Měření vlastností povlaků

7/22/2019 Men vlastnost povlak

1/14

L`k vbmstkcst pcvbmo


2/14

L`k vbmstkcst pcvbmoImrcsbmv Zbm Xrcsdk`f >885

CnsmeCnsme++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>

vcg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6^czgb`k vbmstkcst pcvbmo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++6

Grskcst++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7

dstctm pcgobmgu+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0

Xcvrfecv kmpt %sldvcst$+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:

Gcnm zmsyfek+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++:

Wbcuom pcvbmo++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1

Wvrgcst++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4

Xrcvdtcst++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4

Xdbkmvcst++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=8

Locv zocuom+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=8

Cgtrecv zocuom+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=8

Ceyn++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++==

Ebcun`k++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++==

Zzeb`g+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++==

B`so+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=>

Cpmfdtm++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=>

Crmka`p``b++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=6

Nmr`vkcst++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=6

Obdlmtdfo pcglkoy++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=7

Xcudt bdt`rmturm+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=7

>


3/14


vcg

Cncr pcvrfecvfe prmv i` v`bld rczseb" k`nc zmsmeui` gc v`fe cstmtkfe

vrcnkfe cncr" p`g`vl strcir`kstv m stmv`nkdftv+ Ztdkm vrcno i` pd svlock`kl zprmfcvk m p`g gdstrdnuf pcvrfecv uprmv`km rzkld typy pcvbmo+ L`zdkìrcz`ki pcvrfecv prmvy pmt fe`ldfo m ambvmkdfo %`bòtrcfe`ldfo$" pcvbmoyz procvfe pbmst m pcvbmoy z lcorfe ktrcvfe elct+ Z prneu pcvrfecvfe prmvk`nc pc iìdfe mpbdomfd i` v` vtdk ppmg kutk prcvst ocktrcbu iìdfe l`femkdfofe"cptdfofe k`nc jyzdobkfe vbmstkcst+

Ocktrcbcu vbmstkcst i` gcsm`kc cptdlbkfe ovmbdtmtdvkfe vstup pcvbmo vrcno+Kòvmbdtk pcvrfecv prmvm l` zkècgkctdt vbmstkcstd pcvbmou imo cfermkk" tmo d vdzubkm tl zk`lckdt pbk udt vrcnou v f`b mg cncr m tmo skdt prcgìkcst vrcnou imoctmocvec+ Vprvk ocktrcbm vbmstkcst pcvrfecvfe prmv vymg k`sprvk prcv`g`k

m zmidst tmo ièc vyscocu udtocvcu ecgkctu+O` sprvklu prcvgk ovmbdty pcvrfecvfe cfermk i` zmpct`n zkmbcst kì kpstrci" mb` rcvk drco oby cncr imoc iscu jyzdom" fe`ld`" cptdom" `bòtdkm m vbmstkpcvrfecv prmvy m iìdfe zectcvcvk+ Ykmbcst pstrci prc l`k vbmstkcst zmerkui`d zkmbcst zmfez`k s kdld v`tk prdkfdpu jukacvk m gsb gk prcvgkfe ombdnrmfm zmfez`k s kdld+ K`sprvk jukauif pstrci l` ovmbdtk pcvrfecvcu prmvu vyecgkctdtimoc pmtkcu m tl znyt`k rcstcu kobmgy km cprmvu pcvbmou" prctc i` kmkìv vecgkp`cvmt c pstrcicv vynmv`k v scubmgu s p`gpdsy m kvcgy+

^czgb`k vbmstkcst pcvbmo

Xcvbmo km vrcnffe tvc nu vrstvu cfermkkcu" k`nc cfermkk vdzubk+ Cfermkkpcvbmo lus spbcvmt jukofd cntcvmk vrstvy" ogy smlctk pcvbmo ferk vrcnò p`gocrcz m ctr`l" t`gy zkècgkcf`kl vrcnou vkild vbdvy+ I`gk c pcvbmoy cramkdfok`nc ocvy tvc`k mkcramkdfo" pcp+ spci`k cncu+ Xcvbmoy iscu pcvtdkcu sdbk"gcsmeuif m kocbdo stcvò l v zvdsbcstd km ocrczkl prcst`g k`nc l`femkdfolzmt`k+ Zdzubk ovmbdtm zg` kèrmi` tmo v`bocu rcbd+ Ebmvk ocb`l tfetc pcvbmo i` cfermkmvrcnou" mny zstmb v prcvczu fc kìg`b gcnu m tl nybm zv`km ièc ecgkctm+

