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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 1
Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis (Connective Tissues)
Comparative studies of Electrical Potential Gradient
and
Direction of Current Flow in Epidermis and Dermis
Hiroshi Motoyama, Ph.D., Ph.D.
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Meridians Exist in Dermis2
Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 3
I. Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3II. Experimental Method......................................................................................... 3
1) Differential Amplifier and its Zero Adjustment [Fig. 1, Graph -1, 1-2 ]......... 3
2) Dermal Electrical Potential Measurement at 3 Acupuncture points of the Triple
Heater Meridian.................................................................................................... 4
3) Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurement.................................................... 4
4) Dermal and Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurements at 3 Acupuncture
points of the Heart Constrictor Meridian.............................................................. 4
5) Test Subjects ......................................................................................................... 4
III. Statistical Analysis and Consideration.............................................................. 5
1) Data of Electrical Potential Measurements and their Statistical Analysis [Graph
3]........................................................................................................................... 5
2) Dermal Electrical Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow .............. 5
3) Epidermal Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow .......................... 9
4) Comparison of Average Electrical Potential of Dermal and Epidermal
measurements ......................................................................................................11
IV. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 12
V. Postscript ........................................................................................................... 13
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 3
Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis (Connective Tissues)
Comparative studies of Electrical Potential Gradient
and
Direction of Current Flow in Epidermis and Dermis
Abstract
Epidermal and Dermal electrical potential measurements were performed at 3
acupuncture points of the Heart Constrictor and the Triple Heater meridians and 2
acupuncture points of the Lung meridian. Data analysis of these measurements in
terms of electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow revealed the results
consistent with those obtained from earlier experimental studies as reported in
[Measurement of ki-energy, diagnosis and treatment by Motoyama, Tokyo 1985 ].
It has been confirmed that, in Yin meridians such as Heart Constrictor meridian and
Lung meridian, ki-energy flows from bottom to top1 while, in Triple Heater meridian,
direction of the flow is from top to bottom,.
In contrast to this the electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow as
obtained by Epidermal potential measurements have been found not in agreement
with the above described directions of the ki-energy flow.
I.
Objectives
The objective of this study is to confirm and demonstrate that the acupuncture meridians
exist in the dermis and that there is ki-energy flow in there, and furthermore that the
meridians do not exist on the epidermis..
II.
Experimental Method
1) Differential Amplifier and its Zero Adjustment [Fig. 1, Graph -1, 1-2 ]
A special differential amplifier devised by Motoyama and Kinoshita2, designed and
built by Kinoshita, which was further improved by Digitex LAB.CO.LTD, was used.
(Its noise level was lower than typical electrometer made in USA.) Before
performing measurement each negative input terminal was grounded. Likewise
the indifferent electrode pasted on the outer skin surface of subjects left arm was
also grounded. Under this grounded condition zero-adjustment was performed on
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Meridians Exist in Dermis4
the computer screen. Next, both positive and negative input terminals were
inter-connected and further zero-adjustment was performed on the computer screen.
The subject to be tested is then instructed to enter the shielded room, sit on thereclining chair and maintain stable posture.
2) Dermal Electrical Potential Measurement at 3 Acupuncture points of the
Triple Heater Meridian
A special #3 needle (0.20mm diameter) with insulation resin coating such that
electrical conduction is allowed only at its bottom tip where metal of the needle is
exposed to 0.3mm length. The length of the needle was 1.3 sun. The needle was
inserted to 3mm depth at about 45 degrees to the skin surface on left Yochi (TE 4),
left Gaikan(TE5) and left Shiko (TE6) [Fig.2]. Each needle was connected to
(+) electrode and electrical potential was measured continuously for 600 sec. When
needle is inserted into the dermis, ionic polarization takes place between the
stainless steel of the needle and ions in the dermis. It takes 5~10 minutes for the
signal to stabilize. Electrical potential signal was read after it was sufficiently
stabilized.
3) Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurement
Next, non-polarizable surface electrode(9.5 mm x 4.5 mm) made of silver/silver
chloride compound was pasted on the skin surface at left Yochi, left Gaikan and left
Shiko of the Triple Heater meridian, and their electrical potential was measured
continuously for 600 sec.
4) Dermal and Epidermal Electrical Potential Measurements at 3
Acupuncture points of the Heart Constrictor Meridian
By following the same measurement procedure used for acupuncture points of the
Triple Heater meridian described above, Dermal and Epidermal electrical
potentials at Gekimon (PC4), Kanshi (PC5) and Naikan (PC6) were measured for
600 sec on a different day. [Fig.3]
5) Test Subjects
Total 10 subjects ( 5 males and 5 females )
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 5
III. Statistical Analysis and Consideration
1) Data of Electrical Potential Measurements and their Statistical Analysis
[Graph 3]As shown in Graph 3 (Dermal potential measurement performed on subject
N.Y.; date 2004.4.4), Dermal electrical potential is measured at each point.
