Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay

Berlin 2009

The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay. Origin and Development

Jan M. G. Kleinpenning

Ibero-Bibliographien 5

IBERO-AMERIKANISCHES INSTITUT

PREUSSISCHER KULTURBESITZ

Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut

Das Ibero-Amerikanische Institut (IAI) ist eine interdisziplinär orientierte Einrichtung des wissenschaftlichen und kulturellen Austausches mit Lateinamerika, der Karibik, Spanien und Portugal. Es beherbergt ein Wissensarchiv mit der größten europäischen Spezialbibliothek für den ibero-amerikanischen Kulturraum. Darüber hinaus ist es ein Ort der Wissensproduktion, der Wissensvermittlung und der kulturellen Übersetzungen. Die einzigartige Verbindung von Informationszentrum, Forschungszentrum und Kulturzentrum macht das IAI zu einer Platt-form für Kooperationen und zu einem Katalysator für interkulturelle und transkulturelle Dia-loge.

Die IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN sind eine unregelmäßig erscheinende Schriftenreihe. Zu thematischen Schwerpunkten werden Auswahlbibliographien aus den Beständen des Ibero-Amerikanischen Instituts veröffentlicht. Am Ende der bibliographischen Einträge befinden sich die Signaturen der Bibliothek des Ibero-Amerikanischen Instituts. Die Materialien kön-nen über Fernleihe bestellt werden.

Die IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN können auch über die Homepage des IAI im PDF-Format heruntergeladen werden: http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de

El Instituto Ibero-Americano (IAI) en Berlín es una institución de orientación interdisciplina-ria que se ocupa del intercambio científico y cultural con América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal. Alberga un archivo de conocimiento del que forma parte la biblioteca especializada en el ámbito cultural iberoamericano más grande de Europa. Es, además, un lugar de produc-ción científica, transmisión de conocimiento y desarrollo cultural. La especial combinación de centro de información, centro de investigación y centro cultural hacen del IAI una plataforma para la cooperación y un catalizador para el diálogo tanto intercultural como transcultural.

La serie IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN publica en intervalos periódicos bibliografías selectas de los fondos del Instituto Ibero-Americano sobre diferentes temas. Las signaturas de la bi-blioteca se encuentran al final de los asientos bibliográficos. Se puede solicitar los materiales �in situ� a través del préstamo interbibliotecario.

La serie IBERO-BIBLIOGRAPHIEN puede ser telecargada en el formato PDF de la página Web del Instituto Ibero-Americano: http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de

Redaktion dieser Ausgabe

Peter Altekrüger Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut Potsdamer Straße 37 10785 Berlin Telefon: 030 � 266 45 2000 Telefax: 030 � 266 35 1550 http://www.iai.spk-berlin.de 1. Auflage 2009

© Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Potsdamer Straße 37, 10785 Berlin ISBN 3-935656-32-7

Contents

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4

2. Overview of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay ........................................................... 5

2.1 The Mennonite colonies in the Chaco ........................................................... 5

2.1.1 The foundation of Menno .............................................................................. 5

2.1.2 The foundation of Fernheim .......................................................................... 7

2.1.3 The situation in the early 1930s ..................................................................... 8

2.1.4 The foundation of Neuland .......................................................................... 10

2.1.5 The development of the colonies ................................................................. 10

2.2 The Mennonite colonies in eastern Paraguay ............................................. 17

2.2.1 Friesland ...................................................................................................... 17

2.2.2 Volendam .................................................................................................... 19

2.2.3 Bergthal and Sommerfeld ............................................................................ 20

3. Bibliography of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay .................................................. 21

3.1 About this bibliography ............................................................................... 21

3.2 General Works ............................................................................................. 22

3.3 Migration to and from Canada, Canadian Monnonites .............................. 34

3.4 Migrations from Russia; Russian Mennonites ............................................. 35

3.5 Menno .......................................................................................................... 36

3.6 Fernheim ...................................................................................................... 37

3.7 Neuland ........................................................................................................ 38

3.8 Two urban centres: Filadelfia, Loma Plata ................................................ 39

3.9 Colonies in Eastern Paraguay ..................................................................... 39

3.10 Friesland ............................................................................................................. 39

3.11 Volendam ............................................................................................................ 40

3.12 Sommerfeld and Bergthal .................................................................................... 40

3.13 Mennonites in Asunción ...................................................................................... 40

3.14 Economy; Cooperatives ...................................................................................... 41

3.15 Arable farming, livestock production and forestry; ecology ............................... 41

3.16 Transport; the Trans-Chaco Road ...................................................................... 42

3.17 Education ............................................................................................................ 43

3.18 Health and health care ........................................................................................ 44

3.19 Mennonites and the Chaco War .......................................................................... 45

3.20 Indians and Mennonites ...................................................................................... 45


4

1. Introduction During the period 1927-1948 German speaking Mennonites from Canada and Russia successfully established three colonies in the Paraguayan Chaco and four villages in Eastern Paraguay.1 Their colo-nisation activities have drawn world-wide attention and have led to a surprisingly large number of publications, mainly written by Mennonites residing in Paraguay or elsewhere. Other researchers, however, have also made an important contribution. The large body of writings justified the composi-tion of a special Bibliography. With over 700 titles this new bibliography is the largest one made up to now, but it is certainly still incomplete.

In compiling the Bibliography I made use of already existing general and specific bibliographies (see below), of bibliographical references made in important publications and of the catalogues of several important libraries: the Instituto Bíblico in Asunción, the Library and Archive in Filadelfia (Chaco), the Mennonitische Forschungsstelle in Kirchheimbolanden (Germany) and the Ibero-Ameri-kanisches Institut in Berlin.

I am most grateful for the valuable help given by Gary Waltner, director of the Mennonitische Forschungsstelle, Peter Altekrüger, library director of the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, and Henk Hack, who made many volumes of the Mennoblatt available to me. I am also grateful to Mr. R. R. Sy-monds (Bromley, UK.) for having corrected the English, and to the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut for their willingness to include the Bibliography in their series Ibero-Bibliographien.

Odijk, Netherlands, February 2008

Jan M. G. Kleinpenning

1 During the period 1966-1983 more colonies were established in Eastern Paraguay by Mennonites from Canada, the

United States and Mexico, including some larger ones like Rio Verde and Durango with 2,774 and 2,906 inhabitants, re-spectively, in the mid-1990s, and about ten smaller ones with no more than 100-200 inhabitants each. Very little has been written about these colonies and they were left out of account when I compiled this Bibliography. For more details see Ratzlaff, Gerhard: �Die konservativen amerikanischen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, November 2000, pp. 28-38, and Schröder, William/Hubert, Helmut T.: Mennonite His-torical Atlas, pp. 151-152 (Winnipeg 1996).

Jan M. G. Kleinpenning: The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay. Origin and Development

5

2. Overview of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay

2.1 The Mennonite colonies in the Chaco

In the early 1920s Canadian and East European Mennonites showed a serious interest in settlement in the western part of the Paraguayan Chaco as then defined. The Paraguayan government played along actively with this interest, since it was worth something to it to have the Chaco further populated be-cause of the growing conflict over ownership with Bolivia. Law 514 of 26 July 1921 gave far-reaching rights and privileges to Mennonites (and their descendants) who wished to settle in Paraguay as farm-ers, so that they could lead there the religious, cultural and economic life which they could not lead elsewhere or could do so only with difficulty. They were exempted from military service in both peace and war, were granted complete freedom of religion and worship, the right to establish and manage institutions for teaching their own language (an old German dialect) and their own religion, the free-dom to make their own social provision for widows and orphans (Waisenamt) and the right to regulate their own mutual fire insurance etc. In addition, they were granted exemption for 10 years from import duties on all the goods needed for the establishment and development of the colonies, and from na-tional and municipal taxes. They were granted a large measure of administrative autonomy and al-lowed their own structure of law and order. No restrictions were placed on the immigrants themselves: all Mennonites would receive the right to settle in Paraguay, irrespective of their age and physical or mental health. The rights and privileges also applied to Mennonites who arrived individually and then settled with a group of co-religionists in Paraguay.2 2.1.1 The foundation of Menno

The first Mennonite settlement was Menno colony (Fig. 1). It was established by a group of conserva-tive Old Colony Mennonites from the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada.3 These immigrants, whose parents had migrated from Russia to Canada in the 1870s, felt that their religious freedoms were being threatened in Canada, because the Canadian government, as part of its assimila-tion policy, no longer wished to allow ethnic minorities to use their own language and give instruction in their own religion in schools. They had been looking for a new home for a number of years prior to their decision to come to Paraguay. Their choice ultimately fell on Paraguay, because this was the only country that was willing to offer the desired guarantees for their development.

Those who decided to emigrate sold their land in Canada in 1926 to the Intercontinental Company in Winnipeg (property of Samuel McRoberts and Robinette of New York). Part of the purchase sum was paid in cash, and part in the form of land in the Chaco, where McRoberts had bought 323,700 acres (131,001 ha) from the Carlos Casado Company in 1921. The colonists had to pay a price of five US$ per acre for this. In order to be able to operate flexibly, the Intercontinental Company established a subsidiary company in Paraguay: La Corpo¬ración Paraguaya, in which President Eligio Ayala (who was interested in colonisation of the Chaco) also had a considerable financial interest. On 29 October 1926 the Corporación was officially recognised as a colonisation enterprise and as the Mennonites� representative. It supplied them with the necessary land in the Chaco (at a suitable profit) and had the task of preparing and developing the settlement.

The Canadian Mennonites acquired a total of three blocks of land with a combined area of 55,827 ha at a price of 689,602 US$. The colonists from Saskatchewan settled on the first block (7,403 ha), those from the �West Reserve� on the second (6,117 ha), and those from the �East Reserve� on the third (42,307 ha). These blocks formed part of a larger area acquired by the Corporación Paraguaya from Compañía Carlos Casado Ltda at a price of 1.25 US$ per acre and which was officially registered in the corporation�s name on 20 August 1928.

2 See Departamento (1933) for the full text of the Law. 3 The name �Old Colony� refers to the fact that these people stemmed from the oldest Mennonite colony � Chortitza � in

Russia.


6

Fig. 1: Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay

Source: Schröder, William/Hubert, Helmut T. (1996: 93).


7

A total of 279 families, comprising 1,765 persons, left Canada for the colony of Menno. The site of the settlement was extremely isolated. From Puerto Casado, about 300 kilometres north of Asunción on the Paraguay River, the immigrants had to board the narrow-gauge Casado railroad and travel 145 kilometres westward. From the terminal point of the railroad another 90 kilometres had to be trav-elled either by oxcart or on foot to the land which they had purchased.

While the group arrived in late December of 1926, the actual settlement could not be undertaken until late in 1927, because the land had not been surveyed and no wells had been dug. Many settlers did not get onto their own land until the April of 1928, some 16 months after arrival. For over a year they had to camp in tents or in other temporary shelters at Puerto Casado or at points along the way. 147 persons died in a typhoid epidemic and 355 were so disappointed that they decided to return to Canada rather than endure the difficulties they were certain to face in attempting to settle in the Chaco. The result was that approximately 1,400 of the immigrants decided to cast their lot with the more cou-rageous and stay. They remained to prove that a foreign ethnic group could come to Paraguay and make a success of colonisation in the most unpromising of all its millions of unsettled hectares. In 1932 there were 255 farms in the Menno colony, each with an area of 80-200 ha.4 2.1.2 The foundation of Fernheim

The early members of the Fernheim immigration group were among those fortunate enough to leave Russia with official permission during the later 1920s. All of them had experienced the hardships and agony that accompanied the post-World War I years - first the violence and bloodshed of the Revolu-tion, later the agonies of famine and, still later, the terrors of expropriation and flight. When they es-caped Russia, they had no goal other than to get out of Russia into Germany, where they were tempo-rarily housed in camps for from several months up to several years. The majority did not have the means to emigrate elsewhere.

Their co-religionists in the United States and Canada became interested in their welfare, as did the German government. Both made efforts to assist them in finding new places of settlement. The Men-nonite Central Committee (MCC), which is the cooperating service agency of all American Mennon-ites, undertook to give direct assistance. Because this agency knew of the settlement of the Menno colony in Paraguay, it occurred to members of the committee to investigate immigration possibilities to that country for the recent escapees from Russia as well. All of the Fernheim group would have preferred to migrate to Canada or to the United States, where they had many co-religionists and blood relatives. This was not possible, however, and so other countries had to be sought out.

After some study of the matter, on January 25, 1930, the MCC recommended that the Fernheim group should settle in the Paraguayan Chaco. They knew that earlier Canadian Mennonites had mi-grated there. However, the MCC leaders did not know what terrible hardships and untold difficulties the Menno colony people had encountered. A second and major reason why the MCC recommended Paraguay was because it still guaranteed permanent and absolute religious freedom for the particular beliefs which Mennonites had always cherished. Other attractions were cheap land and the challenge of a pioneering experience in a new country. The possibility of settling in a closed community and living their lives in peace according to the dictates of their own conscience was not the least of the attractions to these revolution-weary former citizens of the Soviet Union.

Purchase of approximately 16,000 hectares of land was arranged at the unreasonably high price of 8 US$ an acre, 3 US$ an acre more than the Menno colonists had paid several years before. The sellers later reduced the price to 3 US$ an acre when they found that the settlers were totally unable to pay the original price. Ultimately, the MCC bought the land from the Corporación Paraguaya and sold the land to the Paraguayan immigrants for 0.40 US$ an acre (1 US$ a hectare).

The Corporación Paraguaya organised the Mennonites� crossing, but the costs were borne by the German government, which paid out a total 773,000 Reichsmarken without claiming it back. On April 26, 1930, the first Fernheim immigrants reached their land. The total settlement, however, took two years to complete. The land had not been surveyed prior to their coming, but this survey was under-taken within several weeks of their arrival, thus enabling them to settle their home sites in a relatively short time. The original group in 1930 numbered about 1,500. Altogether, however, 383 families

4 Amarillo Fretes (1932: 171-173); Blöcker (1955: 46); Fretz (1962: 83-85); Grothe (1931: 5-7); Mueller (1998: 31-32);

Pastore (1972: 306-310); Pidoux de Drachenberg (1975: 36-37); Plett Welk (1979: 69-73); Schmidt (1931: 251-252); Schmieder/Wilhelmy (1938: 87, 90-95); White (1927: 559-560); Wilhelmy/Rohmeder (1963: 427).