Cfermkk vdzubk pcvbmoy sbcu p`g`vl imoc cptdfo oryf %gòcrmtdvk$ vrstvm+Zrcnò tmo zsov vy prcgìk ecgkctu+ Wytc pcvbmoy iscu ur`ky prc spct`nk znc gcgclfkcstd" p`romstv" eug`nk kstrci`" knytò m lkcec gmbfe prcguot+

Zzkmlkl cncr`l" og` s` cn vbmstkcstd v`bld zf` prcbkmi i` mutclcndbcvprlysb v`tk vrcny ocbìcvfe vczdg`b+ Oclndkmf` pcvbmo lus vytvcdt kì`k vyscocuprctdocrczk cfermku" mb` rcvk gbcuecgcncu dvctkcst pd krckl prcvczu+ Kìmstid sòclndkui lcg`rk pcvbmoy %omtmjcr tdfo ktry$ s ocvcvld pcvbmoy m cramkdfoldktrcvld elctmld+ Xrv v ttc cnbmstd s` ocktrcbm ovmbdty pcvrfecvfe prmv vyuvv kìvt l`+Cn`fk bz` typy zocu`k vbmstkcst pcvbmorczgbdt9

, jyzdobk vbmstkcstd

6


4/14


, l`femkdfo vbmstkcstd, cptdfo vbmstkcstd

L`zd jyzdobk vbmstkcstd mgl` tbcuou" tvrgcst" p`vkcst" grskcst" prcvdtcst"pcvrfecv kmpt %sldvcst$" vcgdvcst" gcnu zmsyfek m gmb+ O l`femkdfolvbmstkcst`l kb` pdbkmvcstd m l`femkdfo cgcbkcstd" cfermkm prctd pscn`k vkife vbdvmtg+ Gc cptdfofe vbmstkcst psbu km prvkl lst vzeb`g" ksb`gui` cpmfdtm %preb`gkcst$"b`so" crmka`p``b" nmr`vkcst m lkcec gmbfe+

Grskcst

Grskcst i` i`gkcu z` zobmgkfe vbmstkcst pd pprmv pcgobmgu prc mpbdomfd

ktrcvfe elct+ K`bz` urdt prc v`feky typy pcvrfecvfe prmv stìkcu pprmvu pcgobmgum tug d grskcst" k`nc omg z pcvrfecvfe prmv l sv pcmgmvoy m sp`fdjdom+ Xrcsbmncvrstv pcvbmoy %fe`ldfo" `b otrcfe`ldfo" ockv`rzk$ i` kutk kzo grskcstpcgobmgu" prctc` tytc pcvbmoy iscu pcvtdkcu imoc gòcrmtdvk m vysco k`rcvkcst pcvrfeus` ovmbdjdoui` imoc kòvmbdtk pcvbmo+ Kmcpmo u cfermkkfe ktrcvfe elct" p`g`vllcorfe" i` kutk grskcst pcgobmgu %=8 08 l ^z$ prc gobmgk zmoctv`k pcvbmou gcpcgobmgu+ Z cpmkl ppmg ercz kzo pdbkmvcst ktrcvfe elct m t`gy d kzo udtkecgkctm v zvdsbcstd km ms`+

Grskcst bz` stmkcvdt gb oclpmrtcru %cptdfoy$ k`nc id bz` ldt grskclr`ls p`pct`l km rzk ecgkcty %^z" ^m" ^t" ^v" mtg+$+

Oclpmrtcr i` v` sv pcgstmt cptdfo `tmbck grskcstd" sbcuf o pcrcvkkpdprmv`kec pcvrfeu" vyrcn`k z ovmbdtk cf`bd+ Wytc oclpmrtcry iscu rczgb`ky gb` grueupprmvy v zvdsbcstd km pcudtl lmt`rdbu %cstrcermkk gr" cf`bcv nrcoy$ m pcrcvkkliìdfe pcvrfeu s pcvrfe`l bz` cgemgkcut grskcst km vrcnffe+

Gdadtbk grskclry iscu skmgkcpcudt`bk zmz`k kì k prc bmncrmtc`" mb`rcvk prc t`stcvk v prcvcz`fe+ Ig` c lmbzmz`k vynmv`k gdmlmktcvl gctyocvlerct`l m rczbd`kl cg 8"88= l+ Kot`r tytcpstrci` nvmi vynmv`ky stmtdstdocu mzzkml`l ecgkct prc pczgi p`kcs gc XF+