Then, electrical potential differences among the points are calculated to
determine the direction of the potential gradients. By the same procedure,
potential difference and the direction of the potential gradient are determined for
the Epidermal potential measurements as well.
Next, data are organized as shown in Table 1-1, from which Table 1-2 is produced.
Chi squared test is then applied to the m x n table to test the directions of
currents in the dermis or on the epidermis.
2) Dermal Electrical Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow
(1) Dermal Electrical Potential Gradient and Current Direction in Triple
Heater Meridian
According to Table 1-2, statistical test of frequencies of normal direction
[YochiGaikanShiko] and reverse direction in terms of electrical potential
gradient and current direction shows P=1.4 x 103 < 0.002, i.e., high level of
significance. Here, normal direction or reverse direction refer to the direction
of ki-energy flow which has been known clinically since ancient times.
Namely, in Yang meridians ki-energy flows from top to bottom and in Yin
meridians it flows from bottom to top. This fact was experimentally
confirmed by Motoyama. [Ref: Fig 5, page 70 Measurement of ki-energy
flow , Diagnosis and Treatment ] Furthermore, under normal conditions,
Motoyama found that, in 6 pairs of Yin-Yang meridians, BP(ki-energy) of
Yin meridian > BP(ki-energy) of Yang meridian. [refer to Table A,
page 46 of the same reference]
Table 1-2, which is produced from Table 1-1, shows that 3 subjects out of 10
showed normal direction of current flow by [YochiGaikanShiko] and
that 10 out of 10 showed normal direction by [GaikanShiko]. In contrast
to this, [GaikanYochi], which means reverse electrical potential or
reversed direction of ki-energy flow, is seen in 7 subjects out of 10.
According to Table 1-2, the test result from 2
is P=1.4 x 103
< 0.002, which
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Meridians Exist in Dermis6
indicates frequency of normal flow direction in Yochi Gaikan Shiko in
Triple Heater meridian is significantly higher than frequency of reverse flow
direction in Gaikan Yochi.
In Graph 2 it is to be noted that, when the needle is inserted into the dermis,
the electrical potential varies greatly due to the onset of polarization between
the needle and ions in the dermis. This polarization stabilizes in 5~10
minutes. Dermal electrical potential reading at each acupuncture point is
taken after stabilization of this polarization.
Above facts imply following 3 things;-
Between Gaikan and Shiko, the flow is [Gaikan Shiko], i.e., normal
direction from top to bottom in 10 subjects out of 10.
Between Yochi and Shiko, 3 out of 10 showed the flow direction of
[YochiShiko], i.e., normal direction.
Between Gaikan and Yochi 7 subjects out of 10 showed reverse direction
of flow. Namely, [Gaikan Yochi] or electrical potential of Gaikan is
higher than that of Yochi.
Looking at Table 1-3, it is evident that Gaikan has the highest average
electrical potential.(1161 mV), while that of Yochi was 1104 mV and that of
Shiko was 215 mV. The fact that Gaikan shows highest potential might be
explained as follows;
Together with Naikan of Heart Constrictor meridian, Gaikan of Triple Heater
meridian has been clinically known since ancient times to be the point of
inter-connection through which Triple Heater meridian and Heart Constrictor
meridian exchange the information. Therefore, as point for the
transmission of information, it might require higher electrical potential.
Lastly, as regards the electrical potential gradients of Triple Heater meridian,
3 subjects out of 10 showed the flow of [YochiShiko], which is a normal
direction. Furthermore, 10 out of 10 showed normal direction with respect
to [Gaikan Shiko] and 3 out of 10 show normal directions in [Yochi
Gaikan]. Thus, 16 cases of normal flow direction. In contrast to this
cases of [Gaikan Yochi], i.e., reverse direction were 7 out of 10.
Therefore, it can be said that, in Triple Heater meridian, normal flow, i.e.,
cases of from top to bottom are more frequent that those of reverse
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 7
direction.
