Mercantilism

• An economic policy: a country exports more than it imports in order to get rich

• The American colonies provided raw materials to England which helped make the English wealthier.• Lumber, sugar, wool, tobacco, rice, indigo

Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Lumber, sugar, wool, tobacco, rice, indigo, fish, rice, tar, timber to England from the Colonies

• Manufactured goods, rum, and cloth to Africa from England

• Slaves to Americas from Africa

Southern Colonies

• Reason established: economic reasons (gold)

• Impact of location and place: rich soil and long growing season for agriculture, deep rivers for trade

• Relations with Native Americans: bad/difficult

• Economic development: plantation economy which grew rice, tobacco, and indigo

• Private tutors or boarding schools for the wealthy

New England Colonies

• Reason established: religious reasons• Puritans/Massachusetts/intolerance

• Impact of location and place: trade, shipbuilding, fishing/whaling, lumber due to a short growing season and poor, rocky soil

• Relations with Native Americans: bad/difficult

• Supported the development of schools

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

• Reason established: economic reasons

• Impact of location and place: agriculture and trade

• Relations with Native Americans: good

• Supported the development of education

Ethnic Groups in the Colonies• Dutch (Mid-Atlantic)

• Swedish (Mid-Atlantic)

• Finish (Mid-Atlantic)

• German (Pennsylvania)

• Scottish (Appalachian Region)

• Irish (Appalachian Region)

Religious Groups in the Colonies

• Puritans (Massachusetts)

• Quakers (Pennsylvania)

• Catholics (Maryland)

Middle Passage

• transport of African slaves to North America

• Crowded, dangerous slave ships

• Sickness, fear, brutality

• 20% causality rate

Architecture/Agriculture/Foodways from Africa• Sweet potatoes

• Okra

• Watermelon

• Grits

• Rice

• Shotgun house

Colonial Self-Government• House of Burgesses

• governor

• elected legislature

• Town Hall meetings for decision making

• Land ownership in order to vote

Salutary Neglect

• Belief the colonies would be more profitable to England if England left alone

• Leave the colonies alone as long as England is getting rich

Great Awakening

• preachers stressed a personal religious experience in seeking God's salvation

• Christianity spread-more churches

• an increase in tolerance

• a rise in democracy

French and Indian War

• Rivalry between Britain and France over land (the Ohio Valley) in North America

• Native Americans supported the French-fur trade

• The Colonists supported the British

Treaty of Paris, 1763

• Ended the French and Indian War

• France lost all claims to land in North America (except for the city of New Orleans)

Proclamation of 1763

• British told colonists not to move west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with the Native Americans living there

• Colonists ignored

Stamp Act

• a direct tax on every document or newspaper printed

Intolerable Acts

• Passed by the British to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party

• Closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for

• renewed the Quartering Act

• British officials accused of crimes were tried in England

Further unified the colonies to work against the British government.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

• Protest groups formed in response to the Stamp Act

• “No taxation, without representation"

• violent

• Homespun cloth

• Boycott British goods

Committees of Correspondence

• communicate details of British actions to other colonies

• helped to unify the colonies

Thomas Paine/Common Sense

• Provided a rationale for independence that the common man could understand

• Persuaded colonists who were undecided to support independence

• an island shouldn't rule a continent

• a beast doesn't devour its young

• the satellite revolves around the moon

Declaration of Independence

• Thomas Jefferson, as a part of the Committee of Five

• Influenced by Enlightenment ideas

• Three sections

• Preamble: reasons why the colonists are rebelling

• List of grievances

• Resolution of independence

John Locke’s Social Contract Theory

• All people have natural rights

• Life, liberty, and property

• Government exists to protect these natural rights

• If the government fails to protect these rights, the people can change their government

Diplomacy

• John Adams and Ben Franklin: France, Spain, the Netherlands (Dutch)

• French eventually provide military and financial assistance

• Spain and the Netherlands primarily provided financial assistance

Valley Forge

• Winter 1777-1778

• starvation, disease, no shelter

• George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army

• Professional army trained with help from Baron von Steuben of Prussia & The Marquis de Lafayette of France

