarmsforward.•Placeradiolucentsupportunderlowerthorax;adjustspineparallelto
table.•Placeleadrubberbehindpatienttoabsorbradiation.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendattheendofexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringmidcoronalplaneatlevelofiliac
crests.
Collimation:Adjustto8317inches(18343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 96 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:471.
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Vertebral Column165
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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L5-S1 Lumbosacral JunctionLateral
Patient Position•Positionpatientlateral,withhipsandkneesextendedorslightlyflexed.
Part Position•Extendarmsforward.•Placeradiolucentsupportunderlowerthorax;adjustspineparalleltotable.•Adjustthemidcoronalplaneofthebody(passingthroughthehips
andshoulders)sothatitisperpendiculartotheIR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Oncoronalplane2inches(5cm)posteriortoASISand1½inches
inferiortocrest.•Havecentralrayparalleltointeriliacline;caudalorcephalic
angulationof5to8degreesmayberequired.
Collimation:Adjustto638inches(15320cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 96 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:473.
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Vertebral Column167
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Lumbar Zygapophyseal JointsAP oblique (RPO and LPO)
Patient Position•Positionpatientposterioroblique,withsideofinterestclosertoIR.
Part Position•Adjustandsupportbodyobliquityto45degrees.•Havepatientplacearmsinacomfortableposition,andcenterspine
tomidlineofgrid.•Shieldgonads.•Takebothobliqueprojections.
Respiration:Suspendatendofexpiration.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,entering2inches(5cm)medialtoelevatedASISand
1½inches(3.8cm)aboveiliaccrest(L3).•CenterIRtocentralray.
Collimation:Adjustto9314inches(23335cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:475.
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Vertebral Column169
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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30°-35°
Lumbosacral Junction and Sacroiliac JointsAP axial FERGUSON METHOD
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine,lowerlimbsextended.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•Extendlowerlimbsorflexhipsandabducttoremovefrompathof
centralray.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle30to35degreescephaladthroughlumbosacraljointso
thatcentralrayentersabout1½inches(3.8cm)superiortopubicsymphysis.
•CenterIRtocentralray.
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(18324cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:479.
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Vertebral Column171
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Sacroiliac JointsAP oblique (RPO and LPO)
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Elevateandsupportsideofinterest25to30degreesfromtable.•Alignsagittalplane,passing1inch(2.5cm)medialtoelevated
ASIS,andcentertogrid.•CenterIRatlevelofASIS.•Shieldgonads.•Takebothobliqueprojections.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,entering1inch(2.5cm)medialtoelevated
ASIS.
Collimation:Adjustto6310inches(15324cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:481.
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Vertebral Column173
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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15�
SacrumAP axial
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetocenterofgrid.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle15degreescephaladandcenteronpoint2inches(5cm)
superiortopubicsymphysis.•CenterIRtocentralray.
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(18324cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:485.
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Vertebral Column175
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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SacrumLateral
Patient Position•Positionpatientlateral,withhipsandkneesflexed.
Part Position•Supportbodytoplacelongaxisofspinehorizontal.•Prepareforpositioningofcentralraybycenteringsacrumtomidline
ofgrid.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartolevelofASISandatapoint3½inches(9cm)
posterior.•CenterIRtocentralray.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 96 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:487.
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Vertebral Column177
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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10�
CoccyxAP axial
Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetocenterofgrid.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle10degreescaudadand2inches(5cm)superiortopubic
symphysis.•CenterIRtocentralray.
Collimation:Adjustto8310inches(18324cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:486.
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Vertebral Column179
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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CoccyxLateral
Patient Position•Positionpatientlateral,withhipsandkneesflexed.
Part Position•Supportbodytoplacelongaxisofspinehorizontal.•Prepareforpositioningofcentralraybycenteringcoccyxtomidline
ofgrid.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartoapoint3½inches(9cm)posteriortoASISand
2inches(5cm)inferior.•CenterIRtocentralray.
Collimation:Adjustto638inches(15320cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:487.
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Vertebral Column181
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Thoracolumbar Spine: ScoliosisAP, PA, or lateral FERGUSON METHOD
Patient Position•Positionpatientupright,seated,orstanding.
Part Position•PositionbottomofIRtoincludeapproximately1inch(2.5cm)
ofiliaccrests.•Adjustmidsagittalplaneperpendiculartomidlineofgrid.•Havepatientrelaxarmsatsides.•Obtainfirstimagewithpatientinnormaluprightposition.•Elevatefootorhipofconvexsideofcurve3to4inches
(8to10cm)forsecondimage.•Donotsupportpatientinthisposition.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto12317inches(30335cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:495.
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Vertebral Column183
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Thorax
ChestPA, 186Lateral, 188PA oblique (LAO and RAO),
190AP oblique (RPO and LPO),
192AP, 194
Pulmonary ApicesAP axial (lordotic); LINDBLOM
METHOD, 196Lungs and Pleurae
AP or PA (lateral decubitus), 198
Lateral (dorsal or ventral decubitus), 200
RibsPA, 202AP, 204AP oblique (RPO or LPO), 206PA oblique (RAO or LAO), 208
SternumPA oblique (RAO), 210Lateral, 212
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Patient Position•Positionpatientstandingorseateduprightwithbackofhands
onhips.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanewithchinextendedandeyesstraightahead.•Havepatientrollshouldersforward.•PlacetopofIR1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)aboverelaxed
shoulders.•Havepatientflexarmsandrestbacksofhandsonhips.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•PerpendiculartothecenteroftheIR.UseSIDof72inches(183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:107.
ChestPA
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Thorax187
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•PositionpatientstandingorseateduprightwithsideagainstIR.