The reason why there are cases of reversed flow is presumably due to the
reversal of [BP(ki-energy flow) of Heart Constrictor meridian BP (ki-energy
flow) of Large Intestine(=Yang meridian) ]. Thus, electrical potential
gradient or direction of ki-energy flow of Lung meridian is always in the
normal direction or from bottom to top. [see Table 3-1]
In contrast to this, with respect to Heart Constrictor meridian and Triple
Heater meridian, when normal and reverse directions of Yin-Yang pair
meridian are examined by AMI data, 7 out of 10 showed [Heart
Constrictor < Triple Heater ] or reversed relation. [see Table 2-1] In his
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Meridians Exist in Dermis8
earlier publication titled Data analysis, Diagnosis and Method of
Treatment by AMI, Motoyama pointed out that the internal organs
corresponding to those meridians of reversed relation have greaterpropensity for disease due to ki-energy depletion in corresponding Ying
meridians. This implies that in that particular meridian the ki-energy is
not flowing properly causing decrease of ki-energy flow. In such
meridians that show Yin-Yan reversal it appears that reversal of
ki-energy flow is likely to occur. The mechanism for this phenomenon is
yet to be studied.
Stress of Modern Life causes the reversal in Heart Constrictor and Triple
Heater meridians.
The reversal in Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater is common in people
of modern society who do not have organic disorder. [ref. Data analysis,
Diagnosis and Method of Treatment by AMI by Motoyama.(to be
published)] In many cases the stress affects the functions of heart.
On the other hand the Triple Heater meridian reflects the fatigued
condition of the whole body. Modern life causes stress and overwork,
which in turn induces excess or deficiency and imbalance of ki-energy
thereby giving rise to the reversal of [Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater].
(3)Dermal Potential Gradient and Current Direction in Lung Meridian
According to Table 3-2, derived from Table 3-1, ki-energy flows from
Kosai to Taien, i.e., from bottom to top in all of 8 subjects. P of 2 =
8.0, P = 4.7 x 103< 0.005 (2 = 7.9). This indicates that this result,
i.e., ki-energy flow from Kosai to Taien, is not accidental but due to
some underlying cause that exists in the meridian. In Yin meridians such
as the Lung meridian it was already mentioned in III 2) 2 that the
ki-energy flows from bottom to top. [Graph 3]
In Large Intestine meridian(Yang meridian), which is in Yin-Yang pair
relationship with the Lung meridian(Yin meridian), as evident in Table
3-1, of the 8 subjects tested by AMI 7 did not show [Yin
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 9
In contrast to this, as described earlier in III 2), (1)(2), in Heart
Constrictor and Triple Heater meridians, reversal of [Heart Constrictor(Yin meridian) < Triple Heater (Yang meridian)] is observed and the
direction of electrical potential gradient and ki-energy flow were also
found reversed.
Above observations imply that:-
There is Yin-Yang relationship among meridians
If normal relationship of [Yin > Yang] is not maintained,
reversal or disturbance may occur in the flow of ki-energy.
Therefore, in order to correct the direction of ki-energy flow it is
important to perform treatment by applying needle placement or
pressure stimulus at the Yu-point and Bo-point of the Yin
meridian that shows such reversals. [ref Data analysis, Diagnosis and
Method of Treatment by AMI Hiroshi Motoyama (to be published)]
3) Epidermal Potential Gradient and Direction of Current Flow
(1)
Epidermal Potential and Current Direction in Triple Heater Meridian
[Table 4-1, 4-2, 4-3]
According to Table 4-2, gradients of epidermal(surface) electric
potential and epidermal(surface) electric current do not have
statistically significant differences in frequencies between the normal
direction [Yochi Gaikan Shiko: from top to bottom] and the
reversed direction [YochiGaikan Shiko: from bottom to top]. In
contrast to this dermal measurements clearly showed the direction of
[Gaikan Shiko: from top to bottom] in a statistically significant
manner. [see Table 1-2] This provides one evidence that the
acupuncture meridian exists in the dermis.
As for the magnitude of electrical potential, average dermal values for
Yochi , Gaikan and Shiko were 1104mV, 1161mV and 215mV
respectively, while those of epidermal values were smaller being
49mV, 52mV and 47mV respectively. [Table 4-3]
Graph 4 shows that the polarization at the interface of skin surface and
electrode is less than that of the dermal potential. As regards the
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Meridians Exist in Dermis10
potential differences between pairs of points on the Triple Heater
meridian, the differences for [Yochi- Gaikan] and [Gaikan -Shiko] were
in 10mV~30mV range. [Graph 4] In terms of the dermal potential,however, the differences were very large at about 1200mV for [Gaikan
-Shiko] pair of the Triple Heater meridian. [see Graph 2] Thus, much
larger current flows in the dermis from top to bottom direction than in
the epidermis(surface). The test result of 2 test from Table 4-2 shows
no significant difference in normal and reverse direction by epidermal
(surface) electrical potential measurements.
