Mental Health and Stress -...

MentalHealthandStressCHAPTER2

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PositivePsychologyandCharacterStrengthsInrecentyears,psychologistshavebecomemoreinterestedinpositivepsychology◦ Focusonpositiveemotions,characteristics,strengths,andconditionsthatcreatehappiness

◦ Sixvirtuesthat“enablehumanthriving”◦ Wisdom◦ Courage◦ Humanity◦ Justice◦ Temperance◦ Transcendence



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CharacteristicsofMentallyHealthyPeople

•Possesshighself-esteem•Acceptimperfectionsinthemselvesandothers•Altruistic•Haveasenseofcontrolovertheirlives•Demonstratesocialcompetenceinrelationships•Abletorelyonothers•Notoverwhelmedbyemotions•Trytomaintainapositiveoutlookonlife•Capableofintimacy;nofearofcommitment•Showcreativity•Persevereandtakeonchallenges•Takereasonablerisksinordertogrow•Canbouncebackfromadversity



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TheSelf-ActualizedPersonSelf-actualization:thestateattainedwhenapersonhasreachedhisorherfullpotential

ProposedbyMaslowasthelevelatwhichpeopleachievetranscendence◦ Stateofwell-beingthatcomesfromfindingpurposeandmeaninginlife



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Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds



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Optimism,Self-Efficacy,andResilienceOptimism:tendencytoseeproblemsastemporaryandspecificratherthanpermanentandgeneral

Self-efficacy:ageneralsensethatyouhavesomecontroloveryourlife

Resilience:theabilitytobouncebackfromadverseevents



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HappinessandPositivePsychologyHappinessinvolvesthreecomponents:◦ Positiveemotionandpleasure(savoringsensoryexperiences)◦ Engagement(depthofinvolvementwithfamily,work,romance,andhobbies)

◦ Meaning(usingpersonalstrengthstoservesomelargerend)

Engagementandmeaningarethemostimportantingivingpeoplesatisfactionandhappiness



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EmotionalIntelligencePsychologistDanielGolemanexpandedconceptofintelligencebyincludingtheideaofemotionalintelligence◦ Insistsqualitiessuchasself-awareness,self-discipline,persistence,andempathyaremoreimportantthanIQ



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EmotionalIntelligencePeoplewhoareemotionallyintelligentcan:◦ Recognize,name,andunderstandtheiremotions◦ Managetheiremotionsandcontroltheirmoods◦ Motivatethemselves◦ Recognizeandrespondtoemotionsinothers◦ Besociallycompetent



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BereavementandHealthyGrievingGrievingisanaturalresponsetolossandisoftenexpressedbyamultitudeoffeelings,includingsadness,loneliness,anger,andguilt

Suchintenseemotionalfeelingscanhaveanegativeimpactonone’soverallhealth

Thereisnorightorwrongwaytogrieveandnospecifictimetable

Seekingsupportandkeepingajournalcanbepartofthehealingprocess



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FacingDeathKübler-Ross,1969:stagespeoplegothroughwhenintheprocessofdying◦ (1)Denialandisolation;(2)anger;(3)bargaining;(4)depression;(5)acceptance

◦ Stagesarenotlinear;peopleexperiencethemindifferentordersormayrevisitstages

Moremodernapproachesfocusonwaystolive withillnessratherthanpreparefordeath



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TheBrain’sRoleinMentalHealthandIllness

•Thebrainisthecentralcontrolstationforhumanintelligence,feeling,andcreativity– Thebrainandnervoussystemmediateallbehavior,bothnormalandabnormal

•Sincethe1980s,knowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofthebrainhasincreaseddramatically

•Advancesinimagingtechnologies(CATscans,PETscans,MRIs,fMRIs)haveallowedformanynewdiscoveries



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TheDevelopingBrainBytheageof6,95%ofthebrainisformed

Agrowthspurtinadolescenceoccursinthefrontalcortex,wherethe“executivefunctions”ofplanning,organization,andrationalthinkingarecontrolled

Bytheearlytomid20s,amorematureadultbrainresults



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MentalIllnessandtheBrainMentalillnessesarediseasesthataffectthebrain• Cognitivedisordersarecausedbyapathologyofthebrainandarerare• Mentaldisordersaremorecommonlycausedbycomplexinteractions

◦ Biological,psychological,social,andculturalfactors◦ Somehaveageneticcomponent

Imbalancesofneurotransmittersseemtobeparticularlyimportantinavarietyofmentaldisorders