8

(comprising 2,009 persons) came to the Chaco from Russia and Poland in 1930-1932. This figure takes into account births and deaths during the voyage. A small group of 57 persons came directly from Poland and another group came directly from eastern Siberia, but by far the majority arrived via Germany.

The Fernheim colonists, in comparison with their neighbours in the Menno colony, were much more progressive at the time of settlement, probably due to greater variety of contacts with the Euro-pean urban-industrial culture. As a result, they found themselves severely frustrated in the isolated heart of the Chaco. There was great dissatisfaction during the early years of settlement with their seemingly hopeless economic and social situation in their isolated surroundings. This dissatisfaction manifested itself in a steady stream of emigrants who left the colony either for Asunción or for the neighbouring countries of Argentina and Brazil or possibly for Canada and Germany. In August 1937 a group of about 700 Mennonites (135 families) left for the area of Villa del Rosario in Eastern Para-guay, where they founded the colony of Friesland (40 km southeast of Villa del Rosario) (see Section 2.2). For the most part, however, the Fernheim group settled down.5 2.1.3 The situation in the early 1930s

Up to 1931, a total of 24 villages had been founded: 13 villages with Mennonites from Canada in the colony of Menno, 11 with Mennonites from eastern Europe in the colony of Fernheim. They were all given explicitly German names, as appears below.

Table 1: Villages within the Colonies

Menno Fernheim Halbstadt Chortitz Lichtfeld Schönbrunn Weidenfeld Bergtal Kleefeld Auhagen Gnadenfeld Osterwick Gnadenheim Rosenort Waldheim Blumengart Wiesenfeld Waldesruh Schöntal Altbergfeld Friedensfeld Reinland Laubenheim Friedensruh Strassberg Schönwiese

In early 1931, 228 families lived in the Canadian-German villages and 265 families in the Rus-sian/Polish-German villages, giving a total of 493, with an average of 6 members, which means that the two colonies had a combined population of about 3,000 at 1 January. The settlements had a more or less closed character. Part of the land was situated near the houses; the remainder lay at some dis-tance from the settlements. There was also land for communal use. Each colonist family had an aver-age of about 40 ha for its own use. Thanks to the support of the Comité Central Mennonita and/or the German government and/or the possession of some capital of their own, all the families immediately had available the necessary equipment, such as harrows, ploughs, steel cables, cultivators etc. (Schal-lehn 1933: 332).

A favourable circumstance was that the soils in the central part of the Paraguayan Chaco were quite good for arable farming in various respects; they were fairly easy to work, permeable, well-ventilated, free of stones, flat as a pancake or gently undulating. The soil generally consisted of loamy sand, al-though there was sandy loam or true loam in some places. The true loams occurred where there were areas of forest. The forested areas were also suitable for arable farming after removal of the vegeta-tion, which consisted of light timber species of a generally small diameter. Because each colonist re-ceived several hectares of open land, he could plough his land from the first day without having im-mediately to clear forest. The colonists later also started to clear �forest� soils. They generally did the clearing themselves; only limited use was made of the cheap labour of the Lengua Indians in the early years. The climate and soil were suitable not only for crop farming, but for the practice of cattle ranch-ing (Unruh 1973: 105-106).

5 Amarillo Fretes 1932:171-173; Blöcker 1955:5-7; Fretz, 1962:88-91; Grothe 1931:5-7; Hack, 1961:44-47; Kliewer

1941:84-87; Mueller 1998:32-34; Pastore, 1972:306-310; Pidoux de Drachenberg 1975:37; Plett Welk 1979:69-73; Schmidt 1931:251-252; Schmieder/Wilhelmy 1938:90-95; Wilhelmy/Rohmeder 1963:427.


9

As manager of the agricultural research station on the properties of Carlos Casado, Kempski de-scribed the prospects for growing various crops. Water was present everywhere at a depth of 7-10 m; it was not fresh everywhere, but was suitable in all the villages for watering the cattle. Moreover, each village had fresh water wells and, where the fresh groundwater was insufficient, use was made of rainwater stored in barrels and reservoirs.

Kempski was impressed by the colonists� industry and by what they had achieved in a short time. He was convinced that the colonists would prosper. In order to reduce production risks to a minimum, the farmers engaged in polyculture: they kept various kinds of livestock (pigs, cattle and poultry) and grew a variety of crops. For their own use they grew maize, millet, sweet potatoes, beans, chick peas, manioc and water melons. Wheat growing was considered possible in the future. They already grew more than enough cotton for their own needs in the early 1930s and thus sold part of the crop. Natural conditions were so good for this crop that Kempski considered it not improbable that the Chaco could become a serious competitor for North America. Sugar cane and groundnuts were grown for the mar-ket, but poor transport formed a serious bottleneck to marketing them.

In the early 1930s each village already had its own small school. The colony also had its own shops. Some small industries had already been established in the centre known as Filadelfia. Thus an oil press, a corn mill and a sawmill came into operation in 1932, but the capacity of the sawmill al-ready proved to be too small by 1933. A cotton ginning plant was opened in 1936 (Kempski 1931: 324-326).

It is remarkable that Kempski did not take a negative view of what many regarded as the isolated location of the colonies. The rates of Casado�s railway were favourable, he argued, since they were 30 per cent lower than those charged on the Asunción-Encarnación route, and were also lower than those charged by various British lines in Argentina. The shipping rates were also favourable. The Compañía Carlos Casado provided transport from Puerto Casado to Asunción and Buenos Aires at reasonable prices in its own steamships. The Compañía also assisted the Mennonites in selling their produce advantageously. The previous owner of the estate - José Casado - wanted the colonists who had settled on his former property to become prosperous farmers. He wished them well. Many Men-nonites therefore appreciated all that Vater Casado did for them, according to Kempski, who main-tained close relations with the Casado enterprise (Kempski 1931: 326).

The more independent Quiring criticised the way in which Casado arranged the advantageous sale of the farm surpluses. In fact, the enterprise bought produce only occasionally in order to satisfy its own needs and did so at prices which left no profit for the farmers. The nearby industrial quebracho colonies also provided only a limited market. The only large market was in the capital, but that was situated 700 km away. Transport costs were high: the goods took 10-12 and sometimes as much as 15-18 days to reach the Casado railway. From that point transport was quicker, but only if the wagons were not needed for timber transport. If they were, waiting periods of a few days or even weeks were not uncommon. The costs of river transport were also high. The export of cotton was, in fact, profit-able only when prices were high. Isolation was therefore certainly an adverse factor in the colonies� existence (Quiring 1936: 118-120).

The farmers had to face other problems besides isolation. The climate was tolerable, but far from pleasant. A great part of the year was characterised by high to very high temperatures (up to above 40° C) and by long periods of drought. Some years were more than usually dry, such as 1930, with disas-trous effect on man, beast and harvest. Illnesses also occurred. Certainly in the early years, when the farmers still had to clear the land and acclimatise themselves to the new environment, they led a very difficult pioneering existence.

Wilhelmy painted a very sombre picture. There was not one official body which provided the 4,000 colonists with a regular and reliable supply of indispensable provisions such as vegetables and fruit. Argentinean flour and dried meat formed the basic diet for several years, resulting in scurvy and degeneration of the bones and teeth. He therefore feared that the process of dissolution which had begun in 1935 and the departure of many families to Eastern Paraguay would prove to be unstoppable. He linked this with the conclusion that the suitability of the Chaco as a colonisation zone had its limits: these lay at the point where � due to the indifference of the state � the adverse natural conditions defeated the energy and endurance of man. Later developments would prove Wilhelmy wrong (Wilhelmy 1937: 1120-1123).


10

2.1.4 The foundation of Neuland

Neuland was the third cluster of villages founded by the Mennonites and the smallest of the three colonies. The members of the Neuland immigrant group came from Russia, but were already staying in Germany at the time of emigration because the German military government had resettled them from the Ukraine in 1943. The group comprised 641 families with 2,314 persons. Many of them had spent time in Russian concentration camps. Many had been forced to serve in the German army and others spent many months and even years in refugee camps.

The Neuland colonists would have preferred to go to Canada or the United States or possibly to some other country than Paraguay. But they could not enter Canada or the United States and there were no other countries acceptable to Mennonites or open to immigrants. In Paraguay the doors were still open. All of the privileges which had been guaranteed to the first settlers from Canada and ex-tended to the later migrants from Russia were still promised to the Mennonite refugees of World War II. The international relief organisations were willing to help transport refugees from Europe to Latin America. The availabilty of free transportation across the ocean was a considerable factor for the Mennonite immigrants.

The first contingent of 299 refugees destined for the Chaco arrived safely at Puerto Casado on 1 March 1947, i.e. before the Paraguayan revolution interfered. About 1,200 refugees destined for Neuland were detained in Asunción and housed for several months in temporary quarters there.

The Neuland colony was officially established on June 4, 1947. The colony centre � Neu Halbstadt � was about 50 km south of Filadelfia. 206 persons of the 2,314 who travelled to the Chaco stayed in Fernheim, 355 persons left for Canada, Argentina, Brazil or other countries and 1,713 settled in Neu-land. An arrangement had been made by the MCC with the Fernheim colony to release 197,535 acres (79,942 ha) of its own land holdings for the new colony. The MCC could therefore provide the colony with 110,625 ha; each family was given 170 ha. After four years, 25 villages had been established; 22 of these had adequate water supplies, but 3 still lacked wells, which made them dependent on the other villages.

Of tremendous help to the Neuland immigrants were the international relief organisations, the MCC and the Fernheim and Menno colonists. Before the arrival of the new refugees, the older colo-nists had agreed as far as possible that each established family would shelter and maintain one refugee family until their new home could be built. This was additionally significant because in the Neuland colony 253 out of a total 641 family units were without husbands. They had been killed, captured, enslaved, or in some other way separated from their wives and families either in Russia during the agonies of the Soviet revolution or during the period of flight and the tragedies of World War II in Germany. In addition many of the old colonists provided transportation to the new colony homes and sent with them household goods and other gifts, which enabled the Neulanders to get a more rapid start. The Carlos Casado Company offered each of the immigrants one cow per family. These, how-ever, were wild and untamed and often difficult to use as draft animals. A team of oxen was provided for each farm family.

Neuland had its share of disappointed settlers. The same factors that operated to attract the mem-bers of other colonies to Canada operated in Neuland. Between 1947 and 1958 a total of 255 families (867 persons) left Neuland. Most of these emigrated to Canada.

The Neuland Colony also endured disappointments and hardships (droughts, sandstorms, plagues, lack of water and isolation) but, as will appear in our final evaluation, it also became a successful col-ony. It was fortunate in having an outstanding leader throughout its years in the person of Oberschulze Peter Derksen.6 2.1.5 The development of the colonies

Together with the Japanese colonies and the German-Brazilian settlements in the Department of Itapúa, the Mennonite colonies in the Chaco are regarded as a prime example of successful foreign colonisation. Thus the Mennonites not only succeeded in surviving in the Chaco, but actually pros-pered there. In order to give an idea of their success, in the following section I will give a brief de-scription of the situation in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

6 Fretz (1962: 95-97); Mueller (1998: 34-35); Pidoux de Drachenberg (1975: 37-38); Quiring (1954: 300-301).


11

According to Table 2, a total of 5,783 Mennonite immigrants settled in the Chaco. The average number of children per family was between six and seven. It was not uncommon for families to have ten to twelve children, and a few families had as many as sixteen or eighteen children. The high birth rates and low death rates resulted in a steady natural increase: There were decreases due to emigration, mainly in Fernheim and Neuland and to some extent in Menno, but only in Neuland did this result in a decreasing number of inhabitants. In 1956 the three colonies had 8,866 inhabitants living on 1,216 farms; in 1965 the number had risen to 9,205.7

The Mennonites founded altogether 122 villages in the Chaco, 114 of which proved viable, while 8 had to be abandoned because of water shortage or other unfavourable conditions. With 68 villages in 1958, Menno was by far the largest colony. The Neuland Colony consisted of 25 villages and Fern-heim of only 21. All the villages were small in size; in the late 1950s there was no village with over 40 farms and many even had fewer than 5, being hamlets rather than villages (Hack 1961: 71-73; Wil-helmy/Rohmeder 1963: 428).

Table 2: Demographic development of the three Mennonite colonies up to 1965 Menno

(1928) Fernheim

(1930) Neuland (1947)

Total

Inhabitants in year of foundation 1,303 2,008 2,472 5,783 Immigrants arrived later � 858 � 858 Emigrants 575 1,750 1,431 3,756 Natural increase 3,605 1,408 968 5,981 Inhabitants in 1956 4,333 2,524 2,009 8,866 Population gain or loss since foundation 3,030 516 463 3,083

Inhabitants in 1960 4,765 2,550 1,669 8,984 Inhabitants in 1965 5,140 2,628 1,437 9,205

Source: Kohlhepp (1984: 261); Wilhelmy/Rohmeder (1963: 428). As agriculture was practised with increasing success, the Mennonites greatly expanded their land-ownership. The initial area of the land purchased from the Carlos Casado Company to establish the three colonies was 150,370 ha, but in about 1956 total landownership, in the form of cooperatives, had risen to 807,250 ha. Most of the land had been obtained with the financial help of the Mennonite Cen-tral Committee. In the late 1950s, 14,530 ha had been brought under cultivation: 6,571 ha in Menno, 3,383 ha in Fernheim and 4,576 ha in Neuland. (see also Tables 2, 3 and 4). The remainder had not yet been cleared or was in pasture land.8

The native trees were seldom usable for lumber. In 1958, the colony had 40,000 planted trees of all kinds. The average Menno farmer had a total of 69 planted trees: 34 paraiso or timber producing trees, 9 orange trees, and 25 other trees, such as banana, tangerine, oranges, grapefruit, guava and dates (Ta-ble 3; Fretz 1962: 85-88). Land use in the other two colonies was similar, as shown in Tables 4 and 5.

While arable farming could be practised quite easily, since there were soils which could be rapidly cleared and were fertile and almost completely flat, on the other hand, the farmers had to cope with wind erosion, droughts and plagues.

In the course of time, there was noticeable growth and improvement in the area of mechanisation. Although the size of the farm was small as a rule, there was an average of a light and heavy wagon per farm, three ploughs and three cultivators to every two farms, almost one planter per farm, and a har-row or a disc for one out of three farmers at the end of the 1950s. Mechanisation in 1958 also extended to modern implements or conveniences such as trucks, tractors, jeeps, radios and refrigerators (see Tables 2-4; Fretz 1962: 85-87).