7


5/14


Z Wmn+ = _=\ iscu uv`g`ky ecgkcty zidcvk kot`rfe grskcst prcjdbu+

Mrdtl`tdfoprlr

^y

Xbcfem kmg mrdtl`tdfolprlr`l s` rcvk pbc` pcg

mrcu mrdtl`tdfoec prlru

Vt`gkmrdtl`tdfo

ecgkctmgrskcstd

^m

Mrdtl`tdfo st`g mnscbutkfecgfeyb`o jdbtrcvmkec prcjdbugrskcstd cg st`gk ry%pcuv s` km ruact`st`fe$

^z

Xrlrk ecgkctm z mnscbutkfeecgkct 0 lmxdl m 0 ldkdl prcjdbuodvoy^z/+T4/T=8$#0^z < %7 :$ ^m

Lmxdlbkvom prcjdbu

^lmx

^czgb l`zd lmxdl`l mldkdl`l prcjdbu grskcstd%^lmx i` msd :x ^m$

dstctm pcgobmgu

dstctm pcgobmgu i` rcvk i`gkcu z gb`dtfe vbmstkcst prc ovmbdtk pcvrfecvcuprmvu+ Kcrlm DVC 508= ecgkct lru zmr`zdvk m cdtk pcvrfeu p`g pcvrfecvldprmvmld+ Kcrlm i` imoc i`gkm z lbm cnrmzcv" tug l` sbcudt imoc pcrcvkvmf+ Kcrlm

sp`fdjdoui` stupk zmr`zmvk m stupk pprmvy pcvrfeu cf`bd %vdz ompdtcbu 6" r`sp`otdv` 7$+^zk stupk iscu g`jdkcvky sbcvkl pcpds`l

spcbu s jctcarmjdfold vycnrmz`kld" ot r iscur`pr`z`ktmtdvkld pobmgy v rczl`z tcb`rmkf` prc omgstup` gb` sbcvkec pcpdsu+ I` vyudt`bk prc zm t`pbmvbfcvmk cf`bcv pcvrfe" pdprmvcvmk prc kmtrkl tcgmld9 ctrysovk" ruk k`nc l`femkdzcvmkdtk m dtk pbml`k`l+ @xdstui gmb rzk lmkuby"ot`r ulcui ecgkcf`k p`gprmvy pcvrfe" feyn pdsvmcvk m pd kmvrecvk ockstruof mpcg+

0


6/14


Xcvrfecv kmpt %sldvcst$

Xcvrfecv kmpt dg`ktdjdoui` pdprmv`kcst pcvrfeu vrcnou o mpbdocvk pcvbmou+W`ktc zpscn gco` ryfeb` urdt" zgm km pcvrfeu kìscu ptclky btoy %lmstkcty" prmfe$"

ot`r zmnrmui gobmgklu rczbdvu ktrcv elcty pc f`bl pcvrfeu+ I`gk s` c sp`fdbkdkocusty s rzkld ecgkctmld rzk typy pcgobmg m pcvbmo+ Omg pcvrfe vymgui` idkcuecgkctu dkocustu" ot r s` urui` v lK#l v zvdsbcstd km pcudt ktrcv elct+Zcgcu`gdt`bk k`nc vcgcurczpustk ktrcv elcty pct`nui gcsmecvmt vyfe ecgkctsldvcstd" cramkdfo ktrcv elcty tmo kfeybk kìscu+ Imoc cn`fk bdldt i` mstcuvgkm ecgkctm 65 lK#l+ I`stbd` i` pcvrfecv kmpt pcg tutc ecgkctu" nug` pdbkmvcstpmtk"kmg tutc ecgkctu ny lbm nt pdbkmvcst gcnr k`nc uspcocidv+Omgcpgk i` vgygcpcrucvkc ocktrcbcvmt pcvrfecv kmpt" ot`r i` gb`dt prc gcnrcu pdbkmvcst prcomgcu mpbdomfd+

Xrc zmtò imoecocbd t`stcvk i` kìb`p kìprv`

pcut t`stcvmf jdx s` st`gk ecgkctcu kmp+ 65 lK#l+I`stbd` bdkom dkocustu zstmk` km pcvrfeu lmt`rdbuk`zlkkm pc gcnu gvcu sòukg tzk+ k`zlk %k`sbdi`$ s`v ompoy" pcvrfecv kmpt i` stìk k`nc vy k`pcvrfecv kmpt rcztcou %jdxu$+ Z tcltc ppmg pcudi`l`t`stcvmf jdx s vy ecgkctcu kmp+ 78 lK#l+ W`ktc pcstupprcvgl`" gcoug s` rm prcv`g`k jdx`l %dkocust$ k`sbdi`gc lmbfe cggb`kfe ompdò+ _>\