• Valley Forge was essential a boot camp to train the American soldiers

Battle of Trenton

• Crossing the Delaware

• Surprise attack that led to a colonial victory over the German mercenaries (Hessians) hired by the British

• Re-energized the Patriots

Saratoga

• Colonial victory after they were able to take the high ground against the British

• Turning point of the War

• French support

Yorktown

• British are trapped on the Peninsula by the French Navy in the water and the Patriot Army behind them

Women, American Indians, and enslaved/freed Blacks

• Women • spies, camp followers who would wash, sew, cook, and act as nurses in the

camps

• Native Americans• Native Americans in the west sided with the British to prevent further

settlement by colonists

• Native Americans in the East split their loyalty between the British and Patriots

• Enslaved and Freed Blacks• Fought with the Patriots

Treaty of Paris, 1783

• Ended the American Revolution

• Established boundaries of the new country • west to the Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes, South to Florida

Articles of Confederation

• First American Government

• More power to state governments to avoid being ruled by a strong central power

• Federal Government had no power to tax, regulate trade, or force states to cooperate

Land Ordinance of 1785

• created a method of organizing and selling land

• Set aside land for schools

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• established a procedure for new states

• no slavery or indentured servitude

Shays’ Rebellion

• farmers rebelled against the government when their farms were about to be foreclosed on

• highlights the disparity between the rich and poor

• demonstrated the weakness of the federal government

Constitution• developed out of the Constitutional Convention who had met to

revise the Articles of Confederation

• Power to the Federal Government to tax and trade

• Federalism: share powers between the states and federal government

• Checks & Balances: three branches

• Limited Government: the gov’t only has as much power as the people give it

Great Compromise

• Established the Legislative Branch

• Senate: equal power among states (made small states happy)

• House of Representatives: based on the size of states' population(made large states happy)

Three-Fifths Compromise

• settled how enslaved people were to be counted for purposes of representation in the House• States could count three-fifths of their slaves when calculating their

population

• Slave trade can continue for 20 years

• Northern states have to return runaway slaves to their owners

Ratification

• Approval

Federalists

• Strong National Government that handle the affairs of the country

Anti-Federalists

• favored strong state governments

• feared the executive branch would take power away from states and rights of individuals

The Federalist Papers

• A series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay

• Purpose was to persuade New York to ratify the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

• Bill of Rights to protect the rights of individuals and states which were not mentioned in the Constitution

Precedents

• An action which is an example for others to follow

• George Washington

• establishment of a cabinet

• only served two terms

• Being called “Mr. President”

• establishing constitutional authority to enforce laws (Whiskey Rebellion)

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Warned about the dangers of political parties

• Avoid foreign alliances, except for trade

Sedition Act

• passed in response to the XYZ Affair

• Anyone who spoke against the government could be arrested

• VA/KY Resolutions nullified it in their states

Election of 1800

• First transfer of power from one political party to another

Louisiana Territory

• France

• New Orleans

• $15 million

• Thomas Jefferson

• Doubled the size of the US

• Lewis and Clark: explore

• Represents an expansion of power of the presidency

War of 1812

• British seizing American ships and sailors (impressment)

• Britain interfered with American shipping

• Britain refused to leave the Great Lakes region

• Unified the nation

• no change in territory

• America's strength is recognized throughout the world

Nationalism

• sense of pride in your nation

Monroe Doctrine

• Told Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and we would stay out of affairs in Europe

• Foreign Policy

Age of Jackson

• Common Man's president

• All adult while males got the right to vote, not just land owners

• increased participation in politics by common men

• Spoils systen

• Indian Removal Act

• Trails of Tears

States’ Rights

• Belief that states have more power than the federal government

• Nullification Crisis: South Carolina, tariffs

• sectionalism

Industrialization

• Shift to a modern industrial and commercial economy

• Shift to factory and machine made goods

• Made possible through improved transportation and harnessing water power

• Began in the North

• Fast moving rivers

• Cheap, unskilled labor in the immigrants

American System

• Henry Clay

• improve the nation's infrastructure (roads, canals, railroads)

• protective tariffs (make imported goods more expensive so people would buy American products)