(2)Epidermal Potential and Current Direction in Heart Constrictor
Meridian [Table 5-1, 5-2, 5-3]
Table 5-2 implies that there is statistically significant difference between
the frequencies of normal and reverse cases by epidermal(surface)
electrical potential measurements. Chi square test indicates
significance of P=4.5 x 103 < 0.005. 10 subjects out of 11 showed
normal direction [KanshiNaikan], while 8 subjects out of 11 showed
reverse direction [KanshiGekimon]. Thus, the electrical potential
gradient and current flow by epidermal(surface) measurements yielded
results such that both bottom to top and top to bottom directions are
inter-mixed in statistically significant manner, in much the same way as
in the case of dermal measurements.
This result implies that the epidermal(surface) electrical potential
gradient and surface electrical current may reflect those of the dermis to
a certain degree.
As shown in Table 2-4, in contrast to the average electrical potential in
the dermis being 1107mV, that of the epidermis(surface) is found to be
quite small at 28mV. Furthermore, there are statistically significant
differences between the average potential values of the dermis and the
epidermis(surface) at the 3 acupuncture points [Table 2-5]. This
result is might be explained by the difference of electrical resistance
present in the dermis and the epidermis (surface) as well as the
presence of electromotive force in the dermis. (For electromotive force
in the dermis, refer to Electromotive force in living body --to be
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 11
published.).
(3)Epidermal Potential and Current Direction in Lung Meridian (Table 6-1,
6-2, 6-3)
Chi square test of Table 6-2 gives 2 = 0.50 < 20.5 = 3.8. This
implies that there is no statistically significant difference between the
frequencies of normal cases and reverse cases in terms of electrical
potential gradient or direction of current flow between [KosaiTaien]
points. Thus, although dermal potential gradients and electric current
showed clear directionality of [KosaiTaien](see Table 3-2),
epidermal potential gradients and electric current do not have definite
directionality. (see Graph 5).
This result provides evidence that the meridian exists in the dermis and
ki-energy flows in there.
4) Comparison of Average Electrical Potential of Dermal and Epidermal
measurements
(1) Comparison of Dermal electrical potential of Heart Constrictor and
Triple Heater meridians
Table 7-1 shows that the average electrical potential of the 3 points
satisfies [Heart Constrictor(Yin meridian): 1107mV > Triple Heater
meridian(Yang meridian): 683mV]. This result reconfirms the
experimental finding that [BP (ki-energy flow) of Yin meridian > BP
(ki-energy flow) of Yang meridian] as demonstrated by Table A in page
46 of Measurement of Ki-energy Flow, Diagnosis and Treatment
(2)Comparison of Epidermal electrical potential of Heart Constrictor and
Triple Heater meridians
As evident in Table 7-2, average potential of the 3 points shows [Heart
Constrictor(Yin meridian): 28mV < Triple Heater (Yang meridian):
49mV], which does not satisfy the relationship of [Ki-energy of Yin
meridian > Ki-energy of Yang meridian]. In contrast to this, as
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Meridians Exist in Dermis12
described earlier, dermal potential gradients and current flow satisfy
the relationship of [Heart Constrictor meridian > Triple Heater meridian],
thereby reflecting the presence of the meridian and the ki-energy flow.Thus, epidermal potential gradients and current direction are dissimilar
to those of acupuncture meridians. This result is in agreement with
what was described in III, 2) and 3) above.
(3)
On the difference of Dermal electrical potential gradient between
Naikan(Heart Constrictor meridian) and Gaikan(Triple Heater
meridian)
According to Table 8, electrical potential of Gaikan (Triple Heater
meridian) is higher than that of Naikan(Heart Constrictor meridian) in all
subjects tested. Chi square test yields 2= 7.0 > 2.01 = 6.6, indicating
that the frequency of cases such that [Electrical Potential of Naikan Heart Constrictor: 683mV].
Nevertheless, relative potential between Naikan and Gaikan proves to be
[Heart Constrictor < Triple Heater]. Naikan and Gaikan are special in
that they are the points inter-connecting the Heart Constrictor meridian
and the Triple Heater meridian. (see page 70-73, Measurement of
ki-energy flow/diagnosis and treatment Hiroshi Motoyama).
Might it be that between the acupuncture points forming a pair
inter-connecting two meridians of Yin-Yang correspondence,
acupuncture point of the Yang meridian has higher electrical potential
than that of Yin meridian? Many of the subjects tested this time
showed reversal, i.e., [Heart Constrictor meridian < Triple Heater
meridian]. Whether this fact has any relevance to the reversal observed
at those inter-connecting points, i.e., Naikan and Gaikan, is yet to be
clarified.
IV.