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MentalDisordersandTreatmentMentaldisorder:apatternofbehaviorassociatedwithdistress(pain)ordisabilityorwithsignificantlyincreasedriskofsuffering,death,pain,disability,orlossoffreedom◦ Amentaldisorderisdifferentfromapsychologicalproblemthatcanbeconsiderednormal,anditcanbediagnosedfromasetofsymptoms



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MoodDisordersKnownasdepressiveoraffectivedisorders

Amongthemostcommonmentaldisordersaroundtheworld

Morethan20millionadultsintheUnitedStatessufferfromadepressiveillness,affectingmorewomenthanmen

Examplesinclude:◦ Majordepressivedisorder(depression)◦ Bipolardisorder(manicepisodes)



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AnxietyDisordersAlongwithdepression,anxietydisordersarethemostcommonmentaldisorders◦ Affectmorethan40millionAmericans18andolder

◦ Panicattack:apprehensionorintensefearintheabsenceofdanger◦ Panicdisorder:recurrentunexpectedpanicattacks◦ Specificphobia:intensefearofasituationorobject,invokingimmediateanxiety◦ Socialphobia:intensefearofsocialorperformancesituations◦ Generalizedanxietydisorder:worryaboutroutinematters◦ Obsessive-compulsivedisorder:persistent,intrusivethoughts,impulses,orimages

thatcauseintenseanxietyordistress



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AddictionContinued,compulsivebehaviordespiteseriousnegativeconsequencesPhysiologicaldependencereducessensitivitytosubstance’seffectsWithdrawalsymptomsoccurwhensubstanceusestopsEvenwithoutphysiologicaldependence,psychologicaldependencecanoccurUsuallyassociatedwithsubstanceuse,butconceptofaddictionnowextendedtootherareasofcompulsivebehaviors



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SchizophreniaandOtherPsychoticDisordersDisorderscharacterizedbydelusions,hallucinations,disorganizedspeechorbehavior,andothersignsthatanindividualhaslosttouchwithreality

Schizophreniahasastronggeneticcomponent

Inmostcases,symptomsofthediseasecanbecontrolledwithmedication



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MentalDisordersandSuicideSuicideisthesecond-leadingcauseofdeathamongcollegestudents

About7%ofcollege-agedstudentsseriouslyconsideredsuicidein2012,andalmost1%attemptedtokillthemselves

WomeninU.S.societyaremorelikelytoattemptsuicide,butmenarefourtimesmorelikelytosucceed



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MentalDisordersandSuicideWhatleadsapersontosuicide?◦ Asmanyas90%ofthosewhocommitsuicidearesufferingfromamentaldisorder—oftendepression

◦ Thesymptomlinkingdepressionandsuicideisafeelingofhopelessness◦ Depressionandalcoholismmaybeinvolvedintwo-thirdsofsuicides◦ Substanceabuseanddepressioncanbelethal◦ Sometimesthereisnoapparentprecipitatingeventorproblem



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MentalDisordersandSuicideBehavioralsignsthatmayindicateapersonisthinkingaboutsuicide:◦ Commentsaboutdeathandthreatsofsuicide◦ Increasingsocialwithdrawalandisolation◦ Intensifiedmoodiness◦ Increaseinrisk-takingbehaviors◦ Suddenimprovementinmood,accompaniedbycertainbehaviors,suchasgivingawaypossessions



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MentalDisordersandSuicideHowtohelp:◦ Thedangerofaskingifsomeoneisthinkingaboutsuicide(“plantingtheseed”)isamyth

◦ Encouragethepersontotalk◦ Encouragethepersontogethelpthroughasuicidehotlineorcounseling◦ Donotkeepthesituationasecret◦ Donotleaveasuicidalpersonalone



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Self-InjuryIntentionalinjurytoone’sownbody,knownsometimesasself-harm,self-mutilation,orself-injuriousbehavior

Behaviorsincludecutting,burning,scratching,branding,picking,hair-pulling,andhead-banging

Individualsoftenhaveahistoryofphysicaland/orsexualabuseaswellascoexistingproblemssuchassubstanceabuseoraneatingdisorder



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TreatmentsforMentalDisordersPsychotherapy◦ Morethan250differentmodelsofpsychotherapy◦ Basedonthedevelopmentofpositiveinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenaclientandatherapist

Medications◦ Antipsychotics◦ Antidepressants◦ Anxiolytics(anti-anxiety)◦ Usehasincreaseddramaticallyinrecentyears



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WhatIsStress?Stress:thegeneralstateofthebody,mind,andemotionswhenanenvironmentalstressorhastriggeredthestressresponse

Stressors:eventsoragentsintheenvironmentthatcancausestress• Whenyouappraiseaneventaspositive,youexperienceeustress,orpositivestress