Part Position•PlacemidsagittalplaneparalleltoIR.•HavepatientrestadjacentshoulderagainstIRholder,witharms
raisedandcrossedoverhead.•PlacetopofIR1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)aboveshoulder.•CenterthoraxtoIR.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•DirectperpendiculartoIR,enteringpatientatlevelofT7.UseSID
of72inches(183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:110.
ChestLateral
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Thorax189
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientstandingorseatedupright.SidefartherfromIRis
usuallythesideofprimaryinterest.
Part Position•Adjustcoronalplane45degreesfromplaneofIR.•PlacetopofIR1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)aboveshoulders.•HavepatientrollshouldernearestIRposteriorlyandplacehandon
hip.•HavepatientplacearmfartherfromIRontopofIRholder.•CenterthoraxtoIR.Both45-degreeobliquesmaybetaken.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRatlevelofT7.UseSIDof72inches(183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:113.
ChestPA oblique (LAO and RAO)
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Thorax191
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.SideclosertoIRisusuallyside
ofprimaryinterest.
Part Position•Adjustcoronalplane45degreesfromplaneofIR.•PlacetopofIR1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)aboveshoulders.•HavepatientrollshouldernearestIRanteriorlyandplacehandonhead.•HavepatientplacearmfartherfromIRonhip.•CenterthoraxtoIR.Both45-degreeobliquesmaybetaken.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIRatalevel3inches(8cm)below
jugularnotch(levelofT7).UseSIDof72inches(183cm),whichisrecommendedmeasure.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:117.
ChestAP oblique (RPO and LPO)
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Thorax193
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorupright,armsatsides.
Part Position•CenterIRtomidsagittalplane,andadjustupperbordertobe1½to
2inches(3.8to5cm)aboveshoulders.•Ifpossible,havepatientflexelbows,pronatehands,andplacehands
onhips.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIRatlevel3inches(8cm)belowjugular
notch(levelofT7).UseSIDof72inches(183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
ChestAP
0o
Horizontalclavicle
R
Scapularimage
kVp: 90 (40” SID, non-grid), 105 (40”, grid), 120 (72”, grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:119.
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Thorax195
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientstanding,approximately1ft(30cm)infront
ofIR.Whenpatientisproperlypositioned,topofIRshouldbeapproximately3inches(8cm)aboveshoulders.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanewithnorotation.•Havepatientflexelbows,handswithpalmsoutonhips.•Havepatientleanbackwardinextremelordoticposition.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR.UseSIDof72inches(183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Pulmonary ApicesAP axial (lordotic) LINDBLOM METHOD
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:121.
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Thorax197
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientinlateralrecumbentposition.
Part Position•Positionpatientonaffectedorunaffectedsidedependingon
condition.•Elevatethechestonfirmpad(typically“fluiddown”or“free-air
orpneumothoraxup”).•Havepatientextendarmsabovehead;adjustthoraxintruelateral
position.•PlacetopofIRapproximately1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)above
shoulders.•Shieldgonads.Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartocenterofIRatlevel3inches
(8cm)belowjugularnotch(atT7forPA).Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:125.
Lungs and PleuraeAP or PA (lateral decubitus)
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Thorax199
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientproneorsupine.
Part Position•Elevatethorax2to3inches(5to8cm)onfirmpad,andcenterwith
affectedsideclosertoIR.•Havepatientextendarmsabovehead.•PlacetopofIR1½to2inches(3.8to5cm)abovetopofshoulders.•Centermidcoronalplanetocenterofgrid.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspiration(aftersecondinspiration).
Central Ray•HorizontalandcenteredtoIRatlevelofmidcoronalplaneand
3inches(8cm)belowjugularnotch(T7forventraldecubitus)
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:127.
Lungs and PleuraeLateral (dorsal or ventral decubitus)
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Thorax201
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorprone.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogridwithchinextendedandeyesstraight
ahead.•PlacetopofIRapproximately1½inches(3.8cm)aboveshoulders.•Havepatientrollshouldersforwardandrestbackofhandsonhips.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedfullinspirationtodepressdiaphragm.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR.Thisplacesthecentralrayatlevel
ofT7.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
RibsPA
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:527.
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Thorax203
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetomidlineofgrid.•Above diaphragm:PlacetopofIR1½inches(3.8cm)aboverelaxed
shoulders.•Below diaphragm:CenterthoraxwithbottomofIRnearlevelof
iliaccrests.•Rotateshouldersanteriorly.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Above diaphragm:Suspendedfullinspiration.Below diaphragm:Suspendedfullexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecol-limatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:529.
RibsAP
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Thorax205
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorsupine.
Part Position•Rotatepatient’sbody45degreeswithaffectedsidetowardIR.•Centeraplanemidwaybetweenmidsagittalplaneandlateralsurface
ofbody.•Positionarmsclearofthorax.CentertopofIR1½inches(3.8cm)
aboverelaxedshoulder(forabovediaphragm)andwithloweredgeofIRnearlevelofiliaccrest(forbelowdiaphragm).
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Above diaphragm:Suspendedfullinspiration.Below diaphragm:Suspendedfullexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:531.
RibsAP oblique (RPO or LPO)
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Thorax207
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightorprone.
Part Position•Rotatepatient’sbody45degreeswithaffectedsideawayfromIR.•Centeraplanemidwaybetweenmidsagittalplaneandlateralbody
surface.•Positionarmsclearofthorax.CentertopofIR1½inches(3.8cm)
aboverelaxedshoulder(forabovediaphragm)andwithloweredgeofIRnearlevelofiliaccrest(forbelowdiaphragm).
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Above diaphragm:Suspendedfullinspiration.Below diaphragm:Suspendedfullexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:533.
RibsPA oblique (RAO or LAO)
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Thorax209
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•PositionpatientproneforRAO(rightPAoblique).