Gcnm zmsyfek

Gcnm zmsyfek ktrcvfe elct" r`sp+ i i zkmbcst i` gb`dt prc mpbdomf`ktrcvfe elct v prmxd+ Iì gcnm urui` t`fekcbcadfo prcgb`vy u t`fekcbcadfofe pcstupprc kmk`k ktrcvfe elct m ur`k stupk zmsyfek+ Xd zprmfcvvk i` gb`dtzkmbcst tfetc ms" k`nc nrzo p trmt bkcst v idst l t jdkmkk prcst goyv prcvcz`fe pcvrfecvfe prmv+ Xd tfetc zocuofe i` gb`dt kì`k tbcuom ktru mb`d t`pbctm" zm imo i` zocuom prcvgkm m r`bmtdvk vbeocst vzgufeu+

O ur`k gcny zmsyfek sbcu uv`g`k kcrly9

, VK @K DVC =0=1 L`tcgm nmbctdkcu, VK @K DVC 6:15 Ymsyfek gc stmvu n`z ctdsou, VK @K DVC >4==1 Vtmkcv`k gcny prcsfekut

Gb` zru`kfe `sofe kcr`l %VK :1 680>" VK :1 680>$ s` pcuvmby tytcstupk" mvmo kot` vrcnfd sd ecgkcf`k uprmvcvmbd gb` svfe pcmgmvo+

:


7/14


VK :1 680>Vtup` = zmsfeb prctd prmfeu %nmbctdku k`k lck cgstrmkdt ttf`l$Vtup` > zmsfeb km gctyo %zmt`k zvml >8 a$Vtup` 6 zmsfeb n`z ctdsou %zmt`k zvml >88 a$Vtup` 7 zmsfeb prc lmkdpubmfd %zmt`k zvml >888 a s` stcpcu$Vtup` 0 %zmt`k zvml >888 a n`z` stcpy$Vtup` : %zmt`k zvml >8 oa s` stcpcu$Vtup` 1 %zmt`k zvml >8 oa n`z` stcpy$

Xrc tytc `by s` rcvk pcuv kocbdo typ lffe pstrci uruiffe stgdulm ms zmsfekut+ Bdk`rk pstrci lmi : rcvkcnkfe grme" ot`r ulcui m :sdlubtkkfe l`k v i`gkcl mscvl sòu+ Ercty csmz`k pboruecvcu ockfcvocu iscuulstk v uk`d" ot`r i` pcsukui` z i`gkcec ockf` t`stcvmffe grme km grue+ Ercty iscuv pll ocktmotu s t`stcvmkld vzcroy+ Gcnm zmsfekut s` vypct pclcf grey" ot`rcut`stcvmf ercty urmzdby cg pctou l`k m prclkbdvlu stmvu ktru" ot`r nyb vystmv`k

tbmocvl sdbl erctu v zvdsbcstd km ms`+ Xstrci i` csmz`k stupkdf vzgb`kcstd m msu+ _>\

Wbcuom pcvbmo

L`k tbcuto pcvbmo prcne rzk gb` typu pcvbmou+ Omg pcgobmg l rzkcufemrmot`rdstdou m pcvbmoy s` rcvk bd vbmstkcstld+ Idkmo s` t`gy l ocvcv pcgobmgylmak`tdfo m idkl zpscn`l k`lmak`tdfo+ Wmot bz` gbdt typy l`k km g`struotdvkm k`g`struotdvk gb` pcudtec pstrci` k`nc zmz`k+ P g`struotdvkec l`k i` lckvnr z l`tcg9

, sklmf, ompocv, pbmlkocv, xybcl`trdfo, vnrus`l

Z`feky uv`g`k l`tcgy iscu sp` bmncrmtcrkec rzu" prctc s` nug`l` vkcvmtl`tcgl k`g`struotdvkl+ K`g`struotdvk l`tcgy spcvmi v` zidtk tbcuoy pcvbmou n`z

ièc vbmstkec pcocz`k+

Wytc l`tcgy s` gmi serkcut gc kocbdom omtàcrd9

, lmak`tdfo, vdvcprcug, lmak`tdfoc,dkguok, ubtrmzvuocv, r`kta`kcv

1


8/14


Lcor ktrcv elcty bz` tsk pc kmk`s`k crd`ktmk ldtrzkld typy lrò" p`vk e`n`ky k`nc xf`ktrdfo ocbòm+