Livestock production included cattle farming, horse breeding and keeping chickens and pigs. Ta-bles 2-4 show the impressive growth of these sectors up to the end of the 1950s. Sheep farming re-mained relatively unimportant. The colonists started immediately with experiments to improve the natural grazing lands and found new grasses, including pasto Salinas, which were adapted to the

7 Kleinpenning (1984: 23); Kohlhepp (1984: 261); Wilhelmy/Rohmeder (1963: 428). 8 Hack (1983:104; 1961: 71-73); Kleinpenning (1984: 23); Nickson (1993: 378-379).


12

Chaco environment and enabled them to layout artificial pastures and to considerably raise the size and productivity of the cattle herd (Pidoux de Drachenberg 1975: 42-43; Plett Welk 1979: 97).

Table 3: Some basic data about the colony of Menno (1933-1958)

1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 Inhabitants 1,535 1,851 2,312 2,940 3,852 4,457 Villages 17 23 37 48 53 59 Crops planted (ha) Cotton 223 1,138 1,264 3,090 1,416 2,137 Kaffir ? 491 554 1,251 1,843 1,668 Groundnuts ? 133 121 202 313 893 Beans ? 188 119 151 125 128 Domestic animals Horses 118 508 735 1,550 2,647 3,627 Cattle 2,074 3,765 4,205 14,446 22,078 25,923 Pigs 1,060 200 700 850 1,145 1,552 Sheeps 14 65 145 660 661 876 Chicken 6,700 14,000 15,200 17,000 29,824 42,270 Farm implements Farm wagons 151 301 345 400 574 670 Buggies ? 51 95 295 417 573 Ploughs 198 385 415 540 907 1,096 Cultivators 169 340 380 510 865 1,096 Planters 36 120 152 250 346 439 Harrows 117 131 142 155 215 247 Discs 0 5 6 5 217 253 Threshing machines 1 � � 3 6 5 Tractors 0 0 0 0 3 12 Jeeps and trucks 0 0 0 0 0 8

Source: Fretz (1962 :86-88. *1932). The marketing of produce was in the hands of the colony cooperative, which was founded in 1931 and included all the farmers. The cooperative was soon of crucial importance to the successful develop-ment of the colonies, because it did practically all of the buying and selling of producer and consumer goods for the colonists, took charge of the processing of agricultural products, was the colonies� bank and offered financial help where necessary. As such it formed the heart of the economy (Plett Welk 1979: 95). The cooperative processing industry included a wide variety of provisions: saw mills, flour mills, oil presses, cotton gins, dairy plants, slaughterhouses, carpentry shops, smithies, a small plant for ex-tracting palo santo oil, tanneries and machines for collective use such as combines and linters (for separating the last cotton fibre from the seeds). These provisions had gradually come into existence and existed in all the three colonies in 1956, except that Neuland did not have a linter, carpentry and cotton gin, while Menno lacked a dairy plant. Unruh reported the absence of an installation to process castor beans. In addition, there were small private industries such as carpentry and cartwrights� shops, smithies, plumber�s shops, tailor�s shops, tanneries, leather shops and brick factories. All these indus-tries were mainly concentrated in the administrative centres of the colonies: Filadelfia, Loma Plata and Neu-Halbstadt.9 Most of the ample and excellent educational and health provisions were also located in these centres. The latter included 112 hospital beds in 1958 (Fretz 1962: 160).

9 Hack (1961: 131); Pidoux de Drachenberg (1975: 43); Plett Welk (1979: 96); Unruh (1973: 106).


13

Table 4: Some basic data about the colony of Fernheim (1933-1958) 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 Inhabitants 2,078 1,330 1,717 2,222 2,486 2,500 Villages 18 19 19 21 21 20 Farms 369 221 217 261 264 258 Crops planted (ha) Cotton 68 1,060 915 886 807 830 Kaffir 248 456 662 820 1,009 791 Peanuts 275 216 191 241 585 1,351 Beans 134 158 155 138 79 57 Trees (number) Oranges 297 1,548 3,111 2,973 3,583 4,276 Tangerines 162 452 1,395 1,486 1,524 1,648 Bananas 1,019 2,040 5,519 37 1,975 3,564 Grapevines 152 928 1,141 1,432 2,635 2,644 Paraiso 418 3,071 3,722 4,692 8,354 8,198 Domestic animals Horses 90 541 874 1,434 1,691 1,575 Cattle 1,871 2,770 5,177 11,362 9,218 10,690 Pigs 467 323 677 475 575 392 Chickens 8,246 6,262 8,514 10,402 13,903 20,163 Farm implements Farm wagons 102 226 215 245 326 305 Buggies � 22 97 197 259 325 Plows 337 230 282 296 459 514 Harrows 302 181 168 170 238 296 Cultivators 325 213 256 322 509 589 Planters � 41 96 128 189 290 Tractors 0 0 0 0 5 9 Trucks 0 1 1 13 16 24

Source: Fretz (1962: 92-94).


14

Table 5: Some basic data about the colony of Neuland (1948-1958) 1948 1953 1958 Inhabitants 2,389 2,462 1,715 Villages 25 27 25 Farms 538 473 318 Crops planted (ha) Cotton 157 985 981 Kaffir 126 1,066 870 Peanuts 73 531 362 Trees (number) Fruit trees 170 6,333 11,938 Paraiso 462 9,205 9,004 Domestic animals Horses 113 1,715 1,367 Cattle 588 7,437 8,841 Pigs 110 950 450 Chickens 1,527 11,361 13,028 Farm implements Farm wagons 45 420 291 Buggies 2 173 264 Plows 65 528 436 Harrows 1 41 101 Cultivators 24 469 393 Planters � 142 261 Tractors 0 � 4 Trucks 0 � 5 Autos and Jeeps 0 � 2

Source: Fretz (1962: 97-99). In the beginning, marketing possibilities were severely hampered by the lack of good communications. There were no good roads or even no roads at all. The villages had to be connected by picadas. Goods from Asunción arrived by train at km 145 of the narrow-gauge line owned by the Carlos Casado Com-pany. From that point (Fred Engen) they had to be transported to the colonies in ox or horse drawn carts. All citizens had to carry out one or more transports during the year and deliver the goods to the cooperative. Each journey took 1-2 weeks, during which time the drivers had to care for themselves at their own expense and had to cope with dust, heat, insects, inundated road sections etc. From the 1950s, the colonist could make use of machines to build relatively good earth roads and, gradually, a fairly good road network developed within and between the colonies. All roads were built without external help (Dürksen/Harder 1980: 55). The situation improved drastically when the Trans Chaco Road (Ruta Transchaco) was completed. This earth road from Asunción towards the Bolivian border was built with the assistance from the US Agency for International Development and reached Filadel-fia, the urban centre of the Mennonite colonies, on 4 October 1961. On 10 September 1964 the section to the settlement of General Eugenio A. Garay, which lies 5 km from the Bolivian border, was inaugu-rated. The total distance from Asunción to the latter settlement is 776 km. Asphalting began in the 1970s and was completed as far as Filadelfia in the mid-1980s. In 1978 the Puente Remanso Castillo provided a road bridge linking the Trans Chaco Road to Eastern Paraguay.10

10 Nickson (1993: 223, 590-591); Ratzlaff (1999: 184), Unruh (1973: 106). For more details about the history and impor-

tance of the Ruta Trans Chaco see the publications of Ratzlaff.


15

Table 6: Gross income from the various products sold by the three Mennonite colonies in 1956, in percentages

Product Menno Fernheim Neuland Cotton 61.5 29.5 46.5 Cotton seed oil 0.0 1.9 0.0 Groundnuts 2.6 5.0 10.8 Groundnut oil 0.0 16.1 11.7

Cattle 19.2 14.2 11.4 Butter 0.0 4.8 4.9 Eggs 9.0 6.5 7.6

Palo santo extract 7.7 22.0 7.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Wilhelmy/Rohmeder (1963:430); Kohlhepp (1984: 275). With the opening of the Transchaco road the opportunities for marketing poultry and poultry products materialised and, since then, production of poultry has increased tremendously. This, in turn, required the production of more grain to feed the poultry, thus acreage in sorghum increased. Since the opening of the road, the Mennonite colonies have also supplied the growing market of Asunción with an in-creasing quantity of milk and dairy products which, before the opening, could only be sent by plane in small quantities to the capital. The marketing of all kinds of other products, such as cotton, the colo-nies� main commercial crop, also became much cheaper.

The arrival of the Mennonites did not cause conflicts with the Indians. In the 1920s and 1930s land in the Central Chaco was abundant, as there were only a few hundred Indians in the colonisation area. Moreover, the Mennonites started to reclaim the land gradually and facilitated the further utilisation of the land reserves for hunting, gathering etc. Although the land had been legally bought, the Mennon-ites also paid a (symbolic) price to the Indians, in order to convince them that the white colonists had really become the owners. Another important reason why problems did not arise was that the Indians became better off, since they found work in the newly established colonies. Finally, it should be men-tioned that the Indians of the area lived communally, while the Mennonites were pacifists by convic-tion.

From the arrival of the Mennonites a growing number of Indians migrated to the central Chaco in order to find work and to receive various kinds of support in the Mennonite colonies which, because of better communications and considerable foreign aid, saw remarkable progress, particularly in the 1950s and 1960s. When the Mennonites started to settle, there were only a few hundred Indians in their colonisation area and these did not cause tensions. However, as the number of Indians grew, by migration and natural growth, it became increasingly urgent to do something in order to avoid future problems. This was all the more necessary as the area of uncultivated land decreased and it proved to be impossible for the Mennonites to provide sufficient seasonal and full-time jobs in the farming sec-tor, because mechanisation considerably reduced the demand for seasonal labour. The Indians � on the contrary � expected that the Mennonites would provide work. Missionary activities, including educa-tion and health care, had already started in 1935, but land for the first Indian village was not bought until 1950. In 1955, a programme of systematic settlement was started, which was intensified in the 1960s, when social unrest threatened to increase. The purpose of the programme was to gradually set-tle some of the Indians and give them the same livelihood as the Mennonites. Four indigenous colo-nies were organized during the period 1955-1963: Yalve Sanga I (1955), Yalve Sanga II (1961), La Esperanza (1962) and Campo Largo (1963). In the mid-1960s, the Mennonites planned to found more colonies.11 11 In later years, the ASCIM (Asociación de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita), which was established in 1976

to assist the social and economic development of the Chaco Indians, took charge of the settlement programme. This or-ganisation succeeded in obtaining large foreign funds for the purchase of land (Nickson 1993: 42). For more information about the relations between Mennonites and Indians and the �Indian development policy� of the former see Hack (1976; 1976-1980 and 1983).


16

The Indians settled in the colonies formed part of the working population of the Mennonite area. Apart from land, they received farm equipment and food during the initial phase and educational and health facilities were also provided. The land was the property of the Mennonite organisation, but was to be ceded to the Indians as soon as an appropriate and officially acceptable model of organisation had been developed.12

In trying to evaluate the Mennonite colonisation experiment in the Chaco, it must be noted that al-though geographical and economic conditions of the Chaco were adverse in the extreme, the sum total of other factors was strong enough to offset these negative factors and assure successful agriculture and cattle raising, practised on small and medium-sized farms under semiarid conditions and without the help of irrigation. The unifying role of blood relationship, origin and religion, in particular, was very important. Large numbers of Mennonite colonists came from the same country and region. Fur-thermore, they often grew up in the same community, belonged to the same church, and were often close blood relatives to many of their colony neighbours. Another favourable factor was that the Men-nonites received considerable external support from Canada, the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development and the Comité Central Mennonita, based in Akron, Pennsylvania. External help included a loan from the USA and Canada of 76,000 US$ in 1953 for further industrial development in Fernheim Colony (more specifically local cotton processing), a loan of 1 million US$ from the US Agency for International Development in 1957, and financial support from Germany and the Nether-lands to develop social services.13 Other important factors included exemptions from State taxes; the availability of cheap Lengua and Nivaklé labour for farm and all kinds of other operations; efficiently organised purchasing and selling through a cooperative system, and the opening up of the area with the construction of the Trans-Chaco route.

Table 7: Data showing the development of the three Mennonite colonies (1956) Menno Fernheim Neuland Total Villages founded until 1956 68 21 25 114 Inhabitants 4.065 2,395 1,979 8,439 Farms 564 255 397 1,216 Total area (ha), of which: 331,875 249,375 226,000 807,250 Fenced arable land 6,571 3,383 4,576 14,530 Area under crops 4,474 3,043 3,050 10,567 Pastures 132,000 82,000 44,000 258,000 Remaining (Forest) area 193,304 163,992 177,424 534,720 Average Farm Size (ha) 11.7 13.2 11.8 � Contributions to local export value from: Arable farming (%)

64,3

59.2

69.2

�

Livestock production (%) 28.1 21.7 23.7 � Forestry (%) 7.6 19.1 7.1 �

Source: Hack (1961: 71-73, 92, 108); Wilhelmy/Rohmeder (1963: 429). Despite the success of the Mennonites, their example was not followed by other groups. Up to the present, the Mennonites are still the only people to have founded successful permanent large-scale agricultural communities in the Chaco. On the one hand, this is surprising, since success of a certain group nearly always challenges other groups to follow their example, but on the other hand, it is also quite understandable, since the factors listed above which were responsible for the success are to a large degree specific to the Mennonites. Consequently, the Paraguayan Chaco has remained a thinly populated area. The major reasons why further agricultural colonisation failed to take place are rather obvious: living conditions in the Chaco are far from ideal, Paraguay�s population was rather small, 12 Borrini (1997: 95); Dürksen/Harder (1980: 97); Kleinpenning (1984: 23-24, 59-61). 13 Nathan (1970: 32); Pidoux de Drachenberg (1975: 44); Quiring (1954: 304).