Part Position•Centersternumtogrid.•Rotatepatient’sbody15to20degreestopreventsuperimposition
ofvertebralandsternalimages.•CenterIRmidwaybetweenjugularnotchandxiphoidprocessat
levelofT7.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Shallowbreathingorsuspendedexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoT7.Centralrayenterselevatedsideofposterior
thoraxapproximately1inch(2.5cm)lateraltomidsagittalplane.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:516.
SternumPA oblique (RAO)
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Thorax211
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientseated,standinglateral,orrecumbent.
Part Position•PlacetopofIR1½inches(3.8cm)abovejugularnotch.•Havepatientrotateshouldersandarmsposteriorlyforupright
positioning;placearmsaboveheadforrecumbentpositioning.•Centersternumtogrid.Adjusttotruelateralposition.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendeddeepinspiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR,enteringlateralborderofmidsternum.
UseSIDof72inches(183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
SternumLateral
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:520.
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Thorax213
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Abdomen
Abdomen:AP (supine), 216AP (upright), 218AP (lateral decubitus), 220Lateral, 222Lateral (dorsal decubitus), 224
Esophagus:AP or PA, 226PA oblique (RAO), 228Lateral, 230
Stomach and Duodenum:PA, 232PA oblique (RAO), 234
AP oblique (LPO), 236Lateral, 238AP, 240
Small Intestine:AP or PA, 242
Large Intestine:PA, 244PA axial, 246PA oblique (LAO and RAO),
248Lateral, 250AP, 252AP axial, 254
AP oblique (LPO and RPO), 256
AP or PA (lateral decubitus), 258Lateral, AP or PA, oblique
(upright), 260Urinary System:
AP oblique (RPO and LPO), 262Bladder:
AP or PA axial, 264AP oblique (RPO or LPO), 266Lateral, 268
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•Maintainshouldersinsametransverseplane.•Supportunderknees.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrests,andensurethatpubicsymphysis
isincluded.•Applygonadshieldingasappropriate.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRmidlineatlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AbdomenAP (supine)
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:137.
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Abdomen217
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientupright.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogriddevice.•Maintainshouldersinsametransverseplane.•CenterIR2inches(5cm)aboveiliaccreststoincludediaphragm.•Applygonadshieldingasappropriate.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Horizontaland2inches(5cm)superiortoiliaccreststocenter
ofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AbdomenAP (upright)
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:137.
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Abdomen219
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientinlateralrecumbentposition(usuallyleftside
down)onpad.•Placepatient’sarmsabovelevelofdiaphragm,withkneesslightly
flexed.
Part Position•Adjustmidsagittalplaneperpendiculartoandcenteredtogriddevice.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrests.•Center2inches(5cm)aboveiliaccrestsifdiaphragmistobeincluded.•Applygonadshieldingasappropriate.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartomidpointofIR.NOTE:Showsideupforairandsidedownforfluid.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:139.
AbdomenAP (lateral decubitus)
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Abdomen221
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientinlateralrecumbentpositionorupright.
Part Position•Centermidcoronalplanetogrid.•Havepatientflexelbowsandplacehandsunderhead.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrestsorapproximately2inches
(5cm)superiortocrestsifdiaphragmistobeincluded.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AbdomenLateral
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:141.
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Abdomen223
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Havepatientplacearmsacrossupperchestorunderhead.Patient
mayslightlyflexknees.•Centerverticalgriddevicetomidcoronalplaneatlevel2inches
(5cm)superiortoiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartocenterofIR,enteringmidcoronal
plane2inches(5cm)aboveiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
AbdomenLateral (dorsal decubitus)
kVp: 90 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 1:142.
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Abdomen225
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorprone.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•Havepatientplacearmsabovetheheadinacomfortableposition.•Adjustshouldersandhipsequidistantfromtable.•PlacetopofIRatlevelofmouth.•Turnheadslightlytofacilitatedrinkingbariummixture,andgive
bariumtopatient.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIRatlevelofT5-T6.
Collimation:Adjustto12317inches(30343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
EsophagusAP or PA
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:218.
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Abdomen227
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientrecumbentwiththeside-downarmattheside
andtheside-uparmonthepillow.
Part Position•Elevateleftsidetoobliquityof35to40degrees.•Supportpatientonflexedkneeandelbow.•PlacetopofIRatlevelofmouth.•Alignesophagusandcenterelevatedsidethroughplane2inches
(5cm)lateraltomidsagittalplane;givebariumtopatient.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIRatlevelofT5orT6.NOTE:Ifpatientcannotassumeproneposition,asimilarimagecanbeobtainedbyusingLPOposition,modifiedasdescribedpreviously.
Collimation:Adjustto12317inches(30343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:218.
EsophagusPA oblique (RAO)
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Abdomen229
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Placepatient’sarmsforward,withforearmonthepillownear
thehead.
Part Position•Centermidcoronalplanetogrid.•Havepatientbringarmsforwardandslightlyflexhipsandknees.•Placetopoffilmatlevelofmouth.•Givebariummixturetopatient.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartomidpointofIRatlevelofT5-T6.
Collimation:Adjustto12317inches(30343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
EsophagusLateral
Esophagus
Thoracicvertebra
L
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:218.
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Abdomen231
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Stomach and DuodenumPA
T12
Patient Position•Positionpatientprone.
Part Position•CenterIRatestimatedlevelofL1-L2.•Center(1)halfwaybetweenmidlineandleftlateralborderof
abdominalcavityfor10-312-inch(24-330-cm)IRor(2)inmidsagittalplanefor14-317-inch(35-343-cm)IR.
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRatlevelofL1-L2.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm)or11314inches(28336cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:223.
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Abdomen233
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientrecumbentwiththerightarmatthesideandleft
armbythehead.