L`k e`n`k`l prcne tmo" ` e`n`k pdbcl` o pcvrfeum gb` pcsb`gkec znmrv`kec zunu pczkl` tbcuou lcor ktrcvelcty %QJW$" pc p`pctu z pcgbu sudky zkl` p`gpcobgmkcuecgkctu sufe vrstvy %GJW$+

@xf`ktrdfol ocbòc grl` zm f`ktrbkst m zmk`l` cg lmxdlbk tbcuoy pcct`t ocbò`l ocb`l ièccsy c 6:8 m zpt+ Xc ièc cgìlut z pcgobmgu bz` cg`st tbcuoulcor ktrcv elcty m pcstupcvmt stìk imoc u e`n`kup`pct`l+

Z prmxd ll` pcvbmoy p`vk dek`g pc kmk`s`k %ocvcvpcvbmoy$ l`tcgcu lmak`tdfocu" lmak`tdfoc, dkguok k`ncvdvld prcugy" v kot`rfe ppmg`fe ubtrmzvuocvcu l`tcgcu+ Lcor ktrcv elcty pciìdfe zmsfekut bz` cglcvmt l`tcgmld rcvk lmak`tdfold" lmak`tdfoc,dkguokld k`nc

vdvld prcugy+ Lmak tdfo l tcgm i` b`vkcu zocuocu" mvmo pclrk k`p`skcu"s cgfeybocu m =0 " fc v kot`rfe ppmg`fe k`k mpbdocvmt`bk+ Zt p`skcst %gc >$pcsoytui pstrci` vyuvmif lmak`tdfoc,dkguok l`tcgu k`nc vdv prcugy+

Lmak`tdfoc,dkguok %J$ l`tcgm vyuv prc l`k sckgu s `bòtrclmak`tdfoligr`l m nugf vdkut kmpi`k stgmvlkzocjròv`kkl prcug`l+ Wmtc l`tcgm i` vecgk prcl`k k`lmak`tdfofe vrst`v km lmak`tdfol pcgobmgu"t`gy kmp+ ktr km ockstruok cf`bd+Vckgm n`z igrm u vdvc,prcug l`tcgy %K$ i` kmpi`kmstgmvl prcug`l c vysco jròv`kfd+ L`tcgm vdvfe

prcug i` pcudt bk u `b otrdfoy k`vcgdvfe vrst`v km`b otrdfoy vcgdvl pcgobmgu" t`gy kmp+ ktry kmebdkocvl pcgobmgu+

Z sckgfe pcg czkm`kl JK %JKJ$ iscu cnsm`kycnm systly m tl d mpbdocvmt bk km cnm typy pcgobmg"pstrci gco` mutclmtdfoy urdt vecgkcst pcudt l`tcgy+

Xrc l`k tbcuoy ktr u k`vytvrz`kfe pcvbmoz procvfe ktrcvfe elct s` pcuv ubtrmzvuocv pstrcis` sp`fdbk sckgcu" ot r l tbcuou pcvbmou n`z ièc

pcocz`k+ N`zocktmotk sckgm s` pdnb km urdtcuvzgb`kcst cg pcvrfeu vrcnou %lstc i` svt`bk czkm`kc$ mtm s p`skcst 0 gco` urdt tbcuou kmk`s`kec pcvbmou+

5


9/14


Wvrgcst

Xstrci prc t`stcvk cgcbkcstd id zmsfebfe nmr`v

m procvfe nmr`v vd vtbmcvk+ Xrdkfdp`l Nufeecbzcvmt`stu i`" ` s` vtbmcvmf tbsoc c sp`fdjdocvmk v`bdocstdm tvmru pcbc pc stmkcv`kcu gcnu km ktr m pc ièccgìlut s` l pcocz`k ktru+

Wuocv t`st tvrgcstd ktru i` i`gkcgufe t`stcvmfl`tcgm" ot`r t`stui` tvrgcst ktru pclcf tuò rzkfetvrgcst+ W`st s` prcvg tmo" ` pdom tuoy" ot`r i` p`g`l csldrocvkm km i`lklsldrocvl pmp`" i` gr`km pcg eb`l 70m pcg stbl tbmo`l 1"0 K vtbmcvkm gct`stcvmkec pcgobmgu m pdtcl s` pcscuv tme`l gcp`gu+