• Whenyouappraiseitasnegative,youexperiencedistress



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TheStressResponseAstressresponse (orfight-or-flightresponse)isaseriesofphysiologicalchangesthatoccurinthebody

Allanimals,includinghumans,havetheabilitytorespondtoemergenciestheyperceiveasdangerous

Theautonomicnervoussystem istriggeredviathesympatheticbranchtoactivatethebody’sorganstorespondtothepossiblethreat;ithastwobranches:◦ Sympatheticbranch:initiatesstressresponse◦ Parasympatheticbranch:turnsoffstressresponseandreturnsthebodytonormal



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TheStressResponse:ChangesintheBody



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TheRelaxationResponseHomeostasis isastateofstabilityandbalanceinwhichbodyfunctionsaremaintainedwithinanormalrange

Therelaxationresponseisaseriesofphysiologicalchangesthatcalmthebodysystemsandreturnthemtonormalfunctioning



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AcuteStressandChronicStress

Yourbodycandealwithshort-termacutestress,aslongasyourecoverafterwards

Whenstressisconstant,itbecomesdamagingtothebody

Manypeopleliveinastateofchronicstress,whichisastressresponsecontinuingwithoutarelaxationandincreasesthelikelihoodofillnessordisease



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TheGeneralAdaptationSyndromeHansSelyedevelopedtheGeneralAdaptationSyndrome asanexplanationofthephysiologicalchangesobservedduringastressresponse

Theprocesshasthreestages:◦ Alarm◦ Resistance◦ Exhaustion



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PhysicalEffectsofChronicStressStressplaysaroleinillnessanddiseaseinavarietyofways◦ Immunesystem

◦ Bothbriefandlong-termstressorsdecreaseimmunefunction

◦ Cardiovascularsystem◦ Long-termstressresponsecancausevariousformsofheartdisease



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PhysicalEffectsofChronicStressStressplaysaroleinillnessanddiseaseinavarietyofways◦ Gastrointestinalsystem

◦ Commonformsofstomachailmentscanberelatedtostress

◦ Mentalhealth◦ Formsofacuteandchronicstresscancontributetothedevelopmentofpsychologicalillnesses

◦ Acutestressdisorder◦ Post-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)◦ Adjustmentdisorder



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MediatorsoftheStressResponseDifferentpeopleresponddifferentlytostressors

Factorsthataffecttheseresponsescouldbepastexperiencesandoveralllevelofwellness

Othercriticalareasinclude:◦ Personalitytraits◦ Habitualwaysofthinking◦ Inbornoracquiredattitudestowardthedemandsoflife



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PersonalityFactorsTypeAbehaviorpattern◦ Impulsive,achievementoriented,andhighlycompetitive◦ Primecandidatesforstress-relatedillnesses,andincreasedriskforanumberofotherdiseases

TypeBbehaviorpattern◦ Moreeasygoingandlessreadilyfrustrated◦ Lesssusceptibletocoronaryheartdisease

Recentadditionalpersonalitytypes◦ TypeCpersonalitytypes:introverted,detail-oriented,reservedpeople

◦ TypeDpersonalitytypes:notveryexpressive,andholdinnegativeemotions



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CognitiveFactors,andResilienceandHardinessCognitivefactors:youroutlookandbeliefsaboutlifeaffecthowyoudealwithstressorsinyourlife

Resilience:stress-resistantpeopleseemtofocusonimmediateissuesandexplaintheirstrugglesinpositiveandhelpfulways

Hardiness:characterizedbyatendencytoviewlifeeventsaschallengesratherthanthreats



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SourcesofStressLifeevents

Dailyhassles◦ Collegestress◦ Jobpressure

◦ Burnout◦ Moneyandfinancialworries

Familyandinterpersonalstress

Timepressure,overload,andtechnology

Anger

Trauma

Societalissues



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HealthyandUnhealthyWaystoManageStressUnhealthywaystomanagestressincludetheuseoftobacco,theuseandabuseofdrugsandalcohol,andtheuseoffoodtomanagefeelings

Needtoexperimentwithactivestressmanagementtechniques

Whatworksforonepersonmaynotbehelpfulforanother

Practicestressmanagementonaregularbasis

Somestressfuleventsandsituationsareoverwhelming—don’thesitatetoseekcounseling



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StressReductionStrategiesTimemanagement

Socialsupport

Ahealthylifestyle

Relaxationtechniques◦ Deepbreathing◦ Progressiverelaxation◦ Visualization(guidedimagery)◦ Mindfulness-basedmeditation◦ Yoga◦ T’aichi◦ Biofeedback◦ Affirmations



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