17

opportunities for expanding the agricultural frontier were much better in Eastern Paraguay, and the government lacked capital and manpower to organise large scale programmes of agricultural colonisa-tion under marginal conditions. 2.2 The Mennonite colonies in eastern Paraguay

Eastern Paraguay offered several advantages compared to the Chaco. In the Eastern Region rainfall is higher, the heat is less, there are no sandstorms in wintertime, and the soils are generally better. In other words, conditions for growing crops, vegetables and fruit trees, and for livestock production are more favourable. There is also much more high quality forest, and communications in general are bet-ter. For these and other reasons some Mennonites preferred to settle in the Eastern Region, directly or after having tried to build up an existence in the Chaco. Nevertheless, the Mennonite colonies founded in Eastern Paraguay were, generally speaking, less successful than the Chaco settlements in the early 1960s. One important reason was the lack of good and continuous leadership, while another was the difficulty of finding an attractive cash crop, since conditions for cotton growing were not invariably good. Altogether, four colonies were founded in Eastern Paraguay up to the 1950s: Friesland, Volen-dam, Bergthal and Sommerfeld. They will be dealt with in the following sections. 2.2.1 Friesland

Soon after the foundation of Fernheim, small numbers of Mennonites left the Chaco to settle in East-ern Paraguay. They were sceptical about the possibilities of successful colonisation in the Chaco and felt unhappy with the rigidly organised Gemeinschaftswesen. They settled near Concepción and the port of Rosario, while others bought some land in the colony of General Aquino (also named Chamorra) and tried to make a living among other German-speaking colonists and Paraguayans. Some Mennonites preferred to move to Asunción. When cotton production in the Chaco increased consid-erably in 1933 and cotton harvests were good in 1934 emigration decreased and some Mennonites even returned to the Chaco. In 1936, however, locusts and droughts were responsible for bad harvests, including that of cotton, and in nearly all villages there was a shortage of grazing land. As a result, emigration to Eastern Paraguay started again. Meanwhile, the Mennonite group which had settled down near Concepción had become so numerous that it became possible to establish a closed colony � Neuhoffnung � on state land at kilometre post 37 of the railway from Concepción to Horqueta in 1936.

Meanwhile, the Mennonites in Fernheim had become increasingly aware of the fact that, for the further development of their colony, more land would be necessary. The number of farms in the vari-ous villages had to be reduced to about the half in order to make more farm and grazing land available to the remaining holdings. When it was decided in 1937 to carry out the inevitable Dorfauflockerung, a large group of Mennonites did not wait for resettlement elsewhere in the Chaco, but preferred to move to Eastern Paraguay. Their decision was made in the face of direct discouragement from the Mennonite Central Committee in North America, which refused to give any financial help to any set-tlers leaving the Chaco. After several investigatory expeditions the group found a property of 6,913 ha of land (including forests and camps) about 65 km east of Rosario, which was bought in June 1937 from the owners, Wilhelm and Arthur Strauch, who lived in Montevideo. In August 1937, 135 fami-lies, with 754 persons, left the Chaco, dissatisfied with the prospects for success there after seven years of bitter struggle. Two boats brought them from Puerto Casado to the port of Rosario, from where they travelled overland to the newly acquired land to found the colony of Friesland in Septem-ber 1937.14 The exodus was lead by Johann Funk and Isaak Federau. The group founded 9 villages with 146 farms: Corniesheim, Grossweide, Zentral, Grünfeld, Rückenau, Landskrone, Waldheim, Rosenberg and Blumenau. They also immediately built various principal roads of 12-16 m in width and secondary roads to give access to the land. The farm houses were situated on the roads, along which many orange trees were planted. The colonists also built two schools, one in Grossweide and one in Zentral, which were inaugurated in July 1938. A secondary school was opened in 1942. Some farmers were opposed to compulsory membership in the colony cooperative in Fernheim, but later discovered that a cooperative was essential and they formed one in 1941 after having tried vainly for a number of years to buy and sell on an individual basis. Some German families who lived scattered in the area of Rosario, decided to join the settlers in Friesland.

14 Friesland is the Dutch province where Menno Simons lived and preached and, as such, the cradle of the Mennonites.


18

Table 8: Data showing the development of the Mennonite colony of Friesland

during the period 1938-1958 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 Villages 9 9 9 9 10 Inhabitants 754 862 970 1,072 955 Families 146 163 174 204 190 Farms 145 154 168 201 203

Crops planted (ha) Kaffir n.d. 46.6 116.6 174.0 122.6 Corn 50.5 161.2 194.3 313.6 479.6

Trees (number) Oranges 2,551 4,000 4,500 3,179 2,361 Grapevines n.d n.d. 982 n.d. 812 Peaches n.d. 330 570 703 866

Domestic Animals Horses 262 348 482 598 551 Cattle 1,025 1,629 3,257 3,871 4,121 Pigs 116 388 503 478 320 Chickens 2,227 5,227 5,308 10,080 5,863

Farm implements Farm wagons 115 99 120 141 126 Buggies n.d. 2 2 25 47 Plows 135 134 142 165 130 Cultivators 119 115 114 128 130 Seeders 9 14 12 37 18 Harrows 94 93 93 95 78 Tractors 0 0 0 1 5 Trucks and Jeeps 0 0 0 0 8

Source. Fretz (1962: 59-61). By 1938, about 1,400 ha had already been cleared and brought under cultivation, and all the lotes had been fenced.15 In 1946 an additional area of 753 ha was bought and in 1952 133 ha were acquired, as a result of which the original area of 6,913 ha had increased to 7,799 ha in the latter year. It included 3,010 ha of forest. By about 1954 the colony numbered 1,046 persons (203 families) and 195 farms.

Conditions for cotton growing were less favourable than had been hoped for, but many other prod-ucts, like maize, manioc, kaffir, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, fruits and vegetables did well. In 1952 the colony had 566 horses, 3,600 head of cattle and 478 pigs. Grazing land was limited and more of it was needed, but all the land surrounding the colony was already privately owned and not for sale. One of the main economic problems at that time was that an attractive cash crop had not been found. In other words, the deep conviction of the Fernheimers who moved to Friesland that their greater proximity to Asuncion as a market for their products would give them a considerable advantage over their former isolated location in the Chaco had not been realised. Since it was impossible to live from the sale of

15 A detail worth noting is that nearly all the colonists in the Alto Paraguay area had clung to the primitive burning of the

forest and the use of hoe and planting stick. The Mennonite colonists who had come from the Chaco, however, used to remove the tree trunks and to use ploughs � the completion of clearing with fire. When they came to Eastern Paraguay they avoided clearing high forest lands, if possible, and preferred to buy land already partially cleared from Paraguayan colonists; they removed the remaining obstacles, levelled and started to plough it (Wilhelmy 1949b: 54).


19

sawn timber, livestock, eggs and butter, about 100 of the 203 families tried to obtain an additional income from carrying out transports between places like Friesland, General Aquino, Itacurubí, Prima-vera and the port of Rosario. About one third of these families were full-time on the move. Paraguayan ox-cart drivers competed with them, which made clear that transport work was not a real solution. Because of this less favourable situation, 24 persons had returned to Fernheim, 39 to Canada, 66 to Brazil and 24 to Argentina up to 1954.

There was no reason for pessimism, however. Blöcker noted that the colony was doing well and Fretz noted that, after a first fifteen years of difficult struggle, the colony was fortunate to secure an outstandingly capable administrator and, at the same time, substantial loans with which to launch sig-nificant economic programmes. In the early 1960s, there was a general optimism among colony lead-ers and members. There was evidence of numerical and economic growth and some evidence that suggested a promising future.16 2.2.2 Volendam

One of the more recent and the largest immigrant groups ever to settle in the Alto Paraguay region is the colony of Volendam. About 1,800 refugee immigrants arrived in Paraguay in 1947 and 1948 to make up this colony. They came from the same place as the settlers of Neuland, endured the same experience in concentration and refugee camps, and even more came over on the same ships. The name Volendam (a fishing town in the Netherlands) was taken from the name of one of the ships which brought many of the settlers across the Atlantic.

The Mennonite Central Committee provided a great deal of help to the settlers at Volendam. From the time of the arrival of the refugees from Russia in West Germany in 1943, the Committee began to work with the prospective colonists. The Volendam people preferred to go to Canada, where many of their relatives had previously gone, but the doors of Canada and United States were closed. The Vo-lendam colonists came to Paraguay because it offered a way of escape from their plight as temporary refugees in Germany. Many of them had been quartered in Berlin, where they were in constant danger of being seized by the Russians and forcibly returned to Russia. The Paraguayan Government contin-ued to guarantee the same privileges to the 1947 and 1948 immigrants as it had to the first Mennonites who had come in 1926 and 1930.

The Mennonite Central Committee had purchased 9,353 ha of land 13 km north of Rosario.17 The land extended from the river in an eastward direction, thus affording the colony its own river port, a small boat stop known as Mbopicuá. The land was surveyed and laid out in 12 villages. Tiefenbrunn was the administrative centre of the colony and became the site of schools, the hospital, some work-shops etc. The villages consisted of farms of 40, 30 and 15 ha.

The first Volendammers (295 families with 1,135 persons) arrived on March 2, 1947 and moved onto the land on 9 July. The Volendam colony was officially established on July 1, 1947 and, after the arrival of other groups, numbered 1,825 German Mennonites. In 1952 the colony comprised 15 vil-lages with 425 families and 1,767 persons.

Because of its favourable location on the river and its proximity to Asunción, the Volendam colony seemed to have the greatest promise of success, yet the fact is that it had the most disappointing record of all seven Mennonite colonies. One of the serious handicaps has been its lack of strong and continu-ous leadership by capable men; again and again, its more able leaders migrated to Canada, as did also many of its stronger families. Between 1947 and 1958, 223 families consisting of 1,281 persons left Volendam, so that by January 1, 1961 the colony�s population was down to 800. Some villages were entirely abandoned. Approximately 750 of the exits were to Canada, some moved to Brazil and a few to Argentina, some returned to Germany and others settled in other Mennonite colonies in Paraguay or moved to Asunción. Invitations from relatives in Canada, glowing accounts of the situation in that country and extreme hardships in Paraguay made it difficult for those remaining to settle down to the serious business of developing permanent homes, clearing lands etc. Quiring adds that it was also dif-ficult to find an attractive cash crop. The colony land, however, comprised much forest land and addi-tional income was therefore made from timber cutting and timber transport, the selling of firewood,

16 The foregoing section on Friesland is based on Blöcker (1955: 46); Fretz (1962: 58-61); Kliewer (1941: 80-82); Mueller

(1998: 66-68); Quiring (1954: 301-302); Ratzlaff (ed.) (1987: 125-126);Teichmann (1938b: 14). 17 This area is mentioned by Fretz but, according to Quiring (1954: 302), about 17,000 ha were bought and, somewhat later,

another 13,000 ha.


20

most of which was shipped by boat to Asunción, and the selling of fence poles, which were exported to Uruguay.

From 1960, the colony was receiving outside assistance of major significance. An organisation of North American Mennonite businessmen known as MEDA (Mennonite Economic Development As-sociates) had interested itself in providing administrative advice, financial support, and expert person-nel in an effort to reorganise the colony and stabilise it economically.18

Table 9: Data showing the development of the colony of Volendam (1948-1958) 1948 1953 1958 Villages 12 15 13 Inhabitants 1,172 1,683 1,067 Families 295 403 253 Farms 295 397 241 Crops planted (ha) Corn 49.8 187.8 282.1 Kaffir 42.9 271.6 52.6 Trees planted (number) Fruit trees n.d. n.d. 6,814 Shade trees n.d. n.d. 1,701 Domestic animals Horses 307 846 582 Cattle 514 2,779 6,951 Pigs 110 998 385 Chickens 1,697 8,538 7,405 Farm implements Farm wagons 42 246 145 Buggies n.d. 0 25 Plows 48 n.d. 167 Harrows 6 n.d 87 Cultivators 1 n.d. 158

Source: Fretz (1962: 64, 65). 2.2.3 Bergthal and Sommerfeld

Although Bergthal and Sommerfeld were separate colonies, the members making up the two groups came to Paraguay on the same ship and planned their immigration and colonisation ventures coopera-tively. Bergthal and Sommerfeld were the most recent of the seven Mennonite colonies established in Paraguay up to 1960s. According to Fretz, they constituted the most socially and religiously conserva-tive element of the seven Mennonite colonies.

In contrast to the colonies Fernheim, Neuland, Friesland and Volendam, the Bergthal and Sommer-feld colonists did not come to Paraguay as penniless refugees. Like the migrants who came 20 years earlier, they deliberately chose to come to Paraguay. When the Mennonite colonists left Canada in 1926 to settle in Paraguay, where they felt their religious freedom would be unmolested, some of their co-religionists decided to remain in Canada. By 1948, however, they also had come to the conclusion that their way of life was being threatened by encroaching secularism and so decided to migrate. Rather than settling in the Chaco, they decided to locate in Eastern Paraguay, where natural conditions looked more favourable.

The Bergthaler and Sommerfelder, like the Menno colonists, were among the prosperous Canadian prairie farmers. They had sold their farms at peak post-war prices and therefore had substantial sums in the bank. They were also acquainted with mechanised farming and aspects of scientific agriculture. Thirteen tractors and a large bulldozer were among the first pieces of equipment brought along on the initial migratory trip. The social solidarity of the groups was reflected in a fund that was raised to as-sist the poorer members.

18 The section on Volendam is based on Fretz (1962: 61-66), Mueller (1998: 68-69), and Quiring (1954: 302).


21

In 1946 delegates from Canada purchased a tract of land of 108,640 acres (43,967 ha). In 1948, 1,644 Mennonites sailed to Paraguay; 140 came from the province of Saskatchewan and the remaining 1504 from South Manitoba. Approximately 500 of those making the trip decided to return to Canada, before they had become established. Those who decided to stay settled in two colonies: Sommerfeld and Bergthal.

Table 10: Bergthal and Sommerfeld demographic data (1950-1958) 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 Bergthal Villages 7 8 8 8 9 Inhabitants 574 635 630 654 700 Families 110 116 119 125 136 Farms 110 111 117 132 136 Sommerfeld Villages 9 9 9 9 10 Inhabitants 626 644 655 658 717

Source: Fretz (1962: 102-103). Sommerfeld is located approximately 290 km directly east of Asunción, in the Department of Caaguazú, near the newly built Highway 1 stretching from Asunción east to Puerto Stroessner (now Ciudad del Este) on the Paraná River. Bergthal lies some 16 km farther north. The Sommerfeld colony comprised 9 villages, with 626 inhabitants in 1950, and 34,000 ha of land.19 The Bergthal colony was founded on about 11,000 ha of land and numbered 7 villages with 574 inhabitants in 1950. The first colonists arrived on 14 January 1949. The administrative centre of the colony is Chortitz.