Zsb`gò s` ur km zobmg vdzubkec zecgkcf`k" pcgb` tcec i`stbd zmk`fe tuomc stmkcv`k tvrgcstd v ktru pcuz` stcpu k`nc zpscnui` g`struofd ktru+ W`ktc pstrciulcui` gr`t pdou tuoy pd ockstmktk sb` 1"0 K m pcg stmkcv`kl eb`l 70" fczvyui` r`prcguocvmt`bkcst t`stu _>\

Xrcvdtcst

X`gmsk ocrcz` pcgobmgu mstc vzkdo prv

goy feynl v ktru+ Ebmvk pdkcu nvmi trebdkoyv ktru" idld lcecu nt rcvk k`pmtrk groy" gutdkoy"t`ko lstm m nunbdky v ktru+

Xstrci prc ur`k pcr`zdty i` g`tòtcr zmbc`k kmprdkfdpu vyscockmpcvfe %kzockmpcvfe$ zocuò

km zidtkk`kmt`kfe lst mtrebdk v ktru kmvcgdvfe pcgobmg`fe+ Kmpi`f `k`rad` i`trmksjcrlcvmk km vysco stìkcslrk kmpt" ot`rl

i` kmndtm vecgk zvcb`k zou`nk sckgm+ Xd smlctkzocuf` s` sckgm pceynui` kmg pcvbmo`l m vmgy v kliscu dkgdocvky mugdcvdzubkl mbmrl`l+ L`kl nyk`lbc vzkdokcut gk pcocz`k" k`nc s` pcuvpclrk lmb vstupk kmpt+ _>\

4


10/14


Xdbkmvcst

Xdbkmvcst i` i`gkcu z` zobmgkfe zocuò pcvrfecvfe prmv+ I`gkcgufecu

l`tcgcu bz` zidstdt pdbkmvcst pcvbmou o zobmgklu lmt`rdbu m tl urdt p`gpcobgmkcudvctkcst pcvbmou+

Locv zocuom

Xrdkfdp`l zocuoy i` vy`zmt gc ktru lou" ot`r s` sobg z prmvcebfe `z+I`gkctbdv `zy lus prcit ktr`l m o pcvrfeu+ Xctcl s` lstc `zu cdst omrto`lm pdbc s` mge`zdvk psom" ot`r s` ksb`gk cgtrek`+ Ovmbdtm ktru s` ecgkct pcgb`

stupk pcocz`k vzkdobec cgtr`kl mge`zdvk psoy+Kot`r ppmgy vymgui orcl cdtk omrt`l i`t cgtrekut znybfe pcbò

pclcf mge`zk psoy+ Xsom s` pdbc km pcvrfe v` slru i`gkfe z `z m cgtrek` s`+Ovmbdtm ktru s` ecgkct pcgb` stupk pcocz`k vzkdobec cgtr`kl mge`zk psoy+

Kc` prc locvcu zocuou iscu ur`ky prc l k pdbkmvcstd m oèocstd idvytvrz`kfe bmo k`nc ktr+ Xclcf kc s` vy`cu tv`rfcv %gb` DVC$ k`ncocsctv`rfcv pcbom loy" ot`r s` ksb`gk cdst tvrgl omrt`l+ Lom prcv`g`kkc`l lus nt vyzkutm m km pcgobmg- Ksb`gk pcrcvkl` znyb pcbom gb` tmnuboyuv`g`k v kcrl+ _6\

Wbcuom ktru Wyp pcgobmgu ^czt` `zo Xc`t `zo8 :8 ll tvrg = ll :

8 :8 ll loo > ll :

:= =>8 ll loo # tvrg > ll :

=>= >08 ll loo # tvrg 6 ll :

Cgtrecv zocuom

Yocuoy pdbkmvcstd pcvbmo mkcramkdfofe d z ktrcvfe elct s` prcvg prc zidtksout`kec pmrml`tru pdbkmvcstd l`zd i`gkctbdvld vrstvmld ktrcvfe elct k`nc l`zdpcvbmo`l m smlctkl pcvrfe`l+ Wmecv" k`nc tmecv mge`zk zocuoy %v bmncrmtcd k`ncv t`rku$ s pcudtl cgtmecvec pstrci` iscu lcfkl m k`kmermgdt`bkl kstrci`l prcpromzk k`nc ocktrcbk prcv`k ovmbdty pcvrfe k`nc pcvrfecvfe prmv v rczbdkfecnbmst`fe prlysbu+