Conclusion
Above considerations lead to following conclusions;-
1)
With respect to the direction of dermal electrical potential and the ki-energy
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 13
flow, results obtained this time reinforce those of Motoyamas earlier
experiments and provides further evidence for the existence of acupuncture
meridians, existence of Yin and Yang distinctions as well as the direction ofthe ki-energy flow, showing coincidence with the direction of ki-energy flow,
i.e., bottom to top in Yin meridian and top to bottom in Yang meridian, which
has been clinically known since ancient days. (Ref. III, 2) (1), (2), (3) )
2) Directions of epidermal potential gradients and electric currents do not
show well-defined directionality such as bottom to top in Yin meridian and
top to bottom in Yang meridian. Therefore, it is evident that epidermal
electrical potential gradient and electric current do not have close linkage
with acupuncture meridians. (III,2),(1), (2), (3))
3) In Yin-Yang meridian pairs such as Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater
meridians, if they show [Yin < Yang] reversal, ki-energy flow may assume
both normal and reverse directions. (III, 1), (1),(2))
4) In Yin-Yang meridian pairs which do not show such reversals, e.g., Lung
meridian(Yin) and Large Intestine meridian(Yang), ki-energy flow is in
normal direction, i.e., bottom to top, in most subjects.
5) Acupuncture meridians exist in the dermis.
6)
Conclusion
A)
For Yang meridians direction of electrical potential gradient and current
flow is from top to bottom irrespective of the BP values of the Yin-Yang
pair being normal or reversed, i.e., whether [Yin BP > Yang BP] or
[Yin BP < Yang BP].
B)
The Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., cases of [Yin BP< Yang BP], implies that the
cause for the reversal lies in the Yin meridian of the Yin-Yang pair.
V.
Postscript
In my earlier paper Acupuncture Meridians exist in Dermis no measurement of
dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of current flow was performed for the
Large Intestine meridian. Further study was performed this time not only with respect to
the Large Intestine (Yang) meridian, which is in Yin-Yang pair relationship with the
Lung (Yin) meridian, but also with respect to the Stomach (Yang) and the Spleen (Yin)
meridians, another Yin-Yang pair. Dermal electrical potential gradient and direction of
current flow were measured by the same experimental setup and procedures as
described in the earlier paper. Chi-squares test was applied to collected data with the
earlier experiment data and it has been confirmed once again that the direction of
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Meridians Exist in Dermis14
current flow in the dermis is from bottom to top for Yin meridians and from top to
bottom for Yang meridians. The results obtained this time are presented here as
supplement for the earlier study.
In consideration of the observation that, where [Yin BP>Yang BP] relation is reversed,
reversal of electrical potential gradient and direction of current is occasionally detected,
BP measurement was first performed by AMI for each subject to determine groupings in
terms of [Yin BP>Yang BP] (normal) or [Yin BP yang BP
and yin BP < yang BP were counted by meridian name and by current flow direction.
Result is summarized in Table 13.
Set of numbers were extracted from Table 13 to produce (m x n) tables for Chi-squares
test as follows;
Chi-squares test applied to Table 14, which includes both Yin-Yang normal and
Yin-Yang reversed cases, shows that there is statistically significant(4.7104 )
difference in the frequency of occurrences between the normal direction and
reversed direction of the current flow. This means that in Ying meridians Ki-energy
flow is more frequently from bottom to top while in Yang meridians it is from top to
bottom. Careful scrutiny of the Table 13 and Table 14 indicates that in all Yang
meridians the Ki-energy(BP) flows from top to bottom (Yu-points-Internal Organs)
without exception. (Concerning the mechanism of this phenomenon refer to Study of
Nerves and Meridians by AMIand Measurement of ki-energy Flow, Diagnosis and
Treatment by Hiroshi Motoyama)
It is to be noted that, among the Yin meridians, Lung meridian showed normal
(bottom-to-top) flow in all the 8 subjects. However, in Spleen (Yin) meridian, of the
total 6 subjects 4 showed normal (bottom-to-top) flow but 2 showed reversed
(top-to-bottom) flow.
More cases of reversed flow were detected for Heart Constrictor (Yin) meridian; only 3
cases were normal and 7 cases were reversed.
Therefore, it may be concluded that in Yang meridians Ki-energy in general flows in
normal (top-to-bottom) direction but that the Ki-energy flow direction may be
reversed in Yin meridians.
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 15
By dividing the Table 14 into cases of [Yin BP>Yang BP] and those of [Yin BP
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Meridians Exist in Dermis16
Intestine meridian. Furthermore, in pairs of meridians that are in Yin-Yang
relationship,e.g.,Lung(Yin)-Large Intestine(Yang) and
Spleen(Yin)-Stomach(Yang), it was shown that the direction of Ki-energyflow is from bottom to top for Yin meridians and from top to bottom for Yang
meridians.