Because most of the land acquired consisted of forest, the colonists had to clear the land first. The colonists started to grow the traditional Paraguayan crops and planted quite a lot of fruit trees. In 1954 about 300 ha had been cleared in each of the two colonies. Economically, the colonies were dependent for cash on the sale of wood, some vegetables, dairy, poultry and pork products. In the early 1960s, of the seven colonies, these two were the only ones as yet with a good farm-to-market road. The farms were initially quite small, but were rapidly being enlarged to make way for a greater degree of mecha-nised farming. In 1958 Bergthal had 5 trucks and 12 tractors while Sommerfeld claimed to have 47 tractors, a bulldozer, 13 trucks, and a jeep. On the whole, the colonists seemed content. Up to 1954 about 162 persons had left the Bergthal colony and returned to Canada; about 441 persons had left Sommerfeld. There had been practically no additions to either colony from outside. But because birth rates were impressively high and the death rate low, the colonies rapidly increased in population (see Table 10).20 3. Bibliography of Mennonite colonies in Paraguay

3.1 About this bibliography The following Bibliography provides an overview of the publications dealing with the Mennonites� colonisation activities, with the social and economic development of their colonies after these had been established and with the missionary activities of the Mennonites among the Indian population of the Central Chaco. Publications of a biographical nature and those dealing with the religious ideas of the Mennonites have not been included in this Bibliography.

19 Nickson reports that, in November 1989, a long-standing dispute with the Mybá-Guaraní, whose ancestral lands had been

appropriated by the colony, was settled in favour of the Indians when the government decreed the expropriation of 1,456 hectares of land belonging to the Sommerfeld Komitee (Nickson 1993: 545).

20 The section on Bergthal and Sommerfeld is based on Fretz (1962: 98-102); Mueller (1998: 69-71); Nickson (1993: 70, 545), and Quiring (1954: 302-303).


22

The Bibliography has been divided into several sections, each dealing with specific aspects of the Mennonite colonies. Within each section, publications have been listed in alphabetical and chrono-logical order. Anonymous publications have been included, using the first word of the title.

Besides numerous books, the Bibliography also includes a large number of articles published in journals and yearbooks. The most important serials with their full titles and their local of publication are listed below. For practical reasons only the main titles of these journals have been mentioned in the Bibliography:

� Bibel und Pflug, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus. Witmarsum, Brazil (IAI Z/4130). � Der Bote. Ein mennonitisches Familienblatt. Rostern, Saskatchewan. � Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay. Vol. 1- 2000-. Asunción: Editora Litocolor.

(http://www.menonitica.org/) � Mennoblatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Kolonie. Filadelfia (SBB 4�Co4710; IAI 4° Par ua 1 und Z/229).21 � Der Mennonit. Ein Gemeindeblatt zunächst für mennonitische Neusiedler in aller Welt. From 6, 1953, nr 8: Interna-

tionales Mennonitisches Gemeindeblatt. Basel/Karlsruhe/Frankfurt am/Main (DNB DZb 4433). � Mennonite Life. An illustrated quarterly. North Newton, Kansas (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). � The Mennonite. Newton, Kansas. � The Mennonite Quarterly Review. A Journal Devoted to Mennonite History, Thought, Life and Affairs. Goshen,

Indiana. (SBB Zsn 2274; http://www.goshen.edu/mqr/). Earlier already several other bibliographies on the Mennonites in Latin America have been composed. These are listed below. Although this Bibliography includes much of the information to be found in the earlier bibliographies, researchers are recommended to consult these publications as well, particu-larly those of Smith and Minnich et al., which contain useful annotations. FADENRECHT, George H.: Bibliography: Mennonite Migration to Paraguay. Dept. of History paper, University of Kansas, Lawrence. 1949. 8 pp. SMITH, Willard: �Mennonites in Latin America. An Annotated Bibliography�. The Mennonite Qarterly Review, 26, 1952, 4, October, pp. 298-318 (SBB Zsn 2274). MINNICH, R. Herbert/SMITH, Willard H./STAHL, Wilmar: �Mennonites in Latin America: An Annotated Bibliography, 1912-1971�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 46, 1972, 2, April, pp. 177-235 (SBB Zsn 2274). COONEY, Jerry Wilson (1996). Paraguay: A Bibliography of Immigration and Emigration. Longview, Washington: The Author. 71 pp. (pp. 43-68: �Mennonites�) (IAI 5-Par-30).

Most bibliographic description has the information at the end where you may find the book or the arti-cle. Four German libraries where checked for their holdings. IAI Ibero-American Institute Berlin (http://www.iaicat.de/) SBB State Library Berlin (http://stabikat.de/) DNB German National Library Frankfurt/Main and Leipzig (https://portal.d-nb.de/) SUB State and University Library Göttingen (http://opac.sub.uni-goettingen.de/) In the other cases please consult ther KVK (http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/kvk.html) or the WorldCat (http://www.worldcat.org/). 3.2 General Works ALFERT, Mons. Lucio: �The Mennonite Presence in the Chaco from a Catholic Perspective�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 76, 1996, 3, July, pp. 337-352 (SBB Zsn 2274). ALFERT, Mons. Lucio: �Mennonitische Präsenz im Chaco aus katholischer Perspektive�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 125-149 (http://www.menonitica.org/). ALFERT, Mons. Lucio: �The mennonite Presence in the Chaco from a Catholic Perspective�. Mennonite Quarterly Review, 2002, July, pp. 337-352 (http://www.goshen.edu/mqr/pastissues/july02alfert.html). AMARILLO FRETES, Eduardo: El Paraguay en el primer cincuentenario del fallo arbitral del presidente Hayes. Asunción: Imprenta Nacional. 1932. 176 pp. (pp. 170-174: �Las Colonias Mennonitas�).

21 For this serial see Rahn, Peter: �The Cradle of the Mennoblatt�. Christian Living, A Magazine for Home and Community,

6, 1959, July, p. 34.


23

ANSIEDLUNG: �Die neue Ansiedlung in Paraguay�. Mennonitische Rundschau, 1927, 26 January through 9 February (Weekly). ANSIEDLUNG: �Die Ansiedlung der deutschen Mennoniten in Paraguay (Nach einer Denkschrift des paraguayischen Wirt-schafstministeriums)�. Der Deutsche Auswanderer, Veröffentlichung des Evangelischen Vereins für deutsche Ansiedler und Auswanderer E.V., Berlin, 31, 1935, 3, May-June, pp. 113-121 (IAI 4°/8° Deut gi 4). ARCHIVO: Archivo Central de la ACOMEPA � Asociación de Colonias Mennonitas del Paraguay. Asunción: ACOMEPA. 2001. 86 pp. BALEN, W.J. van: �De Chaco�. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap 51, Series 2, 1934, pp. 96-102 (SBB Po 3409). BAU (= H.R.): �Zum Bau einer neuen Gemeinde�. Der Mennonit, 4, 1951, 2, February, pp. 23, 27 (DNB DZb 4433). BELL, Bran.: �Mennonite Refugees Carve Haven in Paraguay�s Wilds�. Denver, Colo., Post, December 27, 1959. BENDER, Fritz: �Im unerschlossenen Chaco von Paraguay�. Kosmos, Stuttgart, 57, 1961, 11, November, pp. 465-473 (SBB Lc 7963/2). BENDER, Harold S.: �Die Einwanderung nach Paraguay�. In: Neff, Christian (ed.). Bericht über die Mennonitische Welt-hilfskonferenz von 31. August bis 3. September 1930 in Danzig, pp. 117-125. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1930 (SBB Co4715). BENDER, Harold S.: �With the Mennonites in South America; in Paraguay�. Gospel Herald, Scottdale, Pa., 1 and 8 Septem-ber 1938. BENDER, Harold S.: �With the Mennonite Refugee Colonies in Brazil and Paraguay. A Personal Narrative�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 13, 1939, 1, January, pp. 59-70 (SBB Zsn 2274). BENDER, Harold S. et al. (eds.): The Mennonite Encyclopedia. A comprehensive work on the Anabaptist movement. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Publishing House; Newton, Kan.: Mennonite Publication Office; Hillsboro, Kan.: MB Publishing House. 1955-1959. 4 Vols. (SBB HA 3 Sg 6200). BENDER, Harold S.: �Vor 30 Jahren. Einwanderung nach Paraguay. Ein Vortrag vor der Welthilfskonferenz in Danzig, 1930�. Mennoblatt, 31, 1960, 16, 15 August, pp. 5-6; 17, 1 September, pp. 5-6; 18, 15 September, pp. 5-6; 19, 1 October, pp. 5-6 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). BENDER, John Ellsworth: Paraguay. Portrait of a Nation. Part I. The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay. S. l.: s.n. 1955. 105 pp. Unpublished manuscript. BENDER, John Ellsworth: Paraguay Calling. Part II. The Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay. Akron, Pa: Mennonite Central Commmittee. ca. 1955. 199 pp. Unpublished manuscript. BENIRSCHKE, Kurt/BYRD, Mary L./RICHARD, J.: �The Chaco region of Paraguay. Peccaries and Mennonites�. Interdis-ciplinary Science Review, London, 14, 1989, 2, pp. 144-147 (SBB Zsn 74828). BERGEN, Ernst Ferdinand/GOOD, Phyllis Pellman: Entwicklung, Macht und Korruption: als Christ in der Regierung Para-guays. Schwarzenfeld: Neufeld Verlag, 2008, 191 pp. (soon in IAI). BERGEN, Ernst Ferdinand/GOOD, Phyllis Pellman: Jumping into empty space: a reluctant Mennonite businessman serves in Paraguay�s presidential cabinet. Intercourse, PA: Good Books 2008, 204 pp. (soon in IAI). BERGEN, Ernst Ferdinand/GOOD, Phyllis Pellman: Un salto a lo desconocido: lo que aprendí como ministro. Asunción: Servilibro. 2008, 202 pp. (soon in IAI). BERGMANN, Günther J.: Auslandsdeutsche in Paraguay, Brasilien, Argentinien. Bad Münstereifel: Westkreuz Verlag. 1994. 256 pp. (IAI A 95/4156). Also thesis defended in Mainz in 1992 and entitled: Das Deutschtum im paraguayisch-brasilianisch-argentinischen Dreiländerbereich des oberen Paraná. BLÖCKER, Hans: �Deutsche Kolonisation in Paraguay�. Übersee-Rundschau, 7, 1955, 10, October, pp. 44-47 (IAI 4° I bi 620). BOETTNER, Victor: �Historia de las colonias mennonitas en el Paraguay�. Guaranía, Revista Americana de Cultura, Bue-nos Aires, 1, 1948, November-December, pp. 53-62 (IAI 8° Par bi 36). BORRINI, Hector Rubén: Desarrollo territorial en las colonias menonitas en el Chaco paraguay : 1885-1950. XIV. Encuentro de Geohistoria Regional. Resistencia, Chaco: Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas, Conicet-Fubdanord. 1995. pp. 53-66 (IAI A 08/17642). BORRINI, Hector Rubén: Poblamiento y Colonización en el Chaco Paraguayo (1850-1990). Resistencia, Chaco: Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas, Conicet. 1997. 118 pp. Cuadernos de Geohistoria Regional 32 (IAI A 98/11018). BRAUN, Heinz: �Neue Heimat für Flüchtlinge�. Unser Blatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus, Curitiba, 1967, 1/16 July, pp. 4-5 (DNB DZt 943). BRADFORD, William E./FISHER, Frederic R./ROMITA, Joseph W./DARROW, Thomas S. y otros miembros de la Misión. El Chaco Paraguayo. Asunción: Misión de Operaciones de los Estados Unidos de América en el Paraguay. 1955. 115 pp. Also published in English: The Paraguayan Chaco. Asunción: United States Operations Mission to Paraguay. 1955. 116 pp. Machine copies. BUCKELY: �Deutschtum und deutsche Kolonien in Paraguay�. Kölnische Zeitung (Abendausgabe) 22 August 1938.