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Ordtdfo pmrml tr v`fe pcvrfecvfe prmv iòcktmotk sprm %k`nc ocktmotk spry v` vf`vrstvfesystl`fe" cgpcvgk zm dkkcst spci`k pcvrfecv vrstvys pcgobmg`l" stìk imoc prc dkkcst spci`k i`gkctbdvfevrst`v prmvy kmvzi l+ spk kmk`s`k pcvrfecvvrstvy i` mstc pcglkkc p`gfecz prmvcu pcgobmgu%k`nc zobmgk d p`gfecz vrstvy$+ Cgtrecv zocuom iì`gdkcu f`stcu" imo urdt vecgkcst prmvy pcgobmgu %k`ncp`gfeczfe vrst v$ m i idfe sfecpkcst o spklukmk`s`k gmb vrstvy+ _6\ _0\

Ceyn

L`k s` pcuv imoc i`gkcgufe t`st" zgmbd vyecvui`mpbdocvmk pcvbmo km cgcbkcst pd ceynu+

@xdstui gvm gruey9=+ Cen s` p s rcvk trky cg > ll>+ Cen s` p s fybdkgrdfo trk+

Wmtc zocuom i` pcudt bk prc gmb zprmfcvkbmocvmkfe pb`fe m zidtk ovmbdty pcvbmou ktrcv elcty+

Ebcun`k

Xrdkfdp`l ttc zocuoy i` ktru vtbm`kl oubdoy gc vzcrou gb` DVC =0>8+ Wmtczocuom i` rcvk l`femkdfocu zocuocu" ogy s` urui` cgcbkcst ktrcvfe elct kmpb`fe prc gmb zprmfcvk+

Zzeb`g

Zdzubk vbmstkcstd iscu pcgstmtkl jmotcr`l pd gòcrmtdvkl pcvbmocvkm v mutclcndbcvl prlysbu+ Vtmkgmrgk pbmt" ` ktry lus nt n`z vkife stdf" n`zvmg" m s urdtld vbmstkcstld imoc iscu b`so" nmr`vkcst mpcg+ Z pcvbmffe lus nt prcst vmgimoc kmp+ prmfe" stomvcst" zvrskk" orcocgb o " pufe`" k`gcstdoy m lkcec gmbfe+

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B`so

L`k b`sou i` i`gkl z` zobmgkfe

pmrml`tr pd zidcvk ovmbdty prcv`g`kfepcvrfecvfe prmv m vypcvg c ovmbdtvrcnou+ Vtmkcv`k b`so i` v pcsb`gk gcnvf` vymgcvk ock`kld zomzkoy m tcp`g`vl v` spct`nkl mutclcndbcvlprlysbu+

B`so i` ldt bk vbmstkcst" ogy i` l`k

prcvgkc cgrmz`l svt`bkec pmprsou v urdtl ebu+ Zzvdsbcstd km lkcstv cgrm`kec svtbm s` ur vsb`gkecgkctm zrfmgbcvec b`sou v 8 =88 AP %i`gkctom b sou$+Yobmgk stupk gcpmgu m cgrmzu v b`soclr`fe iscu >8":8 m 50+ Xrc l`k pcvbmo s cnsme`l ocvcvfepdal`kt s` gcpcruui` prcvgt l`k idkl pstrci`l

s rczsme`l cg 8 m >888 AP+ F`b pcstup i` g`jdkcvk v VK @K DVC >5=6+Xrc sprvkcu jukofd pstrci i` k`znytk k i`k sprvk m prmvdg`bk pstrci

ombdnrcvmt" mb` rcvk ldt pd vecgkfe pcglkofe+ Xrc l`k lmbfe gb i` kutkzmort f`bcu pbcfeu lfec ctvcru+ ^cvk k`k vecgk ldt b`so km zmodv`kfe lst`fe"k`nc cocbk svtbc zkìdst vsb`gò l`k+

Cpmfdtm

Xrmotdfoy l` nt l`k imoocbdv pcvrfe v rlfd ièc svtbcstd d t`lkcstd+ Xstrcii` vecgk prc pcudt o l`k oryt nmrvy d svt`bkec cgrmzu `g stupkdf`+ I` vecgk prcvvci sby oryvcstd nmr`v k`nc prc mz`k cgstku l`tmbdzcvmkfe pcvrfe" mkcgdzcvmkecebdkou k`nc o`rmldoy+

Xstrci uv cptdfo a`cl`trd imocvtdkm ocbcrdl`tru m csvtb`k s` secgcu o FD@F" fc l vztme o spbkk vsb`gou imoc ny s`bcvo gvmb co`l+ Xstrci l r`jb`xk svtbcrczptb`k z t`stcvmkec pcvrfeu+ Ocktrcbkpcglkoy csvtb`k m e`b csvtb`k gcvcbui" mnypcvrfe nyb femrmot rdzcvk pcgb` ièc svtbcstdk`nc t`lkcstd+ pbk `rk pcvrfe nug` t`k imockubm m pbk nb nug` rczpczkk imoc =88i`gkctò+