It is important to note that in case of the Stomach, Large Intestine and
Triple Heater meridians, which are Yang meridians, the directions of
electrical potential gradient and current flow were normal, i.e., from top to
bottom for both groupings of [Yin BP>Yang BP](normal) and [Yin BP Yang BP](normal) grouping. This result
implies that the Yin-Yang reversal, i.e., [Yin BP < Yang BP], primarily
reflects the conditions of the Yin meridian.
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 17
Tables, Figures and Graphs
Figure 1: Basic Circuit Diagram
Graph 1-1: Electrometer when inputs were shorted (04/15/2004)
-10-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
89
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
time[msec]
Voltage[mV]
Sampling Time = 1msec
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Meridians Exist in Dermis18
Graph 1-2: Noise when differential amplifier inputs are shorted: Gain= x1
(2004/03/24)
-10
-9-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
time [sec]
Voltage[mV]
1CH
Sampling Time = 100msec
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 19
Figure 2: Triple Heater Meridian Figure 3: Heart Constrictor
Meridian
(Yochi, Gaikan, Siko) (Naikan, Kansi, Gekimon)
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Graph 3: Dermal potential- N.Y (male, 2004.4.4)
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Table 1-1 Triple Heater Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current
(unit of potential = mV; unit of BP = A)
No. subjectMale
/FemaleMeridianPoints
leftYochi
leftGaikan
leftShiko
Reversal by BP (HeartConstrictor
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Table 1-2: Triple Heater Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
Dermal Potential and Direction of Current Flow
Meridian. Point Yochi-Shiko*1
Gaikan-Shiko*2
Yochi-Gaikan*3
Normal 3 10 3Reversed 0 0 7
*1: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikanShiko*2: "Normal" in the order of GaikanShiko*3: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikan
x Table
2Test Result
2
13
1.410-3
0.600.75
6.0
Cramer's V
2(0.95)
Degree of Freedom
2
value
(upper probability integral)Analysis Coefficient
Table1-3: Average Dermal Potential of Triple Heater Meridian Points
Meridian Point Average Dermal Potential(mV)
Yochi 1104Gaikan 1161Shiko -215
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 23
Graph 2: Dermal Potential: Triple Heater (Left Yochi, Left Gaikan, Left Sikou)
N.Y. (male, 2004.1.25)
-(-) input of each channel was grounded
- indifferent electrode on outer left arm was also grounded
- measurement was performed inside the shield room which was electrically grounded
-Gain setting = x 1
- Sampling time = 100ms
Notes: Ch1(+)=Left Naikan, ch2(+)=Left Kanshi, ch3(+)=Left Gekimon, ch4(+)=Left Taien,
ch5(+)=Left Kosai. Non-polarizable electrode attached to each point.
Ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=ch4(-)=ch5(-)=connected to GND. Indifferent electrode pasted on outer
left arm also connected to GND
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Table 2-1: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
(unit of potential = mV; unit of BP = A)
No. subjectMale
/FemaleMeridianPoints
Gekimon Kanshi NaikanReversal by BP (Heart
Constrictor
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Table 2-2: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
Meridian. Point ekimonKanshi*KanshiNaikan
*2GekimonNaikan
*3
Normal 2 9 1Reversed 9 2 1
*1"Normal" in the order of GekimonKanshi*2"Normal" in the order of KanshiNaikan*3"Normal" in the order of GekimonKanshiNaikan
x Table
2Test Result
Analysis Coefficient
Degree of Freedom 2
8.9
1.210-2
Cramer's V
2(0.95)
0.61
6.0
0.52
2
value
(upper probability integral)
Table2-3: Average Dermal Potential of Heart Constrictor Meridian Points
Meridian Point Average Dermal Potential(mV)Gekimon 1095Kanshi 1168
Naikan 1059
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Fig 4: Left Lung Meridian Fig:5 Large Intestine Meridian
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Table 3-1: Lung Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current
(unit of potential = mV; unit of BP = A)
No. subjectMale
/FemaleMeridianPoints
Kosai TaienReversal by BP (Lung < Large