24

BUHR, Gerhard: �Youth in the Paraguayan Chaco. Life is different among youth in the Paraguayan Chaco. Mennonite Colo-nies�. The Mennonite, 64, 1949, 25 January, pp. 15-16. BURGER, Friedrich: Im Herzen Südamerikas: unter deutschen Siedlern. München-Grünwald: Haus Lhotzky Verlag. 1928. 130 pp. (IAI 8° Par cd 42). CASSEN, Bernard: �Au Paraguay, le sage des Mennonites�. Le Monde Diplomatique, 48, 2001, 569, pp. 10-12 (SBB Ztg 10415 MR). CHACO: �Chaco Mennonites�. Newsweek, 1948, 21 July, p. 48 (SBB 4�2 Per 928). CHARAKTER: �Vom Charakter mennonitischer Ansiedlungen�. Mennoblatt, 33, 1962, 1, 1 January, pp. 3-4 (Earlier pub-lished in Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, Newton, Can. 1949) (IAI 4°Par ua 1). CODY, Morril: �Refuge in the Chaco�. Inter-American, New York, 2, 1943, 7, July, pp. 11-13 (SUB 4 Z GEN 397). CORPORACIÓN PARAGUAYA: Records of the Company, 1925-1931. DEPARTAMENTO de Tierras y Colonización: República del Paraguay. Colonización mennonita. Derechos, privilegios y concesiones a los miembros de la comunidad mennonita y a los de cualquier otra comunidad religiosa de procedencia ame-ricana o europea, que vengan a establecerse en el Chaco paraguayo - Otras informaciones. Anotaciones recopiladas por Genaro Romero, presidente del Departamento de Tierras y Colonias. Asunción: Imprenta Nacional. 1933. 22 pp. DERKSEN, Enrique: �Los Menonitas. Origen �dilema religioso vivencial� desafio actual�. Estudios Paraguayos, Asunción, 16, 1988, 1-2, December, pp. 43-78 (IAI Z 2350). DERKSEN, Heinrich Sr.: Vom �Paradies� in die grüne Hölle Paraguays. Asunción: Adelheid und Heinrich Derksen jun. 1988. 135 pp. (IAI A 94/4879). DIENSTE: �Im Dienste der Gemeinschaft�. Monthly newsletter. 1968-, Loma Plata, Menno Colony. DITTMER, Dörte/FULLRIEDE, Ulrike: Der weite Weg der Mennoniten nach Paraguay, oder wie die Mennoniten in dem paraguayischen Chaco verschlagen wurden. Berlin. 1992. 43 pp. Typescript (Archive Bolanden-Weierhof). DITTMER, Hans: Um Glauben und Heimat. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. 1939. 184 pp. (IAI A09/8928). DOLLINGER, Gerhard: Das Paradies in der Grünen Hölle. Kassel: Eichenkreuz-Bildkammer. 1959. 24 pp. Machine copy. DOLLINGER, Gerhard: �Licht nach dem Dunkel�. Der Bote, 38, 1961, 45, 14 November, pp. 2-3; 46, 21 November, pp. 3-4. DOLLINGER, Gerhard: Das Paradies in der grünen Hölle: was ein Landarzt erlebte. Stuttgart: J. F. Steinkopf. 1994. 140 pp. (IAI A 07/7292). DOLLINGER, Robert: �Ein Staat im Staate. Von den Mennonitenkolonien im Gran Chaco von Paraguay�. Mennonitischer Gemeinde-Kalender, 59, 1959, pp. 46-54 (DNB DZs 7540). DORKSEN, J. H.: Geschichte und wichtige Dokumente der Mennoniten von Russland, Canada, Paraguay und Mexico: nach geschichtlichen Quellen und mündlichen Ueberlieferungen bearbeitet und in kurzen Zügen. S. l.: J. H. Dorksen. 1932. 150 pp. DUECK, Dora: Under the Still Standing Sun. Winnipeg, Man.: Kindred Press. 1989. 293 pp. (Novel) (soon in IAI). DUECK, Henry: �Paraguay. In the Heart of South America�. Missions Today, 1968, January, pp. 9-15. DUERKSEN, Heinrich: Dass du nicht vergessest der Geschichten. Lebenserinnerungen von Heinrich Duerksen. Filadelfia: ASCIM/Asunción: Cromos. 1990. 235 pp. (IAI A 91/1344). DUERKSEN, Jakob: �Paraguay�. In: Dyck, Cornelius J. (ed.) (1962). The Lordship of Christ, Proceedings of the Seventh Mennonite World Conference, August 1-7, 1962, Kitchener, Ont., pp. 290-292. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite World Conference. 1962. DURÁN ESTRAGÓ, Margarita: �La república mennonita en el Chaco Paraguayo�. Cristianismo y Sociedad, Buenos Aires, 27, 1989, 99, pp. 75-81 (IAI Z/1007). DÜRKSEN, Hans: Mennonitische Rückwanderer aus Paraguay. Ergebnisse einer Befragung. Köln. 1975. 38 pp. + Annexes. Typescript (Archive Bolanden-Weierhof). DÜRKSEN, Hans: �Puerto Casado�. Mennoblatt, 71, 2000, 22, 16 November, pp. 4-5 (IAI Z/229). DÜRKSEN, Hans: �Puerto Casado und die Moon-Sekte�. Mennoblatt, 71, 2000, 23, 1 December 2000, pp. 4-5 (IAI Z/229). DYCK, Anni (ed.): Mennoniten in aller Welt; Mennonites around the world. Basel: Agape Verlag. 1967. 128 pp. (DNB D 67/13689). DYCK, Cornelius J.: �Unsere mennonitischen Kolonien im Chaco � Paraguay�. Unser Blatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus, Curitiba, 15 February 1950, pp. 2-4. DYCK, Cornelius J.: �An die Gemeinden in Südamerika�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, March/April, pp. 17-32 (DNB DZb 4433). DYCK, Cornelius J.: �The MCC Wittness in South America�. Mennonite Life, 6, 1951, October, pp. 27-30 (MCC=Men-nonite Central Committee) (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). DYCK, Cornelius J.: �The Mennonite Church in Latin America�. In: Dyck, Cornelius, (ed.): An Introduction to Mennonite History; a Popular History of the Anabaptists and the Mennonites, pp. 239-256. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1970. 324 pp. DYCK, Cornelius J.: �Die Mennonitenkolonien in Südamerika�. In: Goertz, Hans-Jürgen (ed.): Die Mennoniten, pp. 206-218. Stuttgart: Evangelisches Verlagswerk. 1971. 286 pp. Die Kirchen der Welt, Reihe A, Band 8 (SBB Ser. 12387-8).


25

DYCK, Heinrich: Presencia mennonita en el Paraguay; más de 70 años viviendo en el Paraguay. Asunción: Asociación de Colonias Mennonitas del Paraguay. 2000. 23 pp. DYCK, Heinrich/REGIER, Hans Theodor: Die Mennoniten in Paraguay. Am Tor des dritten Jahrtausends. Gemeinschafts-seminar. Asunción: Asociación de Colonias Mennonitas del Paraguay. 2000. 162 pp. (soon in IAI). DYCK, Peter: �Peter DYCK�s Story�. Mennonite Life, 3, 1948, 1, January, pp. 8-11 (http://www.bethelks-edu/ mennonitelife/). DYCK, Peter: �Nach Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 1, 1948, 1/2, January/February, pp. 6-7 (DNB DZb 4433). DYCK, Peter J.: Auferstanden aus Ruinen. Als MCC-Mitarbeiter in England, den Niederlanden und unter russlandmenno-nitischen Umsiedlern in Deutschland. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press/Kirchheimbolanden: GTS Druck. 272 pp. 1994. (Abbrevi-ated version of DYCK, Peter/DYCK, Elfrieda 1991.) DYCK, Peter/DYCK, Elfrieda: Up from the rubble: the epic rescue of thousands of warravaged Mennonite refugees. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1991. 384 pp. (IAI A 09/8615). ENS, Henrique: �Fahrt in den Gran Chaco Paraguays�. Südamerika, Buenos Aires, 16, 1966, 3, January/March (IAI 4° III bi 571). EPP, H. P.: �Wir erleben Südamerika�. Der Bote, 33, 1956, 1 October through 7 November 1956 and 12 December 1956 through 6 February 1957. Weekly. FADENRECHT, George H.: Mennonite Migration to Paraguay. Lawrence, Kan. 1947. 211 pp. M.A. Thesis in History, University of Kansas. FAITH: Faith, Hope and Love: these Three at Work in Paraguay. The Heartwarming Story of Erie Sauder�s Involvement in the Transformation of Lives in the Jungles of Paraguay. Archibold, Ohio: s.n. 1993. 26 pp. FAST, Henry A.: �Mennonites in Paraguay. In 1930-1935� Mennonite Life 1, 1946, 1 January, pp. 38-42 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). FAUST, John B.: �The Mennonite Colony in Paraguay�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review 3, 1929, 3, July, pp. 183-189 (SBB Zsn 2274). FAUST, John B.: �Die Mennonitenkolonien in Paraguay�. Der Bote, 6, 1929, December, 50, 51 and 52. FIEBRIG, Karl: �Was ist der Chaco?�. Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv, Berlin, 11, 1937, 2, pp. 166-182 (IAI 8° III cd 428). FINKE, Theodor: Paraguay: auf den Spuren deutschstämmiger Siedler. Bremen: T. Finke. 1984. 28 pp. (IAI A 86/5422). FINKE, Theodor: �Auf den Spuren der deutschen Siedler in Paraguay�. Neue Westfälische, July 1983. Also published in Finke 1989, pp. 92-94. FINKE, Theodor: �Auf den Spuren der Mennoniten in Paraguay�. In: �Heimatbuch� Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland, Stuttgart. 1982-1984. Also published in Finke 1989, pp. 185-204 (SBB Zsn 10562). FINKE, Theodor: Leben und Arbeit deutschsprachiger Siedler in Südbrasilien und Paraguay. Bremen: Jaskiewitz; Berlin etc.: Westkreuz Verlag im Vertrieb.1989. 294 pp. ( IAI A 90/140). FISCHER, Sara/PALAU, Tomás/PÉREZ, Noemia: Inmigración y Emigración en el Paraguay 1870-1960. Asunción: BASE Investigaciones Sociales. 1997. 45 pp. (only relevant because of some figures about Mennonite immigration on p. 13) (IAI B 98/1656). FOTH, Peter J.: �Mennoniten in Südamerika. Chance oder Gefahr�. Reprint from: Gelegentlich, 3, 1970. FRANKE, Louis: Mennonite Colonies in the Paraguayan Chaco. Asunción: Servicio Técnico Interamericano de Coopera-ción Agrícola (STICA). 1951. 14 pp. FRANKE, Louis: Colonias Mennonitas en el Chaco Paraguayo. Asunción: Misión de Operaciones de los Estados Unidos de América en el Paraguay. 1955. c.14 pp. FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: Mennonite Colonization. Lessons from the Past for the Future. Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central Committee. 1944. 79 pp. FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Factors Contributing to Success and Failure in Mennonite Colonization�. The Mennonite Quarter-ly Review 24, 1950, 2, April, pp. 130-135 (SBB Zsn 2274). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Beobachtungen und Eindrücke bei den Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 5, 1952, 4, April, pp. 56-57 (DNB DZb 4433). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: Pilgrims in Paraguay. The Story of Mennonite Colonization in South America. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1953. 247 pp. (IAI 8° Par ha 4). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Vor 30 Jahren. Warum nach Paraguay? �. Mennoblatt, 31, 1960, 14, 16 July, pp. 5-6; 15, 1 Au-gust, pp. 6-7 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Statistics about Mennonites in Paraguay�. Mennonite Life, 16, 1961, 4, October, pp. 172-174 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: Immigrant Group Settlements in Paraguay. A Study in the Sociology of Colonization. North New-ton, Kan.: Bethel College. 1962. 194 pp. (IAI 8° Par gi 36) FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Reflections on Ten Years of Change�. Mennonite Weekly Review, Newton, Kan., 47, 1969, 26 June.


26

FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: The MEDA Experiment. Waterloo, Ontario: Conrad Press. 1978. 118 pp. FRIESE, Heinrich Thomas: Strukturwandel und Strukturbeharrung in den Mennonitenkolonien des zentralen Chaco. Tübin-gen 1980. Mimeo. FRIESEN, Heinrich B.: �Vor 25 Jahren�. Mennoblatt 26, 1955, 1-6, January-June, pp. 2-3; 8, August, pp. 2-3; 9, September, p. 4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Vor 45 Jahren kamen die ersten mennonitischen Siedler nach Paraguay; es waren auch die ersten in Südamerika�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 12, 16 June, pp. 3-4 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Bienvenido en el Paraguay. Vor 45 Jahren trafen die ersten Mennoniten ein�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 17, 1 September, p. 3 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). FRIESEN, Martin W.: Mennonitische Kolonisation im paraguayischen Chaco unter Gesetz nr. 514. Loma Plata: Verwaltung der Kolonie Menno. 1984. 2nd rev. Edition. 36 pp. Mimeo. FRIESEN, Martin W.: Neue Heimat in der Chacowildnis. Altona, Manitoba: D. W. Friesen Printers; Asunción: Chortitzer Komitee. 1987. 502 pp. (IAI A 94/4878). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Vieles ist getan � noch vieles ist zu tun�. Globus, 21, 1989, 2, pp. 25-29 (DNB DZb 14341). FÜNFZIG: �Vor 50 Jahren 1921 � Mennoniten im Chaco � 1971�. Mennoblatt, 42, 1971, 7, 1 April, p. 6 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). GESETZ: �Gesetz 514 der Republik Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March-April, p. 32 (DNB DZb 4433). GIESBRECHT, Abram B. (ed.): Die ersten mennonitischen Einwanderer in Paraguay. Einwanderersliste. Loma Plata: So-ciedad Civil Chortitzerkomitee. 1994. 84 pp. 2nd edition 1995. GIESBRECHT, Abram B. (ed.): Die ersten mennonitischen Einwanderer in Paraguay. Loma Plata: Imprenta Friesen. 1995. 40 pp. GOODMAN, Joshua: �Cultivating faith on the Chaco�, Américas, Washington, D.C., 55, 2003, May-June, pp. 38-45 (IAI Z/277). GRABER, Christian L.: �Pilgrims in Paraguay Become Established�. Gospel Herald, Scottdale, Pa.,50, 1957,16 July, pp. 653-654. GRABER, J. D.: �Report on my Trip to Latin America�. Gospel Herald, Scottdale, Pa., 45, 1952, 22 July, pp. 721-727. GROTHE, Hugo: �Siedlungsarbeit und Deutschtum in Paraguay�. Archiv für Wanderungswesen und Auslandskunde, Studien und Mitteilungen zur Wanderungsbewegung der Kulturvölker, München-Starnberg, 4, 1931, 1, April/June, pp. 1-8 (IAI 4° I gi 3). HACK, Henk: �Vluchtelingen koloniseren in Paraguay�. Veenman: Wageningen. 1960. 13 pp. Reprint from: Beijer, G. (ed.): De Vluchtende Mens: symbool van de samenleving. Een bundel beschouwingen over het vraagstuk der vluchtelingen, pp. 86-98. Veenman: Wageningen. 1960. 239 pp. HACK, Henk: Die Kolonisation der Mennoniten im paraguayischen Chaco. Amsterdam: Königliches Tropeninstitut. 1961. 232 pp. Nr CXXXVIII. Abteilung für kulturelle und physische Anthropologie, 65 (IAI 8° Par gi 26). HÄNDIGES, Martha: �Mitteilungen über Entstehung und Entwicklung der Kolonien in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit 8, 1955, 3, March, pp. 42-43 (DNB DZb 4433). HARDER, Jacob: �Sozialer Wandel in der Gesellschaft der Mennonitenkolonien im Chaco�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, 2000, pp. 76-91 (http://www.menonitica.org/). HASSENPFLUG-BALDUS, Ula: Im Herzen Südamerikas. Berlin: Büchergilde Gutenberg. 1933. 199 pp. (IAI 8° Par cd 10). HERSHEY, T. K.: �Los Menonitas en el Chaco paraguayo�. La Voz Menonita, 1933, January, pp. 1-10. HERSHEY, T. K./SWARTZENDRUBER, Amos: Official Report of a Visit Made in February, 1929 to the Mennonite Col-ony of Paraguay, South America. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board of Missions and Charities. 1929. 12 pp. HERSHEY, T. K./SWARTZENDRUBER, Amos: Offizieller Bericht vom Besuch in den Mennonitenkolonien in Paraguay. 1929. c. 12 pp. Typescript (Archive Filadelfia). HERTZLER, Enos: Time Out for Paraguay, 1969-1975. Marion, Ky: E. Hertzler. 1985. 164 pp. HIEBERT, Clarence (in cooperation with). Geschichte der Mennoniten Brüdergemeinde in Paraguay. Theologischer Arbei-ter-Kursus 1976-1977. Asunción: Instituto Bíblico. 1977. 208 pp. Mimeo. HIEBERT, Peter Cornelius: �Hilfswerk und Kolonisation der Mennoniten seit 1930�. In: Neff, Christian (ed.): Der Allgemei-ne Kongreß der Mennoniten gehalten in Amsterdam, Elspeet, Witmarsum (Holland) 29. Juni bis 3. Juli 1936, pp. 146-151. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider.1936. 183 pp. (SBB Co 4741). HIEBERT, Peter Cornelius: Mitteilungen von der Reise nach Süd-Amerika. Hillsboro, Kansas: Mennonite Brethren Publish-ing House. 1937. 77 pp. (IAI 8° Par gn 17). HIEBERT [name unknown]: �Kulturelles und wirtschatfliches Leben in Menno�. Mennoblatt, 23, 1952, 9-10, September-October, pp. 6-7 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). HILDEBRAND, Peter: Odyssee wider Willen: das Schicksal eines Auslandsdeutschen. Oldenburg: Holzberg. 1984. 296 pp. (IAI A 94/4876). HOMER, Martin: �Gedanken beim Verlassen Paraguays�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March-April, p. 30 (DNB DZb 4433).