Part Position•Elevateleftside,andsupportpatienttoobliquityof40to
70degrees.(Hypersthenicpatientsrequirethegreatestrotation.)•CenterIRatlevelofL1-L2.•Positionpatientsothatasagittalplanepassingmidwaybetween
vertebraeandlateralborderofelevatedsideiscenteredtogrid.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIRmidwaybetweenvertebralcolumnand
lateralborderofabdomenatlevelofL1-L2.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm)or11314inches(28336cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:226.
Stomach and DuodenumPA oblique (RAO)
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Abdomen235
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientrecumbentwithleftarmbyheadandrightarm
behindbody.
Part Position•Elevaterightside,andsupportpatienttoobliquityof30to
60degrees.(Hypersthenicpatientsrequirethegreatestrotation;45degreesissufficientforasthenicpatients.)
•PositionpatientsothatsagittalplanepassingmidwaybetweenvertebraeandleftmarginofabdomeniscenteredtoIR.
•CenterIRatlevelofL1-L2.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIRmidwaybetweenvertebralcolumn
andleftlateralborderofabdomenatlevelofL1-L2.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm)or11314inches(28336cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:228.
Stomach and DuodenumAP oblique (LPO)
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Abdomen237
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientrecumbent(rightlateral)orupright(leftlateral).
Part Position•Adjustbodysothatplanepassingbetweenmidcoronalplaneand
anteriorabdominalsurfaceiscenteredtogrid.•CenterIRatlevelofL1-L2.•Adjusttotruelateral.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIRmidwaybetweenmidcoronalplane
andanteriorsurfaceofabdomenatlevelofL1-L2forrecumbentorL3foruprightposition.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm)or11314inches(28336cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Stomach and DuodenumLateral
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:230.
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Abdomen239
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Adjustpatientsothatmidlineofgridcoincides(1)halfway
betweenmidlineandlateralborderofabdomenfor10-312-inch(24-330-cm)IRor(2)atmidsagittalplanefor14-317-inch(35-343-cm)IR.
•CenterIRatlevelofL1-L2.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRatlevelofpylorus(L1-L2).
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm)or14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Stomach and DuodenumAP
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:232.
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Abdomen241
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineorprone.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrests(maybeslightlyhigherforearly
timeexposures).•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringlevelofiliaccrests(orslightlyabove).
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Small IntestineAP or PA
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:237.
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Abdomen243
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientprone.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestinePA
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:250.
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Abdomen245
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientprone.
Part Position•CentermidsagittalplanetogridwithcenterofIRatlevelofiliac
crests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle30to40degreescaudad.Toshowretrosigmoidareausing
smallerIR,directcentralraysothatitentersmidlineatlevelofASIS.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestinePA axial 30� -40�
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:252.
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Abdomen247
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•PositionpatientPAoblique.
Part Position•Rotatepatient35to45degreeseitherrightorleftsideup.•Flexkneeforstability.•Centerbodytomidlineofgrid.•AdjustcenterofIRatlevelofiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspendedexpiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringelevatedside1to2inches(2.5to
5cm)lateraltomidlineofbodyonelevatedsideandatlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestinePA oblique (LAO and RAO)
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:253.
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Abdomen249
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientinlateralrecumbentposition.
Part Position•Adjustbodytotruelateralposition(rightorleftsidedown).•Centermidcoronalplaneofabdomentocenterofgrid.•CenterIRtoASIS.•Havepatientflexkneesandhipsslightlyandbringarmsforward.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringmidcoronalplaneatlevelofASIS.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestineLateral
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:255.
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Abdomen251
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,enteringmidsagittalplaneatlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestineAP
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:256.
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Abdomen253
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•CenterIR2inches(5cm)aboveiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Angle30to40degreescephalad,enteringapproximately2inches
(5cm)belowlevelofASIS.(Whenretrosigmoidisofinterest,centralrayentersinferiormarginofpubicsymphysis.)
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestineAP axial
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:257.
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Abdomen255
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•PositionpatientAPoblique.
Part Position•Rotatepatient35to45degreesfromAPpositioneitherrightorleft
sideup.•Centerabdomentogrid.•AdjustcenterofIRtolevelofiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringelevatedside1to2inches(2.5to5cm)
lateraltomidlineofbodyatlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestineAP oblique (LPO and RPO)
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS pp. 2:258-259.
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Abdomen257
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientrecumbentoneitherrightorleftside.•Elevatedependentsideonfirmpad.
Part Position•Placearmsabovehead,withkneesslightlyflexed.•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•CenterIRtomidsagittalplaneatlevelofiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartoIRatlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestineAP or PA (lateral decubitus)
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:261.
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Abdomen259
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientupright—frontal,lateral,oroblique.
Part Position•Adjustarmstoremovefromareaofinterest,anddistributeweight
equallyonfeet.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrestsand(1)midsagittalplaneforAP
orPAprojection,(2)midwaybetweenmidsagittalplaneandlateralaspectofsideofinterestforobliquepositions,or(3)midcoronalplaneforlateralposition.
•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIRat level of iliac crests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
Large IntestineLateral, AP or PA oblique (upright)
kVp: 120 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:266.
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Abdomen261
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Rotatepatient30degreesfromIRplane.•Placesupportunderelevatedsideasneeded.•Adjusthipsandshoulderstobeinsameplanes.•Centerspinetogrid.•CenterIRatlevelofiliaccrests.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartolevelofiliaccrests,enteringelevatedside
approximately2inches(5cm)lateraltomidline.NOTE:ForAP,PA,lateral,anddecubituspositioningfortheurinarysystem,seesimilarabdomenpositionsinthissection.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:306.