• National Bank

• Improved the economy and American production

Second Great Awakening

• Revival of religion

• led to reform movements of the early 1800s

Temperance

• end alcohol abuse and the problems associated with it (abuse, poverty)

Public Education

• require all children to attend tax-supported public schools

• Create good citizens, unite society, and prevent crime and poverty

• an educated society would improve democracy and prevent societal problems

Women’s Roles in Reform

• took the role of leader in many of the reform movements

Slavery

• Prohibited in NW Territory

• Eli Whitney/Cotton gin

• Issue as the nation expanded west

Abolitionism

• end slavery

• Frederick Douglass

• Grimke Sisters

• William Lloyd Garrison

• sectionalism

Slave Rebellions

• Led to more harsh restrictions on slaves

• Nat Turner

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri = slave state

• Maine = free state

• remainder of the LA Territory would be divide along the 36'30 line

• maintains the balance of power in the Senate

James Polk

• territorial expansion

• Annexation of Texas

• Oregon Territory

Manifest Destiny

• "obvious" "fate"

• the US would expand from coast to coast

Mexican War

• Mexican Cession

• California, New Mexico

Compromise of 1850

• California = free state

• Utah & New Mexico = popular sovereignty

• tougher Fugitive Slave Law

• Slave Trade = abolished in Washington, D.C.

Popular Sovereignty

• "People decide"

• Rule by the people

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Popular Sovereignty in all new territories

• Two governments established in KS

• Bleeding Kansas; John Brown

• Popular Sovereignty = failure

Scott v. Sanford

• Dred Scott Decision

• Slave taken into a free territory

• Slaves are property and therefore cannot sue

Raid on Harper’s Ferry

• John Brown

• arm slaves

• hanged for treason

• Martyr in the North, Villain in the South

Election of 1860

• Lincoln

• no southern electoral votes

• immediate secession of seven southern states

• Preserve the Union

North-South Disparity

• Railroads

• Population

• Industry-steel

• A cause

• Military leadership

Suspension of habeas corpus

• habeas corpus = anyone arrested must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held

• Southern/Confederate sympathizers

Emancipation Proclamation

• Freed slaves in Rebelling States

• Focus of the War = Abolition of Slavery

Gettysburg Address

• Past, present and the future of the Union

• "Four score and seven years ago..."

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

• Reconstruction of the country

• tone of forgiveness

• "...with malice towards none, with charity for all..."

Ulysses S. Grant

• Union general

• Accepted the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

Robert E. Lee

• Confederate general

• Surrendered at Appomattox

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

• Confederate general

• Died of wounds received by his own troops

William T. Sherman

• Union general

• Vicksburg

• Burning of Atlanta

• "Sherman's March to the Sea"; total war

• Gave the city of Savannah to Lincoln for Christmas

Jefferson Davis

• Confederate President

Fort Sumter

• First shots of the Civil War

Antietam

• Bloodiest single day of the Civil War

• Lee's first attempt to invade the north

• Lincoln "Emancipation Proclamation" following this Union victory

Vicksburg

• Siege

• Union captured the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in half and carrying out one part of the Anaconda Plan

• Along with Gettysburg, the turning point of the War

Gettysburg

• Lee's second attempt to invade the North

• A Confederate victory on Northern soil may convince Great Britain and France to aid the Confederacy

• Three day battle

• bloodiest battle of the War

• Turning point of the War, along Vicksburg

Battle of Atlanta

• Sherman captured the manufacturing and railway center

• Burned to the ground before continuing his march to the sea

• Secured Lincoln's victory in the election in 1864

Presidential Reconstruction

• Lenient plans

• Lincoln: 10% Plan

• Johnson

• Impeached over clashes with Congress; not guilty

• readmit Southern states as quickly as possible

Congressional Reconstruction

• Goal was to punish the south for starting the Civil War

• Radical Republicans

• Southern states had to apply for readmission

• Secure the rights of the newly freed slaves

• Troop's sent to occupy the states and ensure the rights of African Americans

Reconstruction Amendments

• 13, 14, 15

• Free, Citizens, Vote

Lincoln’s Assassination

• John Wilkes Booth

Johnson’s Impeachment

• Johnson was accused of ignoring laws which limited presidential power

• power struggle between Johnson and the Radical Republicans

• acquitted by one vote

Freedmen’s Bureau

• help African Americans transition to freedom

• Help homeless white who had been displaced or lost their property

• food, clothing, jobs, medicine, medical care facilities, education

Equality Resistance

• Black Codes

• KKK

• Jim Crow Laws

Election of 1876

• Disputed electoral votes in four states (FL, LA, OR, SC)