Intestine)*1 Su-Su F Potential 888 760 Normal
Direction Lung(1656)L.I.(1396)2 Iw-Yu F Potential 799 675 Normal
Direction Lung(1935)L.I.(1414)3 In-Ti F Potential 674 671 Normal
Direction Lung(1124)L.I.(730)
4 Tan-Hi M Potential 1040 590 NormalDirection Lung(1844)L.I.(1630)
5 Tad-Hi M Potential 1171 618 NormalDirection Lung(1998)L.I.(1804)
6 Ya-Na M Potential 674 419 NormalDirection Lung(1690)L.I.(1360)
7 Ao-Ak M Potential 2500 2422 ReversedDirection Lung(1682)L.I.(1780)
8 Wa-Ak M Potential 817 523 NormalDirection Lung(1708)L.I.(1336)
1070 835Average of PotentialNote: "Normal" or "Reversed" are determined by comparing
the BP values obtained by AMI measurements. (xxx)
Table 3-2 : Lung Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current
Meridian Points KosaiTaien*
2(0.95) 3.8
Normal 8 Degrees of Freedom 1Reversed 0 No. of Items 2
2
8.0Normal 8Reversed 0
*"Normal" in the order ofKosaiTaien
Table3-3: Averages of Dermal Potential and Epidermal Potenrtial of Lung Meridian
Points
Meridian Points Average Dermal Potential(mV) Average Epidermal Potential(mV)Kosai 1070 19Taien 835 12
Average 953 15
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Table 4-1: Triple Heater Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
(unit of potential = mV)
No. subjectMale
/FemaleMeridianPoints
leftYochi
leftGaikan
leftShiko
1 It-Ka F Potential 61 64 60Direction
2 Tu-Em F Potential 30 27 24Direction
3 In-Hi F Potential 35 35 27
Direction4 Iw-Yu F Potential 104 108 101
Direction5 In-Ti F Potential 10 26 14
Direction6 Tan-Hi M Potential 121 113 119
Direction7 Sa-Ke M Potential 53 52 51
Direction8 Tad-Hi M Potential 21 26 28
Direction9 Iw-Sh M Potential 14 24 -5
Direction10 Ya-Na M Potential 39 47 48
Direction49 52 47Average of Potential
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 29
Table 4-2: Triple Heater Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
Meridian Points Yochi-Shiko*1
Gaikan-Shiko*2
Yochi-Gaikan*3
Normal 3 7 4
Reversed 2 3 6
*1: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikanShik
*2: "Normal" in the order of GaikanShiko
*3: "Normal" in the order of YochiGaikan
x Table
2Test Result
2
1.9
0.39
0.26
0.27
6.0
Analysis Coefficient
Cramer's V
Degree of Freedom
2
value
(upper probability integral)
2(0.95)
Note: mxn 2test on Table 4-2 shows that there is no
statistically significant difference between the normal andrecersed directions.
Table4-3: Average Epidermal Potential of Triple Heater Meridian Points
Meridian Point Average Epidermal Potential(mV)
Yochi 49
Gaikan 52Shiko 47
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Graph 4: Epidermal Potential Left Triple Heater Meridian (Yochi, Gaikan, Shiko), I.S.
Male 1.24.2004
File Name: Electrodes on Left Yochi, Left Gaikan & Left Shiko 040124-02.OPG 2004/1/24 15:1:54 ID: Name IW-Sh Male
Left Gaikan ch2(+)
Left Yochi ch1(+)
Left Shiko ch3(+)
movedhead
toleft
scra
tched
ear
by
righ
t
10mV
30mV
(-) input of eachchannel wasgrounded
indifferenteelctrode on outerleft arm was alsogrounded
measuremet wasperformed inside theshielded room whichwas elec tricallygrounded
Gain Setting = x 1
Sampling time=100
Epidermal Potentialat each point
Notech1(+)=left yochich2(+)=left Gaikanch3(+)=left Shiko Non-polarized electrode attached to each point ch1(-)= ch2(-)=ch3(-) =connec ted to groundIndifferent electrode pasted on outer left arm was connected to ground
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 31
Table 5-1: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Dermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
(unit of potential = mV)
No. subjectMale
/FemaMeridianPoints
Gekimon Kanshi Naikan
1 It-Ka F Potential 105 94 82Direction
2 Su-Su F Potential 18 26 18Direction
3 Iw-Yu F Potential 45 47 43Direction
4 In-Ti F Potential 26 20 22Direction
5 Tak-Ta F Potential 40 43 39Direction
6 Tan-Hi M Potential 31 37 25Direction
7 Tad-Hi M Potential -5 8 7Direction
8 Iw-Sh M Potential 8 8 0Direction
9 Ya-Na MPotential
35 37 28Direction10 Ao-Ak M Potential -1 6 -11
Direction11 Wa-Ak M Potential 15 17 16
Direction29 31 25verage of Potentia
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Table 5-2: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Epiermal Potential and Direction of Electric
Current
Epidermal Potential and Direction of Current FlowMeridian. Points GekimonKanshi KanshiNaikan GekimonNaikan