Urinary SystemAP oblique (RPO and LPO)
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Abdomen263
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid(1)2to3inches(5to7.5cm)above
pubicsymphysistoshowthebladderor(2)atpubicsymphysisforvoidingstudies.
•AdjustshouldersandhipstobeequidistantfromIR.•Havepatientplacearmsacrossupperchestoratsides.•Havepatientextendlegs.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Adjust10to15degreescaudad(1)atlevel2to3inches(5to7.5cm)
abovepubicsymphysistoshowbladderor(2)atpubicsymphysisforvoidingstudies.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:316.
BladderAP or PA axial
10� -15�
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Abdomen265
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Rotatepatient40to60degreesfromsupine.•CenterIR2to3inches(5to7.5cm)aboveupperborderofpubic
symphysisand2inches(5cm)medialtoASIS.•Havepatientabductuppermostthightopreventitssuperimposition
onbladderarea.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendicular,enteringelevatedside2inches(5cm)medialto
midsagittalplane(1)at2to3inches(5to7.5cm)superiortopubicsymphysisor(2)atpubicsymphysisforvoidingstudies.
NOTE:RPOpositionisalsousedformalecystourethrography.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:318.
BladderAP oblique (RPO or LPO)
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Abdomen267
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position•Positionpatientlateralrecumbent(eitherleftorright).
Part Position•Centermidcoronalplanetogrid.•Havepatientflexhipsandknees.•Adjustpatient’sarmsforwardwithhandsunderhead.•CenterIR2inches(5cm)abovepubicsymphysis.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartoIR,entering2inches(5cm)abovepubicsymphysis.
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
BladderLateral
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:320.
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Abdomen269
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Cranium
Cranial Lines, Planes, and Abbreviations, 272
Cranium:PA and PA axial; CALDWELL
METHOD, 274AP and AP axial, 276Lateral, 278AP axial; TOWNE METHOD, 280PA axial; HAAS METHOD, 282Submentovertical; SCHÜLLER
METHOD, 284Facial Bones:
Lateral, 286Parietoacanthial; WATERS
METHOD, 288Acanthoparietal; REVERSE WATERS
METHOD, 290
Nasal Bones:Lateral, 292
Zygomatic Arches:Submentovertical, 294
Zygomatic Arches:Tangential, 296
Zygomatic Arches:AP axial; MODIFIED TOWNE
METHOD, 298Mandibular Rami:
PA, 300PA axial, 302
Mandible:Axiolateral and axiolateral
oblique, 304Temporomandibular Articulations:
AP axial, 306
Temporomandibular Articulations:Axiolateral oblique, 308
Paranasal Sinuses:Lateral, 310
Frontal and Anterior Ethmoidal Sinuses:
PA axial; CALDWELL METHOD, 312
Maxillary Sinuses:Parietoacanthial; WATERS
METHOD, 314Ethmoidal and Sphenoidal Sinuses:
Submentovertical, 316
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Midsagittal plane
Glabella
Interpupillary line
Inner canthus
Nasion
Acanthion
Mental point
Angle of mandible(gonion)
Infraorbital margin
Outer canthus
Abbreviations Used in This SectionAML: acanthomeatal lineEAM: external acoustic meatusIOML: infraorbitomeatal lineOML: orbitomeatal line
Cranial Lines, Planes, and Abbreviations
Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:29.
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Cranium273
Gla
be
lloa
lve
ola
r lin
e
Glabella
Nasion
Acanthion
Mental pointAngle of mandible(gonion)
External acousticmeatus
Glabellomeatal line
Acanthiomeatal lineMentomeatal line
Infraorbitomeatal lineOrbitomeatal line
Top of earattachment
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or prone.
Part Position• Have patient rest head on forehead and nose.• Position midsagittal plane perpendicular to midline of grid device.• OML is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• PA: Perpendicular to IR, exiting nasion.• Caldwell method: Angle 15 degrees caudad, exiting nasion.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust radiation field to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the skin line of the skull. Check for light at vertex and on both sides. Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
CraniumPA and PA axial CALDWELL METHOD
15°
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:38.
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Cranium275
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient supine.
Part Position• Position midsagittal plane and OML perpendicular to IR.• Place arms at sides or across chest.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• AP: Perpendicular to nasion.• AP axial: Angle 15 degrees cephalad.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust radiation field to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the skin line of the skull. Check for light at vertex and on both sides. Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
CraniumAP and AP axial
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:42.
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Cranium277
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or semiprone.
Part Position• Position midsagittal plane parallel to IR.• IOML is perpendicular to front edge of IR.• Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular entering 2 inches (5 cm) superior to EAM.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust radiation field to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the skin line of the skull. Check for light at vertex, anterior, posterior, and base of the skull borders. Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
CraniumLateral
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:34.
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Cranium279
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or supine.
Part Position• Center midsagittal plane to midline of grid device, and adjust to
make perpendicular.• Have patient flex neck, and adjust OML perpendicular to IR.• When patient cannot flex neck, place IOML perpendicular.• Place top of IR at level of cranial vertex.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Direct through foramen magnum with caudal angle of 30 degrees to
OML or 37 degrees to IOML. Central ray enters approximately 2 ½ inches (6.4 cm) superior to glabella and passes through level of EAM.
Collimation:Adjust the radiation field to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the skin line of the skull. Check for light at the vertex and on both sides. Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:44.
CraniumAP axial TOWNE METHOD
30�
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Cranium281
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or prone.
Part Position• Have patient rest head on forehead and nose.• Place arms in comfortable position.• Adjust shoulders to lie in same transverse plane.• Adjust head so that midsagittal plane and OML are perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Direct 25 degrees cephalad, entering 1½ inches (3.8 cm) inferior
to external occipital protuberance (inion) and exiting 1½ inches (3.8 cm) superior to nasion.