• Compromise of 1877: Hayes would be President, troops would be removed from the South

• Ended Congressional Reconstruction

Big Business

• Steel-Carnegie Steel, railroads

• Oil-John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil

Innovation

• Telegraph-easier to conduct business

• Telephone-instant communication

• Light bulb-factories could run 24 hours a day, illuminated buildings, streets, and neighborhoods

• Connected the country, improved productivity

Railroads

• Connected the country

• More efficient transport of goods

• Transcontinental

• Irish, Chinese immigrants

Labor Unions

• American Federation of Labor

• Workers rights

• 8 hour work day

• better pay

• better conditions

Trusts/Monopolies

• a single managing board over several companies

• a single company that controls an entire industry

Infrastructure

• Canal boon

• Steam engines/boats

• Railroads

Immigration • Eastern and southern Europe, Asia

• Jewish, Catholic

• little English

• Settled in cities with others of the same nationality

• Led to overcrowded cities, and an increase disease and crime

Ellis Island

• Reception center on the East Coast

• health and welfare inspections

Angel Island

• reception center on the West Coast

• Asian immigrants

• health and welfare inspections

Plains Indians

• Clashes with white settlers

• loss of buffalo

• loss of land

• reservations

Farming/Ranching Innovations

• barbed wire

• new innovations made farming easier/more attractive

Muckrakers

• exposed unfair business practices of big business leaders and corruption in politics

• Ida Tarbell

• Upton Sinclair

Hull House

• settlement house

• Jane Addams

• social services: job training, education, childcare

Plessy v. Ferguson

• "Separate but equal"

NAACP

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

17th Amendment

• direct election of senators by the people

Initiative

• people place an issue directly on the ballot to be voted on

Referendum

• Legislators place an issue on the ballot to be voted on by the people

Recall

• Removing a public official from office before his term ends

Spanish-American War

• Spanish treated Cubans poorly

• Cuba

• Guam

• Puerto Rico

Philippine-American War

• Annex?

• Emilio Aguinaldo

Imperialism

• raw materials

• natural resources

• new markets

• Naval bases for refueling

• Nationalism

Latin America

• Teddy Roosevelt: Big Stick Diplomacy

• Howard Taft: Dollar Diplomacy

• Woodrow Wilson: Moral Diplomacy

Roosevelt Corollary

• The U.S. would intervene in Latin American countries in economic crisis to keep European countries out of the area

Panama Canal

• T Roosevelt, Big Stick

• Rebellion from Colombia

• shorter route from the Atlantic to the Pacific

World War I: Neutrality

• isolationism

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• German U-boats attacked any ship

Zimmerman Telegram

• Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico

• American public began supporting war

Domestic

• at home

Great Migration

• Movement of African Americans from the south to Northern cities-Chicago, Detroit

Espionage Act

• "Spy"Act

• cannot pass information that would interfere with US military operations or aid the enemy

• prohibited from speaking out against the government

Eugene Debs

• Socialist

• imprisoned under the Espionage Act for giving an anti-war speech

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• keys to avoiding to future wars

League of Nations

• international peacekeeping organization

• US refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles to avoid becoming entangled in future conflicts