27

HOOGEVEEN, M.: �Hilfe für mennonitische Rückwanderer aus Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 19, 1966, July, pp. 102-103 (DNB DZb 4433). HOYER, Hans Jürgen: �A Mennonite Colonization Experiment in the Paraguayan Chaco�. In: Hoyer, Hans Jürgen: Germans in Paraguay, 1881-1945. A Study of Cultural and Social Isolation, pp. 105-138. The American University Ph. 1973. 160 pp. (and: Ann Arbor, Mich.; London: University Microfilms International 1981) (IAI A 81/1464). ILG, Karl: �Strapazen und Leistungen in der �Grünen Hölle�; Die Mennoniten�. In: Ilg, Karl: Pioniere in Argentinien, Chile, Paraguay und Venezuela: durch Bergwelt, Urwald und Steppe erwanderte Volkskunde der deutschsprachigen Siedler, pp. 212-230. Wien/München/Innsbruck: Tyrolia Verlag. 1976. 318 pp. (IAI A 77/1676). ILG, Karl: Das Deutschtum in Paraguay und Peru. Wien: Österreichische Landmannsschaft. 1982. 94 pp. Eckart-Schriften, Heft 83 (IAI A 85/1332). INMIGRACIÓN: �La Inmigracion en el Paraguay�. The American Weekly Weekly of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1926, April. n.p. ISAAK, Jakob: �Die mennonitische Ansiedlung in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 1, 1948, 9/10, September/October, pp. 80-81 (DNB DZb 4433). ISAAK, Jakob: �The Settlement in Paraguay from the Point of View of the Colonist�. In: MCC Proceedings of the Fourth Mennonite World Conference, Goshen, Indiana, and North Newton, Kansas, August 3-10, 1948, pp. 189-194. Akron, Pa: MCC. 1950. 352 pp. JANZ, Willy/RATZLAFF, Gerhard (eds.): Gemeinde unter dem Kreuz des Suedens: Eine geschichtliche Darstellung der Mennonitischen Bruedergemeinden von Brasilien, Paraguay und Uruguay. Ein Beitrag zum fuenfzigjaehrigen Jubilaeum, 1930-1980. Curitiba: Suedamerikanische Konferenz der Mennonitischen Bruedergemeinden. 1980. 225 pp. (pp. 106-206: �Die Mennonitischen Bruedergemeinden in Paraguay�) (IAI A 88/2428). JANZEN, Abraham E: Glimpses of South America. Hillsboro, Kan.: Mennonite Brethren Publishing House. 1944. 130 pp. (soon in IAI). JANZEN, Abraham E.: Die äussere Mission in Paraguay. Hillsboro, Kan.: Board of the MB Church of North America. 1947. JANZEN, Abraham E.: Survey of Five of the Mission Fields of the Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Church of North America Located in India, Africa, Brazil, Paraguay, and Colombia. Hillsboro, Kan.: Board of Foreign Missions of Mennon-ite Brethren. 1950. 157 pp. JEDER. Jeder Mensch braucht Gott. 50 Jahre christlicher Dienst der Mennoniten in Paraguay. KAMMERON-GAAIKEMA, Jolan F. P.: Politieke en maatschappelijke consequenties van christelijk geloven: een onder-zoek naar en bevraging van de geloofsopvatting en de daaruitvoortvloeiende politieke en maatschappelijke houding van de Doopsgezinden in Paraguay. Amsterdam: Algemene Doopsgezinde Sociëteit. 1975. 98 pp. KÄMPFENDE: �Kämpfende Jugend. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutsch-mennonitischen Jugendbundes der Kolonie Fernheim�. 1934-1936 (Supplement to Mennoblatt) (IAI 4° Par ua 5; SBB Co 4710). KANTER, Helmuth: Der Gran Chaco und seine Randgebiete. Hamburg: Friederichsen, de Gruijter & Co. 1936. 376 pp. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiet der Auslandskunde, Band 43, Reihe C, Naturwissenschaften, Band 13 (IAI 4 °III cd 205). KEMPSKI, Karl E.: �Die deutschen Siedlungen im paraguayischen Chaco�. Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mitteilungen des Deut-schen Ausland-Instituts, Stuttgart, 14, 1931, pp. 324-326 (IAI 4° I gn 1). KIENITZ, E. G.: �Das Schicksal der deutschen Siedlungen in Paraguay�. Tatsachen, Berlin, 1952/53, pp. 213-214, 230-231, 263-265, 279-281, 294-296. KLASSEN, George S.: Our Southland Sojourn. Manuscript. 1944. KLASSEN, Peter P.: �50 Jahre Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 48, 1970, 2, 16 January, p. 7 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Immer kreisen die Geier: ein Buch vom Chaco Boreal in Paraguay. Filadelfia: Imprenta ASCIM. 1983. 260 pp. (IAI A 84/552). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Die deutschen Siedlungen im Chaco von Paraguay�. In: Tolksdorf, Ulrich (ed.): Jahrbuch für ostdeut-sche Volkskunde, Marburg, 27, 1984, pp. 286-306 (SBB Zsn 10359). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Die Situation der Deutschen in Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 56, 1985, 6, 16. March, pp. 4-6 (IAI Z/229). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Eine neue Dorfstruktur und einige Gedanken über das mennonitische Dorf�. Mennoblatt, 56, 1985, 20, 16 October, pp. 4-6 (IAI Z/229). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Die Mennonitenkolonien in Ostparaguay und der Chaco � zwei Grosslandschaften Paraguays�. Jahr-buch für ostdeutsche Volkskunde, Marburg, 29, 1986, pp. 274-291 (SBB Zsn 10359). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Die Mennoniten in Paraguay. 1: Reich Gottes und Reich dieser Welt. 2: Begegnung mit Indianern und Paraguayern. Bolanden-Weierhof: Mennonitischer Geschichtsverein. 1988/1991. 383 + 376 pp. 2nd edition Vol. 1: 2001. 480 pp. Also published in English, see Klassen (2002) (IAI A 90/774:1 + A90/774:2). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Kampbrand und andere mennonitische Geschichten aus dem paraguayischen Chaco. Asunción: Makrografic. 1989. 135 pp. (IAI A 92/3031). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Das Kolonisationsmennonitentum in Lateinamerika im Vergleich�. Mennoblatt, 67, 1996, 12, 16 June, pp. 2-3; 13, 1 July, pp. 3-4; 14, 16 July, pp. 3-4; 15, 1 August, pp. 2-3; 16, 16 August, pp. 3-5 (IAI Z/229).


28

KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Worship and Churches in the Development of Mennonite Settlements in Paraguay and Brazil�. Mennonite Quarterly Review, 73, 1999, 2, April, pp. 286-302 (SBB Zsn 2274). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Tierra de sol, sangre y sudor: un libro sobre el Chaco paraguayo. Asunción: The Author. 1999. 263 pp. (IAI A 04/4948). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Die schwarzen Reiter. Geschichte zur Geschichten eines Glaubensprinzips. Uchte: Sonnentau Verlag. 1999. 273 pp. (soon in IAI). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Das russländische Erbe der Mennoniten in Lateinamerika�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, 2000, pp. 7-27 (http://www.menonitica.org/). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Die Rolle des mennonitischen Zentralkomitees (MCC) in den Konflikten der Mennoniten-kolonien in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 35-58 (http://www.menonitica.org/). KLASSEN, Peter P.: The Mennonites in Paraguay. 1. Kingdom of God and Kingdom of this World. Hillsboro, Kansas: s.n. 2003. 367 pp. 2. Encounter with Indians and Paraguayans. Kitchener, Ont.: s.n. 2002. 402 pp. KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Das Dorf und die mennonitische Gemeinschaft�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 4, 2003, pp. 6-24 (http://www.menonitica.org/). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Frauenschicksale. Mennonitische Frauen auf der Wanderung, Flucht und Ansiedlung. Uchte: Sonnen-tau Verlag. 2004. 275 pp. (soon in IAI). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Campo Vía: Menschen im Chaco von Paraguay, 2008, 274 pp. (soon in IAI). KLAUE, Rüdiger: Frischer Wind im heißen Buschland. Eindrücke bei den Mennoniten in Paraguay. Lage: Logos Verlag. 2000. 105 pp. (IAI A 09/8813). KLEINPENNING, Jan M. G.: The Integration and Colonisation of the Paraguayan Chaco. Nijmegen: Geografisch en Plano-logisch Instituut Katholieke Universiteit. 1984. 94 pp. Nijmeegse Geografische Cahiers 24 (IAI A 91/1391). KLEINPENNING, Jan M. G.: Man and Land in Paraguay. Dordrecht/Providence R.I.: Foris. 1987. 267 pp. CEDLA Latin America Studies 41 (pp. 195-207: �The colonisation process in the Chaco�) (IAI A 88/8276). KLEINPENNING, Jan M. G.: Rural Paraguay, 1870-1932. Amsterdam: CEDLA. 1992. 525 pp. Cedla Latin American Studies 66 (pp. 460-469: �The Mennonite Colonies in the Chaco�) (IAI A 92/7317). KLIEWER, Friedrich: �Geografische(!) Lage und Bodenbeschaffenheit des paraguayischen Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 2, 1931, 11, November, pp. 2-3 (SBB 4�Co4710). KLIEWER, Friedrich: Die deutsche Volksgruppe in Paraguay: eine siedlungsgeschichtliche, volkskundliche und volkspoliti-sche Untersuchung. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag. 1941. 223 pp. Übersee Geschichte Band XII. (pp. 84-94: �Das deut-sche Siedlungsgebiet im paraguayischen Chaco�) (IAI 8° Par gn 19). KLIEWER, Friedrich: �Die deutschsprachigen Siedlungen in Paraguay�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen. Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11-12, November-December, pp. 293-296 (IAI 4° I bi 695). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Mennonitische Jugend im Gran Chaco von Paraguay�. Mennonitische Jugendwarte, 15, 1935, 5, October, pp. 123-127; 6, December, pp. 142-151 (DNB ZA 12653). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Deutsches Bauerntum in der heissen Zone Südamerikas�. Mennoblatt, 7, 1936, 9, September, p. 4; 10, October, p. 4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Vortrag über Paraguay�. In: NEFF, Christian (ed.): Der Allgemeine Kongreß der Mennoniten gehalten in Amsterdam, Elspeet, Witmarsum (Holland) 29. Juni bis 3. September, 1936, pp. 75-78. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1936. 183 pp. (SBB Co 4741). KLIEWER, Fritz: �The Mennonites of Paraguay�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review. Goshen, 11, 1937, 1, January, pp. 92-97 (SBB Zsn 2274). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Mennonite Young People�s Work in the Paraguayan Chaco�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review. Goshen, 11, 1937, 2, April, pp. 119-130 (SBB Zsn 2274). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Wie es zur Auswanderung der Mennoniten nach Paraguay kam�. Bibel und Pflug, 2, 1955, March, pp. 2-3, 6. KLIEWER, Fritz: �Die Erschliessung des Chaco; eine kolonisatorische Grosstat der Mennoniten�. Bibel und Pflug, 2, 1955, 12, 1 July, pp. 4-5. KLIEWER, Gerd Uwe (ed.): �Mennoniten in Südamerika�. Unser Blatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus, Curitiba, 1967, 13-14, 1 + 16 July, pp. 1-4 (DNB DZt 943). KLIEWER, Gerd Uwe: �Auf dem Wege in die südamerikanischen Gesellschaften: die südamerikanischen Mennoniten und ihre Umwelt�. Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter, Weierhof, 28, Neue Folge 23, 1971, pp. 51-78 (SBB Zsn 24189). KLIEWER, Kornelius: �Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Heimat�. Mennoblatt, 51, 1980, 7, 1 April, pp. 10-11; 8, 16 April, pp. 10-11; 9, 1 May, pp. 9-10; 10, 16 May, pp. 9-10 (IAI Z/229). KOHLHEPP, Gerd: �Bevölkerungs- und wirtschaftsgeographische Entwicklungstendenzen in den mennonitischen Sied-lungsgebieten des Chaco Boreal in Paraguay�. In: Festschrift für H. Blume: Trockengebiete. Natur und Mensch im ariden Lebensraum, pp. 367-405. Tübingen: Geographisches Institut der Universität Tübingen. 1980. Tübinger Geographische Studien, Heft 80, Sonderband 13 (SBB Ser. 2879-80).