Collimation:Adjust the radiation field to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the skin line of the skull. Check for light at the vertex and on both sides. Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:50.
CraniumPA axial HAAS METHOD
25�
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Cranium283
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright at head unit or supine on elevated
table support.
Part Position• Have patient extend neck and rest head on vertex.• Center and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR.• Adjust IOML parallel to plane of IR if possible.• Immobilize head.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Direct through sella turcica perpendicular to IOML entering between
angles of mandible.• Central ray passes through a point ¾ inch (1.9 cm) anterior to level
of EAM.
Collimation:Adjust the radiation field to extend ½ inch (1.3 cm) beyond the shadow of the tip of the nose and 1 inch beyond the lateral borders. Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:52.
CraniumSubmentovertical SCHÜLLER METHOD
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Cranium285
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or semiprone.
Part Position• Position zygomatic bone to center of grid.• Adjust midsagittal plane parallel to IR.• IOML is parallel to transverse axis of IR.• Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular entering lateral surface of zygomatic bone halfway
between outer canthus and EAM.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ inch (1.3 cm) beyond the shadow of the tip of the nose, superiorly to ½ inch (1.3 cm) above the supraorbital margins, inferiorly to the gonion, and posteriorly to the EAM. The exposure field should be set no larger than 6 3 10 inches (15 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:62.
Facial BonesLateral
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Cranium287
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or prone.
Part Position• Center and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR, and have
patient rest head on extended chin.• Hyperextend neck and adjust OML to form 37-degree angle to IR plane.• Mentomeatal line is approximately perpendicular to IR.• Usually patient’s nose is about ¾ inch (1.9 cm) from grid device.• Center IR to acanthion.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular, exiting acanthion.
Collimation:Adjust to ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the shadows of the lateral sides of the face, superiorly to include the supraorbital margins and inferiorly to the level of the chin. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:65.
Facial BonesParietoacanthial WATERS METHOD
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Cranium289
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient supine.
Part Position• Center and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR.• Adjust extension of neck so that OML forms 37-degree angle with
plane of IR. If necessary, place a support under patient’s shoulders to help extend the neck.
• Mentomeatal line is approximately perpendicular to plane of IR.• Adjust head so that midsagittal plane is perpendicular to plane of IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular to enter acanthion.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend about ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the lateral sides of the face, superiorly just to the skin shadow, and inferiorly to the chin. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:69.
Facial BonesAcanthoparietal REVERSE WATERS METHOD
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Cranium291
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or semiprone.
Part Position• Center nasion to IR.• Adjust midsagittal plane parallel to IR.• IOML is parallel to transverse axis of IR.• Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular, entering ½ inch (1.3 cm) distal to nasion.• Ensure that collimation is extremely close.
Collimation:Adjust to extend from the glabella to 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the acanthion and ½ inch (1.3 cm) beyond the tip of the nose. The exposure field should be no larger than 3 3 3 inches (8 3 8 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 70 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:73.
Nasal BonesLateral
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Cranium293
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or supine on elevated table support.
Part Position• Hyperextend neck, and have patient rest head on vertex.• Center and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR.• Adjust IOML parallel to IR if possible.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular to IOML, entering midway between zygomatic
arches.• Central ray enters approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm) posterior to outer
canthi.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the lateral sides of the face, superiorly to the chin, and inferiorly to the gonions. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:75.
Zygomatic ArchesSubmentovertical
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Cranium295
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or supine on elevated table support.
Part Position• Hyperextend neck, and have patient rest head on vertex.• Center zygomatic arch and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR.• Adjust IOML as parallel as possible to IR.• Rotate midsagittal plane 15 degrees toward side being examined,
then tilt top of head approximately 15 degrees away from side being examined so that central ray is tangent to zygomatic arch.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular to IOML, entering affected zygomatic arch at a point
1 inch (2.5 cm) posterior to outer canthus
Collimation:Adjust to ½ inch (1.3 cm) beyond the skin shadow of the affected cheek, superiorly to the tip of the nose, and inferiorly to the gonion. The expo-sure field should be no larger than 6 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:77.
Zygomatic ArchesTangential
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Cranium297
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or supine.
Part Position• Center midsagittal plane to grid device, and adjust to perpendicular
position.• Flex neck, and adjust OML perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Angle 30 degrees caudad, entering glabella approximately 1 inch
(2.5 cm) superior to nasion. (Direct 37 degrees caudad if IOML is perpendicular to IR.)
• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the lateral sides of the face, superiorly to the top of the forehead, and inferiorly to the chin. The exposure field should be no larger than 10 3 8 inches (24 3 18 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:79.
Zygomatic ArchesAP axial MODIFIED TOWNE METHOD
30�
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Cranium299
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or prone.
Part Position• Have patient rest forehead and nose on grid device.• Adjust head so that midsagittal plane is perpendicular to IR.• OML is perpendicular to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Perpendicular to exit acanthion.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the lateral sides, above the TMJs and below the chin. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:81.
Mandibular RamiPA
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Cranium301
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or prone.
Part Position• Position midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR.• OML is perpendicular to IR.• Have patient rest forehead and nose on IR holder.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Angle 20 to 25 degrees cephalad, exiting at acanthion.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the lateral sides, above the TMJs and below the chin. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:82.
Mandibular RamiPA axial
20�
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Cranium303
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright, semisupine, or semiprone.Part Position• Place head in lateral position with interpupillary line perpendicular.• Extend neck enough that long axis of mandibular body is parallel to
transverse axis of IR, preventing superimposition of cervical spine.• If projection is being performed on tabletop, position IR so that
complete body of mandible is positioned on IR.• Adjust rotation of head so that area of interest is parallel to IR as follows:
(1) for ramus, keep head in true lateral position; (2) for body, rotate head 30 degrees toward IR; (3) for symphysis, rotate head 45 degrees toward IR.