Normal 3 10 2Reversed 8 1 0
*1"Normal" in the order of [GekimonKanshi*2 "Normal" in the order of [KanshiNaikan*3 "Normal" in the order of GekimonKanshiNaik
x Table
2Test Result
2
11
4.510-3
0.560.67
6.0
Cramer's V
2(0.95)
Degree of Freedom
2
value
(upper probability integral)Analysis Coefficient
Table 5-3: Average Epiermal Potential of Heart Constrictor Meridian Points
Meridian Point Average Epidermal Potential(mV)Gekimon 29
Kanshi 31Naikan 25
Table 2-4: Heart Constrictor Meridian: Averages of Dermal Potential and Epidermal
Potential
Meridian. Points Average Dermal Potential(mV) Average Epidermal Potential(mV)
Gekimon 1095 29
Kanshi 1168 31
Naikan 1059 25
Average Potential 1107 28
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Table 2-5:t-test of the differences between Dermal potential and Epidermal potential
measured at 3 meridian points of the Heart Constrictor meridian
Left Gekimon
No. subject Dermal Epidermal Dermal Epidermal1 It-Ka 869 105 Average 1095 29
2 Su-Su 1152 18 Variance 2.4105
9.0102
3 Iw-Yu 1097 45 Number of samples 11 114 In-Ti 698 26 Pearson Correlation -0.385 Tak-Ta 928 40 Observed - Expected 0
6 Tan-Hi 1036 31 Degrees of Freedom 107 Tad-Hi 1021 -5 t 7.0
8 Iw-Sh 1142 8 P(T
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Table 6-1: Lung Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current
(unit of potential = mV)
No. subjectMale
/FemaleMeridianPoints
Kosai Taien
1 Su-Su F Potential 19 3Direction
2 Iw-Yu F Potential 44 39Direction
3 In-Ti F Potential 21 23Direction
4 Tan-Hi M Potential 35 10Direction5 Tad-Hi M Potential 8 11
Direction6 Ya-Na M Potential 18 19
Direction7 Ao-Ak M Potential -4 -17
Direction8 Wa-Ak M Potential 12 6
Direction19 12Average of Potential
Table 6-2: Lung Meridian: Epidermal Potential and Direction of Electric Current
Meridian Points KosaiTaien*
2(0.95) 3.8
Normal 5 Degrees of Freedom 1Reversed 3 Number of Samples 2
2
0.50Normal 5Reversed 3
*"Normal" in the order ofKosaiTaien
Table6-3 :Average Epidermal Potential of Lung Meridian Points
Meridian PointKosaiTaien
Average Epidermal Potential(mV)1912
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CIHS Journal 2008: Vol 3 No1 35
Graph 5: Dermal(skin surface) PotentialLeft Heart Constrictor meridian Naikan,
Kanshi, Gekimon, Left Lung meridianTaien, Kosai I.T. Female 2004.04.04
Graph 6 Dermal(skin surface) Potential Left Heart Constrictor meridian Naikan, Kanshi, Gekimon, Left Lung meridianTaien, Kosai I.T. Female 2004.04.04
I.T.
(-) input of eachchannel wasgrounded
indifferentelectrode on outerleft arm was alsogrounded
measurement waperformed insidethe shielded roomwhich waselectricallygrounded
Gain setting = x 1
Sampling Time= 100
Left Kanshi ch2(+)Left Naikan ch1(+)
Left Gekimon ch3(+)
Left Kosai ch5(+) Left Taien ch4(+)
bodymoveme
nt
movedhead
shiftedbodyposition
scratchedhead
byright
scratchedhead
byright
touchednosebyr
ight
Epidermal skin surface) Potential at each point
Note ch1(+)=Left Naikanch2(+)=Left Kanshich3(+)=Left Gekimonch4(+)=Left Taiench5(+)=Left Kosai Non-polarizable electrode attached to each point. ch1(-)=ch2(-)=ch3(-)=ch4(-)=ch5(-)= connected to GND. Indifferent electrode pasted on outer left arm also connected to GND.
bodymoveme
nt
bodymovem
ent
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Table 7-1: Comparison of Dermal Potentials between Heart Constrictor and Triple
Heater meridians
H.C. Average of 3 H.C. pointsdermal 1107Gekimon Average of 3 T.H. pointsdermal 683KanshiNaikan Average of H.C.dermal Average of T.H.de
Average of 3 pointsdermal 1107
T.H.
YochiGaikanShiko
Average of 3 pointsdermal 683
Average Dermal Potential(mV)109511681059
Average Dermal Potential(mV)
11041161-215
Table 7-2: Comparison of Epidermal Potentials between Heart Constrictor and Triple Heater
meridians
H.C. Average of 3 H.C. pointsepidermal 28Gekimon Average of 3 T.H. pointsepidermal49Kanshi
Naikan Average of H.C.epidermal < Average of T.H.epidermalAverage of 3 pointsepidermal 28
T.H.YochiGaikanShiko
Average of 3 pointsepidermal 49
29Average Epidermal Potential(mV)
495247
31
25
Average Epidermal Potential(mV)
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Table 8: 2 value on frequencies of cases of [Naikan > Gaikan] and those of [Naikan