MERCURY: Air Emissions and Proposed Utility Rules Indiana Department of Environmental Management...
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![Page 1: MERCURY: Air Emissions and Proposed Utility Rules Indiana Department of Environmental Management September 2004.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032723/56649cff5503460f949d0ad0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MERCURY: Air Emissions and Proposed Utility Rules
Indiana Department of
Environmental Management
September 2004
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Mercury and Health Effects
• Mercury in Indiana’s environment is a public health and environmental concern. Mercury—especially in its organic form, methylmercury—can affect the central nervous system of adults and children.
• The primary route of human exposure to methylmercury is dietary, and unborn children are as much as 10 times more susceptible than adults to methylmercury’s detrimental effects.
• Mercury has been detected in nearly all fish-tissue samples collected in Indiana since 1983, often prompting health officials to issue advisories that warn about human consumption of these fish.
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Mercury and Air Emissions
• Precipitation (wet deposition) is the primary mechanism for transporting airborne gaseous or particulate mercury from the atmosphere to surface water and land.
• Mercury in the atmosphere can be from manmade sources (coal-fired power plants, municipal incinerators, industrial boilers) or from natural sources (forest fires, geologic formations, volcanoes).
• Manmade sources of mercury emissions to the atmosphere have been implicated for causing the increased concentrations of methylmercury found in fish.
• Mercury is a global pollutant.
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Mercury Emissions in Indiana
• 2002 emissions: 9745 lbs. ( 4.9 tpy)
• Breakdown by source category– Coal utilities 4398 lbs.– Other point sources 4920 lbs.– Area sources 426 lbs.
Note: Other point sources include electric arc furnaces, cement kilns and foundries.
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IDEM/USGS Mercury Monitoring Program
• Monitoring began at four wet deposition sites in Indiana in 2001, and a fifth site plus dry deposition sites were added in 2003. The goals were:
– to measure base-line concentrations and deposition rates for mercury prior to the start of new regulatory controls
– to use the monitoring data to help calculate a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for mercury in selected watersheds
– to evaluate progress on reducing mercury emissions; and
– to identify future needs for protecting human health and wildlife from mercury exposure.
• Sites were chosen to represent rural, urban, and potential transport areas, and areas potentially impacted by large power plants and industrial sources.
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Mercury Monitoring Sites
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Findings
• Full report due in late 2004
• Preliminary data show higher values in spring and summer, lower in fall and winter.
• Values do not vary greatly from site to site.
• Mercury deposition may be influenced by mercury emissions near the monitoring station.
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Mercury Deposition and Emissions
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Indiana’s Mercury Efforts
• Numerous statewide, free mercury collection programs
• Numerous thermometer exchanges
• Outreach to the dental profession regarding use of mercury
• State law that bans the use of mercury in schools and certain consumer products
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EPA’s Proposed Utility Rule
• Clean Air Act requires EPA to consider regulating hazardous air pollutants, including mercury, from power plants.
• In 2001, USEPA found that mercury and nickel from power plants poses a public health risk.
• After extensive study, EPA proposed a rule for public comment on January 30, 2004.
• The proposed rule has generated a significant response, including substantial opposition.
• EPA extended original 90-day public comment period until June 29, 2004. EPA must issue a final rule by March 2005, per court order.
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EPA’s Proposed Rule
The proposed rule applies to plants > 25 MW and has two options
Option 1:
• applies technology-based emission limits applicable to all affected plants
• would reduce emissions nationally by 14 tons (29%) by 2007, from 48 to 34 tpy
• no cap on emissions
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EPA’s Proposed Rule
Option 2• Market-based cap and trade program• Caps applied in two phases:
– 2010 - amount of cap to be decided– 2018 - 15 tpy cap (70% reduction)
• States would allocate allowances from a state “budget” to plants on a lbs/year basis
• plants may install controls or purchase allowances
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How will power plants monitor their mercury emissions?
• Fuel analysis and mass balance calculations can be used to estimate emissions– EPA used this methodology to develop the
mercury inventory for the proposed rule
• Continuous emission monitors for mercury are being developed– Many expect the technology to catch up with the
rulemaking and be available by the compliance date
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Multipollutant Legislation Proposals Clear Skies Jeffords Carper Chaffee (2002) (2002) (2002) (2002)
Mercury 26 tpy in 5 tpy in 24 tpy in 24 tpy inCap 2010; 15 2008 2008, unit 2008; 7.5
tpy in cap of tpy in 2018 50% Hg 2012, unit
in coal; in cap of2012, unit 30% Hgcap of in coal30%
Other Pollutants SO2 SO2 SO2 SO2
NOx NOx, CO NOx, CO NOx, CO
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Issues raised by Indiana and others
• EPA’s options may be legally vulnerable; federal legislation is preferable, addressing multiple pollutants from these sources
• Rule is not fuel neutral; it favors western coal over midwestern coal
• Option 1 emission limits appear higher than what EGUs can achieve; Option 2 cap and trade program could create mercury “hot spots”
• EPA proposed only to regulate mercury and nickel but should continue to study chromium, cadmium and arsenic
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Mercury Reduction Technologies
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
– converts Hg to removable (oxidized) form, which can be removed by FGD
– $80/kW
• Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
– removes oxidized Hg by absorbing it in a lime slurry
– $159/kW for 700 mw; $541/kW for 100 mw
• Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)
– absorbs Hg on activated carbon particles, then removed by electrostatic precipitator or fabric filter (avail. 2010)
– $15/kW (costs will vary depending on size, operation)
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Potential Control Technology for Other HAP
• Some of the controls for the Clean Air Interstate rule and the mercury rule will address emissions of other toxics
• Baghouses and FGDs will control some species of chromium, cadmium and arsenic
• Sorbent injection, combined with a baghouse, may control others
• Since these HAP have both gas and PM phases, there is no one-size-fits-all control technology
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Next Steps for Indiana
• States must adopt rules at least as stringent as EPA’s once federal rule is final
• Citizens Petition filed with Indiana Air Pollution Control Board in June 2004 asking board to hold public hearings and begin state rule
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Next Steps for Indiana
• Workgroup process will commence this month, in anticipation of state rulemaking
• Monthly meetings to share and discuss information on topics relevant to future rulemaking– Health and environmental impacts – Technology– Costs and benefits
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Next Steps for Indiana
• Process open to all interested parties
• IDEM welcomes suggestions for resource materials and/or experts
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Next Steps for Indiana
• Air Board has scheduled a public hearing on the citizen’s petition for the October 6 Board meeting
• Additional hearings may be scheduled• IDEM contact: Susan Bem
317-233-5697
[email protected] www.in.gov/idem/air/