Respiration:Suspend.Central Ray• Angle 25 degrees cephalad to pass directly through mandibular region
of interest.Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the anterior and inferior skin shadows and above the TMJ. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:85.
MandibleAxiolateral and axiolateral oblique
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Cranium305
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or supine.
Part Position• Adjust head so that midsagittal plane is perpendicular to IR.• Flex neck to place OML perpendicular to IR.• After first exposure with patient’s mouth closed, do not permit patient
to move. Change IR, and make second exposure with mouth fully open.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Angle 35 degrees caudal, centered to temporomandibular joints and
entering approximately 3 inches (7.6 cm) superior to nasion.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ inch to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the lateral sides, superiorly to the glabella, and inferiorly to the lips. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:89.
Temporomandibular ArticulationsAP axial
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Cranium307
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright or semiprone.
Part Position• Center a point ½ inch (1.3 cm) anterior to EAM to IR.• Rotate midsagittal plane 15 degrees toward IR.• Adjust AML parallel to transverse axis of IR.• Interpupillary line is perpendicular to IR.• After first exposure, do not permit patient to move. Change IR, and
make second exposure with mouth fully open.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Angle 15 degrees caudad, exiting temporomandibular joint closer to IR.• Central ray enters about 1½ inches (3.8 cm) superior to upside EAM.
Collimation:Adjust to extend from the outer canthus to the posterior edge of the auricle and from the midparietal region to the inferior edge of the auricle. The exposure field should be no larger than 5 3 5 inches (12.5 3 12.5 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 80 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:93.
Temporomandibular ArticulationsAxiolateral oblique 15�
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Cranium309
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright.
Part Position• Adjust head to true lateral position.• Midsagittal plane is parallel to (and interpupillary line is perpendicular
to) IR.• Adjust IOML horizontal and parallel to transverse axis of IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Horizontal and perpendicular, entering ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm)
posterior to outer canthus.• Center IR to central ray.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the tip of the nose, superiorly to 3 inches above the nasion, inferiorly to the occlusal plane, and posteriorly to the auricle. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:98.
Paranasal SinusesLateral
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Cranium311
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright.Part Position• Tilt vertical grid device down 15 degrees.• Have patient rest head on forehead and nose.• Position midsagittal plane perpendicular to midline of IR.• OML is perpendicular to IR.• This positioning places OML 15 degrees from horizontal central ray.Respiration:Suspend.Central Ray• Horizontal to center of IR, exiting nasion.NOTE: If grid device cannot be tilted, place a radiolucent sponge between forehead and grid so that OML remains 15 degrees from horizontal x-ray beam.Collimation:Adjust to extend 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the lateral skin shadows, superi-orly to include just the shadow of the top of the head, and inferiorly to the occlusal plane. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:100.
Frontal and Anterior Ethmoidal SinusesPA axial CALDWELL METHOD
R
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Cranium313
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright.
Part Position• Center and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR, and have
patient rest head on extended chin.• Adjust OML to form 37-degree angle to IR. Mentomeatal line is
approximately perpendicular to IR.• Center IR to acanthion.• Open mouth option: Have patient fully open mouth to show the
sphenoid and maxillary sinuses.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Horizontal and perpendicular to IR, exiting acanthion
Collimation:Adjust to extend 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the lateral skin shadows, superi-orly to include just the shadow of the top of the head, and inferiorly to the occlusal plane. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:102.
Maxillary SinusesParietoacanthial WATERS METHOD
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Cranium315
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Patient Position• Position patient seated upright at head unit.
Part Position• Extend head, and have patient rest it on vertex.• Center and adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR.• Adjust IOML parallel to IR.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray• Horizontal and perpendicular to IOML.• Central ray enters approximately ¾ inch (1.9 cm) anterior to level
of EAM.
Collimation:Adjust to extend ½ to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm) beyond the tip of the nose and on the lateral sides. The exposure field should be no larger than 8 3 10 inches (18 3 24 cm). Place side marker in the collimated exposure field.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 2:106.
Ethmoidal and Sphenoidal SinusesSubmentovertical
R
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Cranium317
AEC Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVpAEC
Detector mAsDensity Comp.
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
Manual Factors
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Mobile Radiography
Chest:AP, 320AP or PA (right or left lateral
decubitus), 322Abdomen:
AP, 324AP or PA (left lateral decubitus),
326
Pelvis:AP, 328
Femur:AP, 330Lateral (dorsal decubitus), 332
Cervical Spine:Lateral (right or left dorsal
decubitus), 334
Chest and Abdomen: Neonate:AP, 336Lateral (right or left dorsal
decubitus), 338
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Patient Position•Positionpatientuprightortogreatestangletolerated.•Positioncriticallyillorinjuredpatientssupine.
Part Position•CentermidsagittalplanetoIR.•PositionIRunderpatientwithtopabout2inches(5cm)above
relaxedshoulders.•Internallyrotatepatient’sarmstopreventscapularsuperimposition
oflungfield,ifnotcontraindicated.•Ensurethatpatient’suppertorsoisnotrotated.•Shieldgonads
Respiration:Inspiration.
Central Ray•PerpendiculartocenterofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 90 (40˝ SID, non-grid), 105 (40˝ grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:10.
ChestAP
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Mobile Radiography321
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Manual Factors
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientinlateralrecumbentposition.•Placefirmsupportunderpatienttoelevatebody2to3inches
(5to7.5cm).•Raisebotharmsupandawayfromchestregion.•Ensurethatpatientcannotfalloutofbed.
Part Position•PerformAPprojectionwheneverpossible.•Adjustpatienttoensuretruelateralposition.•PlaceIRbehindpatientandbelowsupport.•Adjustgridsothatitextends2inches(5cm)aboveshoulders.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Inspiration.