Communism

• Political and Economic system in which the government owns everything

• no private ownership

• dictator

Socialism

• government controls all means of production

Red Scare

• fear of communism

• reaction to the Russian Revolution

Immigration Restriction

• arose from the Red Scare

• nativism

• need to preserve traditional American culture

• anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic

18th Amendment

• outlawed the manufacture, sale or transport of alcohol

19th Amendment

• women's suffrage

Mass Production

• lowered costs

• more product

Advertising/Consumerism

• radio/movies to reach customers

• buy products on credit

Henry Ford

• perfected the assembly line

• mass production of the model T

• weekends for employees

National Culture

• radios/movies

Jazz

• African Americans

• New Orleans

• Louis Armstrong

Harlem Renaissance

• African Americans shared their culture through literature and art

Great Depression

• Time when the economy faltered, unemployment went up, and businesses failed

Overproduction

• Too much product was produced, demand and prices went down

Underconsumption

• Consumers don't buy products

Stock Market Speculation

• Making risky investments in the stock market in hopes that the price of stocks will go up

Stock Market Crash, 1929

• The day the stock prices fell sharply, bringing the whole thing down

Dust Bowl

• Severe drought, over farming, and windstorms created an ecological disaster

• Okies

Hoovervilles

• Shantytowns where the homeless and unemployed lived

New Deal

• FDR's plan to end the Great Depression• Relief

• Recovery

• Reform

Social Security Act

• Second New Deal• Pensions system for retirees, unemployment insurance, insurance for victims

of work-related accidents; aid for poverty-stricken mothers, children, and the disabled

Challenges to the New Deal

• The Right• Too much

• The Left• Not enough

• Huey Long• Share Our Wealth

Eleanor Roosevelt

• FDR's wife• Social crusader

• Women

• African Americans

World War II: Neutrality

• The US would stay out of foreign affairs

• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937

• Neutrality Act of 1939 "Cash & Carry"

Lend-Lease Act

• Allowed nations at war to borrow materials necessary for the war effort

Pearl Harbor

• Japanese attack which brought the US into the war

European Theater

• D-day

• June 6, 1944

• Fall of Berlin

• Soviets

• Difficulty getting supplies: weapons, food, medical

Pacific Theater

• Battle of Midway

• Turning point of the war in the Pacific

• Difficulty getting supplies: food, weapons, medical

Manhattan Project

• Atomic bomb

• Began in New York

• Tested in Los Alamos, NM

Domestic Impact

• Rationing

• Role of Women

• Role of African Americans

• Integrating the military

• Tuskegee Airmen

Mobilization/Conversion

• Turn auto factories into war factories

Internment Camps

• Japanese Americans on the West Coast

• Fear of spying/sabotage

Cold War

• 46 year period following the end of WWII until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991

Containment

• Stop the spread of communism

Marshall Plan

• Rebuild Europe

Truman Doctrine

• Aid any nation fighting against communism.

Korean War

• North Korea & USSR vs. South Korea & US

• 38th parallel

G.I. Bill

• The GI Bill provides educational assistance to servicemembers, veterans, and their dependents

Truman’s Integration Policies

• Executive Order 9981

McCarthyism

• Negative catchword for extreme, reckless charges of disloyalty

• Accusation of being communist

National Interstate and Defense Highway Act

• Building 41K miles of highway

Brown v. Board of Education

• Segregation is illegal

Sputnik

• Soviet satellite

• Increase in funding for math and science education

U.S. in Cuba

• Fidel Castro

• Bay of Pigs

• Cuban Missile Crisis

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Allowed President Johnson to take actions he felt were necessary, including sending troops to Vietnam

Vietnam War

• North v. South

• Tet Offensive

• Anti-war Protests

• War Powers Act

Civil Rights Legislation

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

Great Society

• Medicare

Environmental Protection Agency

National Organization for Women

Kennedy/Nixon Debates

• television

Moon Landing

• televised

Martin Luther King, Jr.

• I Have a Dream

• Letter from a Birmingham Jail

• March on Washington

Cesar Chavez

• Social activist

• Migrant workers

1968

• Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Robert Kennedy

• Democratic National Convention

Richard Nixon

• Vietnam

• Watergate

Gerald Ford

• Nixon pardon

• Economy

Jimmy Carter

• Camp David Accords

• Iran Hostage Crisis

Ronald Reagan

• Reaganomics• Trickle down Economics

• Collapse of the Soviet Union

George H. W. Bush

Bill Clinton

George Bush

Barack Obama

Personal Computer

Internet

Social Media