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Crmka`p``b

Crmka`p``b i` pcl`rmkcvdtcst ktr+ Wmtc vzeb`gcv vbmstkcst

vzkdo pd k`vecgk mpbdomfd ktrcvfe elct" p`g`vl v` v`bofetbcuofe k`nc pd k`gcstmt`kl `gk+ P cfermkkfe pcvbmo t`ktc i`vkòcg" k`l,bd pbd v`bocu ecgkctu+ P gòcrmtdvkfe pcvbmo i` tmtcvbmstkcst k`gcuf" k`nc kmruui` vzeb`g vrcnou" prctc` tl skduiìèc udtkcu ecgkctu+

Ecgkctu crmka`p``b l`l` vdgtv rzkl csvtb`k m pd rzkl cgstkuidkmo" p`stc` gcsmeui` gb` lfecpstrci` stìk ecgkcty+ ^cvkpczcrcvmfl eb`l s` l` crmka`p``b

i`vdt idkmo" ppmgk k`k vdgt vn`f+Cpmo`l l` nt u kot rfegòcrmtdvkfe pcvbmo vymgcvkcrmka`p``b+ Z tfetc ppmg`fe i` t`ktcpcvrfe czkmcvk imoc struoturk k`ncobmgvocv jòt+

Nmr`vkcst

G`s t ldbdk+ Wc i` sbc rzkfenmr`vkfe cgstk" ot`r l`l` rcz`zkvmt+ K`kgdvu" ` sd v`feky cgstky k`l`l` zmpmlmtcvmtm i`t rczpczkmt i`gkctbdv cgstky+ Kdflk"nmrvm imoc ordtrdul ovmbdty zmk nt vf` m vf`gb`dt v omgl prlysbu+

I`gkctk nmrvm cvbdvui zomzkom" mfef`l` k`nc k`fef`l + I` tc km i`gkctbdv

gb`dtcstd" kmp+ pcoug i`gkctbdv std vrcnou iscuvyrnky v st`fe jdrly m i`t sbcdtid pcougi`gkctbdv std vrcno gcgvmi rzk jdrly+ Kdflk kmock`f nmrvm lus nt sprvk+

Zdzubk vklk nmrvy i` cvbdvkkc9, rzkl vklkl nmr`v i`gkctbdvfe cscn m tc s` bd bcvo cg bcvom %kbmgm" vo

mtg+$, rzkl cocbl imoc i` csvtb`k m nmrvm cocb, rcvk k`gcstmto`l oclukdomf` m gcoul`kt c nmrv m nmr`vkfe rczgb`fe _>\

Vpòtrcjctcl`tr i` v`bld sbcdt zmz`k" gk`s s` id vyrn v p`kcsk pcgcn"vecgk prc l`k nmr`vkcstd v prcvcz`fe pcvrfecvfe prmv+ _7\

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Obdlmtdfo pcglkoy

Kì`k l`k vbmstkcst pcvrfecvfe prmv" mb` d pcglkoy pd iìdfe prcvgk iscui`gkcu z v`bld gb`dtfe pcglkò+ Km vkife pcglkofe zvds f`bocv vsb`gò ovmbdty

pcvbmo m tc prc imoocbdv+ Xstrci` rzkfe typ i` lck vyut prc f`bcu obu pcudt cgi`gkcgufefe t`pbclr m pc sp`fdbk pstrci`" ot`r iscu uprmv`ky prc vysco t`pbctyp`f prc vypmbcvk procvfe nmr`v+

Xstrci` gdspckui kì`k comldtl m ryfebl l`kl" mb` scumsk d pmlld prczzkml o mrfedvmfd k`nc gmblu vyudt+ L`zd tytc pstrci` pmt9

, t`pbclry, t`pbclry s vbeoclry, dkjrm`rv`k t`pbclry, gmtmbcaa`ry

, vbeoclry lmt rdb, pE l`try

Xcudt bdt`rmturm

_=\ www+mtryx+fz_>\ lmt`rdby spcb`kcstd XrcDk`x Dkstrul`kts

_6\ www+bmocvkm+fz_7\ www+xrdt`+fcl_0\ lmt`rdby spcb kcstd Fcldka Xbus s+r+c+

=7

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