Central Ray•HorizontalandperpendiculartocenterofIR.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 105 (40˝ grid) Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:12.
ChestAP or PA (right or left lateral decubitus)
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Mobile Radiography323
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupineusinghorizontalbedplacement.
Part Position•Positiongridunderpatient.•Keepgridfromtippingsidetosidebyplacingitincenterofbed
andstabilizingwithblanketsifnecessary.•Centermidsagittalplanetogrid.•Ifemphasisisonupperabdomen,centergrid2inches(5cm)above
iliaccrestsorhighenoughtoincludediaphragm.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspended.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartocenterofgridatlevelofiliaccrests.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:14.
AbdomenAP
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Mobile Radiography325
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Placepatientinleftlateralrecumbentposition.•Ifnecessary,placefirmsupportunderpatienttoelevatebody.•Ensurethatpatientcannotfalloutofbed.
Part Position•Adjustpatienttoensuretruelateralposition.•PlacegridverticallyinfrontofpatientforPAorbehindpatientfor
AP.Supportgridtopreventgridcutoff.•Positiongridsothatitscenteris2inches(5cm)aboveiliaccrests
toensurethatdiaphragmisincluded.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspended.
Central Ray•Horizontalandperpendiculartocenterofgrid.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:16.
AbdomenAP or PA (left lateral decubitus)
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Mobile Radiography327
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•PositiongridunderpelvissothatcenterismidwaybetweenASIS
andpubicsymphysis(about2inches[5cm]inferiortoASIS).•Centermidsagittalplanetomidlineofgrid.Pelvisshouldnotbe
rotated.•Rotatepatient’slegsmedially15degreeswhennotcontraindicated.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofgrid.Centralrayshouldenterpatient
2inches(5cm)abovepubicsymphysisand2inches(5cm)belowASIS.
Collimation:Adjustto14317inches(35343cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:18.
PelvisAP
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Mobile Radiography329
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Cautiouslyplacegridlengthwiseunderpatient’sfemur,withdistal
edgeofgridlowenoughtoincludefracturesiteandkneejoint.•Elevategridwithtowelsundereachsidetoensurepropergrid
alignmentwithx-raytube.•Centergridtomidlineoffemur.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartolongaxisoffemur;centertogrid.•Ensurethatcentralrayandgridarealignedtopreventgridcutoff.
Collimation:Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofshadowoffemurand17inches(43cm)inlength.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:20.
FemurAP
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Mobile Radiography331
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupine.
Part Position•Determinewhethermediolateralorlateromedialprojectionistobe
performed.•Placegridinverticalpositionnexttolateralaspectoffemur.•Placedistaledgeofgridlowenoughtoincludekneejoint.•Stabilizegridfirmlyinposition(patientmayhold).•Supportandelevateunaffectedleg.•Ensurethatgridisplacedperpendiculartoepicondylarplane.
Respiration:Suspend.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartolongaxisoffemur;centertogrid.
Collimation:Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)onsidesofshadowoffemurand17inches(43cm)inlength.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:22.
FemurLateral (dorsal decubitus)
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Mobile Radiography333
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Positionpatientsupinewitharmsextendedalongsidesofbody.•Do not remove cervical collar without consent of physician.
Part Position•Ensurethatuppertorsoandheadarenotrotated.•Placegridlengthwiseonrightorleftside,paralleltoneck.•Placetopofgrid1to2inches(2.5to5cm)aboveEAM.•Immobilizegridinverticalposition.•Havepatientrelaxshouldersandreachforfeetifpossible.
Respiration:Fullexpiration.
Central Ray•Horizontalandperpendiculartocenterofgrid.•UseSIDof60to72inches(158to183cm).
Collimation:Adjustto10312inches(24330cm).Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 85 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:24.
Cervical SpineLateral (right or left dorsal decubitus)
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Mobile Radiography335
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•PositionpatientsupineincenterofIR.IfIRisdirectlyunderinfant,
coverIRwithsoft,warmblanket.
Part Position•Carefullypositionx-raytubeoverinfant.•Ensurethatchestandabdomenarenotrotated.•Moveinfant’sarmsawayfrombody,andbringlegsdownandaway
fromabdomen.•Leaveinfant’sheadrotated.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Inspiration.
Central Ray•Perpendiculartomidpointofchestandabdomen.
Collimation:Adjustto1inch(2.5cm)onallsidesofchestandabdomen.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 64 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:26.
Chest and Abdomen: NeonateAP
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Mobile Radiography337
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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Patient Position•Carefullyplacex-raytubetosideofbassinet.•Positioninfantsupineonradiolucentblockcoveredwithsoft,warm
blanket.
Part Position•Ensurethatinfant’schestandabdomenarecenteredtoIRandnot
rotated.•Moveinfant’sarmsabovehead.•PlaceIRlengthwiseandverticalbesideinfant,thenimmobilizeIR.•Leaveinfant’sheadrotated.•Shieldgonads.
Respiration:Inspiration.
Central Ray•Horizontalandperpendiculartomidpointofchestandabdomen
alongmidcoronalplane.
Collimation:Adjusttolengthofchestandabdomenand1inch(2.5cm)aboveabdomen.Placesidemarkerinthecollimatedexposurefield.
kVp: 72 Reference: 14th edition ATLAS p. 3:29.
Chest and Abdomen: NeonateLateral (right or left dorsal decubitus)
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Mobile Radiography339
Manual Factors
Notes: _________________________________________________________________________ Competency: _________/____/____
_______________________________________________________________________________ Instructor: ___________________
Part Thickness
(cm) mA kVp Time mAs SID
Image Receptor
Size
CR, DR Exposure Indicator Grid
HF, 1Ø or 3Ø
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