29

KOSSOK, Manfred: �Die Mennoniten-Siedlungen Paraguays in den Jahren 1935 bis 1939. Zur politischen Rolle der Aus-landsdeutschen in Südamerika�. Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, Berlin, 8, 1960, 2, pp. 367-376 (SBB 8 Per 1079). KRAHN, Cornelius et al. (ed.): �Pioneering in Paraguay�. Mennonite Life, 5, 1950, 1, January, pp. 3-40 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). a) Cornelius Krahn: �Pioneering Today� (p. 3) b) N.N.: �Menno Colony� (pp. 6-15) c) N.N.: �Fernheim and Friesland� (pp. 16-23, 40) d) N.N.: �Volendam and Neuland� (pp. 24-29) e) J. W. Nickel: �Canadians in East Paraguay� (pp. 30-32) f) Ernst Harder: �Mennonites in Asuncion� (pp. 33, 37) g) N.N.: �Hutterian Brethren at Primavera� (pp. 34-37) (NN: probably Krahn) KRAUSE, Annemarie Elisabeth: Mennonite Settlement in the Paraguayan Chaco. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Division of the Physical Sciences in Candidancy for the degree of doctor of Philosophy. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago. 1952. 143 pp. Department of Geography, Research Paper 25 (IAI A 80/3029). KRIEG, Hans: �Die Menschen des Gran Chaco und von Ost-Paraguay in ökologischer Betrachtung�. Der Biologe, Monats-schrift für Wahrung der Belange der deutschen Biologen, München, 2, 1932/33, pp. 135-138 (SBB 4�Lc 8091). KRIEG, Hans: Menschen die ich in der Wildnis traf. Stuttgart: Strecker & Schröder. 1935 (IAI 8° III ge 180). KRIEG, Hans: Zwischen Anden und Atlantik: Reisen eines Biologen in Südamerika. München: Carl Hauser Verlag. 1948. 491 pp. (includes a chapter on Mennonites in the Chaco) (IAI 8° III cd 404). KRIEG, Hans: �Hoga Poná, der schöne Ort im Chaco�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, pp. 283-284 (IAI 4 ° I bi 695). KRIER, Hubert: �Die Deutschen in Paraguay�. In: Fröschle, Hartmut (ed.): Die Deutschen in Lateinamerika: Schicksal und Leistung, pp. 651-695. Tübingen/Basel: H. Erdmann Verlag. 1979. Buchreihe Deutsch-ausländische Beziehungen des Insti-tuts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 15. 876 pp. (IAI A 79/4411). LEGIEHN, J.: �Die Mennonitenkolonien im Chaco von Paraguay�. Völkische Wissenschaft (Annex to: Die Westmark) 3, 1937,11, pp. 309-311 (SBB Ac 8825). Also published in Deutsche Warte 5, 1937, 100, p. 56 (IAI 2° Par gn 10). LISTE: �Liste der Auswanderer nach Uruguay und Paraguay�. Der Mennonit 4, 1951, November, pp. 168-169 (a list of only 15 emigrants to Paraguay) (DNB DZb 4433). LOEWEN, Klaus: Vom Werden und Wachsen der Evangelisch-Mennonitischen Bruderschaft, EMB. Ein Beitrag zu ihrer Geschichte. 2005. Asunción: s.n. 356 pp. LUCAS, Ethel: �Mennonites in Paraguay�. The Hibbert Journal, 61, july 1963, pp. 169-171 (SBB Zsn 1124). LÜDERS, R.: �Geologie und Grundwasser im Chaco Boreal�. Mennoblatt, 30, 1959, 19, 1 October, pp. 6-7; 20, 16 October, p. 6; 21, 1 November, pp. 6-7 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). MAPA: Mapa actualizado 1999 de las colonias Mennonitas: poblaciones indígenas con poblaciones y establecimientos adyacentes en el Chaco Central, República del Paraguay. Trabajo ... encargo de Chortitzer Komitee. Loma Plata: Chortitzer Komitee, Oficina de Estudios Topográficos. (Scale 1:309.300) (IAI Par ds 2; Aufl. 1999). MARCZYNSKI, Provost Martin: �Von den deutschen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. In: Jahrbuch des Volksbundes für das Deutschtum im Ausland, 1936, pp. 65-70. Berlin: s.n. 1936 (SBB SA 5923/1160). MARTENS, Juan E.: �Las colonias mennonitas, un estado independiente dentro del Paraguay�. La Unión, Asunción, 1953, 25 December, pp. 5-6. MARTENS, Victor P. (ed.): Paraguay: deutsche Einwanderer erzählen. Aufsätze und Berichte von Jugendlichen und Er-wachsenen aus den 30er Jahren. Asunción: The Author. 1997. 310 pp. (IAI A 06/9707). MARTÍNEZ, Juan Francisco: �Latin American Anabaptist-Mennonites: A Profile�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 74, 2000, 3, July, pp. 463-478 (SBB Zsn 2274). MENNONITE: �Mennonite Migration to Paraguay�. Monthly Labor Review, United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Statistics, 25, 1927, 1, July, pp. 186-187 (SBB Zsn 8754). MENNONITE Central Committee: Memorandum on the Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay, 1944. Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central Comittee Central Files. 1944. 21 pp. MENNONITE Central Committee: �Paraguayan Perspective�. MCC News Service, 6, 1970, March, p. 18. MENNONITEN: �Die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11-12, November/December, pp. 296-297 (IAI 4° I bi 695). MENNONITENKOLONIEN: �Von den Mennonitenkolonien in paraguayischen Chaco�. Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mitteilun-gen des Deutschen Ausland-Instituts, Stuttgart, 13, 1930, 21, pp. 739-741 (IAI 4° / 8° I gn 1). MENNONITENSIEDLUNGEN: �Die Mennonitensiedlungen im Paraguayischen Chaco�. Illustrierte Kolonialzeitung, 4, 1933, pp. 204-205 (DNB ZB 15964).


30

MENNONITES: �Mennonites in Paraguay�. Bulletin of the Pan American Union, 82,1948, 10, October, pp. 593-594 (IAI 8°III bi 14). MENNONITES: �Mennonites in Paraguay�. The Hibbert Journal. A quarterly review of religion, theory and philosophy, 61, 1963, 243, July, pp. 169-171 (SBB Zsn 1124). MENNONITISCHE: �Die Mennonitische Chaco-Kolonien�. Mennonitische Auslese. Steinbach, 1, 1951, 1, p. 21. MENNONITISCHE: �Mennonitische Rückwanderung nach Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 46, 1975, 23, 1 December, pp. 3-4 (Z/229). MENONITAS: �Os Menonitas na América Latina: Paraguay�. In: Comisão de Literatura (ed.): Os Menonitas � nono congre-so mundial menonita, 18-23 de julho, 1972, pp. 106-108. Curitiba, Brazil 1972. MIGRATION: �Migration and Land Settlement Policy in Paraguay in 1927�. Bulletin of the Pan American Union, 63, 1929, 1, January, pp. 21-23 (IAI 8°III bi 14). MILLER, O. O.: �Present Mennonite Migrations�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review. Goshen, 1, 1927, 2, April, pp. 7-17 (SBB Zsn 2274). MILLER, Robert W.: Corporation Paraguay. 1952. 15 pp. Mennonite History term paper, Goshen College, Goshen, Indiana. Typescript. MILLER, Robert W./STOESZ, Edgar: Paraguay. Akron, Pa. 1967. 5 pp. Machine copy edition by MCC. MILLER, Samuel E.: History of the Mennonite Missions in Latin America, Goshen College Biblical Seminary, Goshen, Indiana. 1952. 28 pp. Typescript. MINISTERIO de Economía: Las Colonias Mennonitas en el Chaco Paraguayo. Asunción: Imprenta Nacional. 1934. 64 pp. (Text also in German) (IAI Par gn 22, ...). MINNICH, R. Herbert: �Mennonites in Latin America: Number and Distribution�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review. Goshen. 48, 1973, 3, July, pp. 385-388 (SBB Zsn 2274). MONTE DOMECQ, Raúl: �Colonias mennonitas en el Paraguay�. In: Monte Domecq, Raúl: Paraguay, Edición 1952-53, pp. 419-420. Asunción/Buenos Aires. 1954. 421 pp. (IAI Par cd 99,2°). MUELLER, Ulrich: Zusammenfassung der Geschichte der Mennoniten in Paraguay. Asunción: Ulrike Mueller-Döhle. 1998. 78 pp. MUELLER, Ulrich: Resumen histórico de los mennonitas en el Paraguay. Asunción: Artes Gráficas Zamphirópolos. 1998. 67 pp. (IAI A 00/1612). NEFF, Christian (ed.): Bericht über die Mennonitische Welt-Hilfskonferenz vom 31. August bis 3. September in Danzig. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1930. 192 pp. (includes some articles on emigration to Paraguay) (SBB Co 4715). NEFF, Christian: �Unsere neuen Ansiedlungen: Die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender, 1934, pp. 98-108 (SBB Co 4576). NEUFELD, Alfred: �Konfessionelle Kompenente der mennonitischen Identität in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 86-114 (http://www.menonitica.org/). NEUFELD, Hans: Die Affäre Dr. Fritz KLIEWER in Fernheim 1940-1944. �Wie es war�, mit Anhang 1988-1991. Asunción. s.n. 1988 and 1991. 30 pp. (IAI A 94/4873). NEUFELD, Korny/HIEBERT, Levi: Mennonitengeschichte. Paraguay in Bildern. Im Auftrage der Allgemeinen Schulbe-hörde erarbeitet von ..... Filadelfia: Allgemeine Schulbehörde. 2002. 70 pp. (soon in IAI). NIEBUHR, Gundolf: �Zur Entstehung des Vereins für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, 2000, pp. 149-151 (http://www.menonitica.org). New Beginnings: Mennonite refugees to South America (1947-48). Akron, PA. Mennonite Central Committee, 1988, Video (soon in IAI). NIEBUHR, Gundolf: �Errungenschaften und Herausforderungen im multikulturellen Zusammenleben�. Jahrbuch für Ge-schichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 4, 2003, pp. 77-90 (http://www.menonitica.org). OLMEDO, M. Natalicio: �Las colonias mennonitas � Jalones del progreso chaqueño � Magníficos ejemplares de constancia y laboriosidad�. In: Olmedo, M. Natalicio: El Gran Chaco Paraguayo. Amparo de civilización y progreso 1935-1965. Estu-dio gráfico de los aspectos más resaltantes del pasado y presente de la Región Occidental, pp. 197-205. Asunción: s.n. 1966. 266 pp. PARAGUAY: Leyes de tierras y decretos reglamentarios. Anexo: ley de inmigración. Compilación ordenada por Genaro Romero. Asunción: Imprenta Nacional. 1924. 72 pp. (IAI A 04/5719). PARAGUAY: Paraguay Mennonites: inmigrants, citizens, hosts. Akron, MCC Peace Office Newsletter, 39, 2009, 1, Janu-ary-March, 12 pp. (http://mcc.org/respub/pon/). PARAGUAYAN: �Paraguayan colonies look back on 25-year history�. The Mennonite, 87, 1972, 32, 12 September, pp. 523. PELZER, Karl: �Mennonite Settlement in the Paraguayan Chaco�. The Geographical Review, American Geographical Soci-ety, New York, 28,1938, p. 149 (IAI I ca 59,1938, 8° + 4°). PENNER, Horst: �Die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. In: Weltweite Bruderschaft. Ein mennonitisches Geschichtsbuch, pp. 194-200, 292-295. Weierhof: Verlag mennonitischer Geschichtsverein. 4th edition prepared by Horst Gerlach and Horst Quiring 1984. 332 pp.


31

PFLÜCKER, W.: �Breve reseña de una visita a las colonias Mennonitas en el Chaco Paraguayo� (�Brief summary of a visit to the Mennonite colonies in the Paraguayan Chaco�). Vida Económica, Asunción, 1956, 12, April (IAI). PLETT WELK, Rudolf: Presencia menonita en el Paraguay. Origen, doctrina, estructura y funcionamiento. Asunción: Instituto Bíblico Asunción. 1979. 156 pp. (IAI A 80/4651). POSTMA, Johann S.: �Paraguay aus der Holzschuhperspektive�. Bibel und Pflug, 1, 1954, 2, 15 February, pp. 3-4; 9, 1 June, pp. 3-5; 14, 16 August, pp. 5-6. QUIRING, Walter: �Kolonisatie in Paraguay�. Zondagsbode, 1934, 2 and 9 September, pp. 174-175, 178. QUIRING, Walter: �Deutsche im Sonnenland�. Der Bote, 12-14, 1935-1937, 20 November 1935 through 10 February 1937 (Weekly). QUIRING, Walter: Deutsche erschließen den Chaco. Karlsruhe: Verlagsdruckerei Heinrich Schneider. 1936. 207 pp. (IAI 8° Par gn 16). QUIRING, Walter: �Unbezwingbarer Chaco? � Deutsche Post aus dem Osten, 10, 1938, 2, February, pp. 20-22; 3, March. (SBB 4�Ue 523;N.F.) . QUIRING, Walter: �Kreuz des Südens�. Der Bote. Rostern/Winnipeg, 29-30, 1952-1953, 21 May 1952 through 25 Novem-ber 1953 (Weekly/73 installments). QUIRING, Walter: Im Schweiße deines Angesichts: ein Mennonitisches Bilderbuch; Paraguay, Brasilien, Argentinien, Uru-guay und Mexiko. Steinbach, Man.: Derksen Printers. 1953. 150 pp. (SUB NR 73 B 17). QUIRING, Walter: �Das Siedlungsexperiment der Mennoniten im Chaco (und Ostparaguay) �. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslands-beziehungen, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December 1954, pp. 298-304 (IAI I bi 695, 1954, 4°); Südamerika, Bue-nos Aires, 6, 1955, 2, pp. 150-158 (IAI III bi 571, 4°). QUIRING, Walter: �La conquista pacífica del Chaco paraguayo�. La Tribuna, Asunción, 1971, 17 October. RAMÍREZ RUSSO, Manfredo: El Chaco paraguayo: integración sociocultural de los Mennonitas a la sociedad nacional. Asunción: Editorial El Foro. 1983. 377 pp. (IAI A 84/756). RATZINGER, M.: Mennonitenkolonisation in Südamerika. Augsburg. 2002. Typescript University Paper 25 pp. (pp. 10-23: �Mennonitenkolonisation in Paraguay�). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: An Historical-political Study of the Mennonites in Paraguay. Thesis Calífornia State University. 1974. 324 pp. Typescript. RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Los Menonitas en el Paraguay. Asunción/Fernheim: Asociación Evangélica Mennonita en el Para-guay. 1980. 8 pp. RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die deutschsprachigen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 55, 1984, 3, 1 February, pp. 4-5 (IAI Z/229). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die deutschsprachigen Siedlungen in Paraguay; ein allgemeiner Überblick�. In: Ratzlaff, Gerhard (ed.): Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay: Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, Asunción, 1, 1988, pp. 11-25 (IAI Z/6549). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die deutschen Volksgruppen in Paraguay�. In: Ratzlaff, Gerhard (ed.): Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay: Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, Asunción, 2, 1989, pp. 11-14 (IAI Z/6549). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Immigrantensiedlungen in Paraguay in chronologischer Reihenfolge�. In: Ratzlaff, Gerhard (ed.): Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay: Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, Asunción, 3, 1990, pp. 114-117 (IAI Z/6549). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Inmigración y colonización de los Mennonitas en el Paraguay bajo la Ley 514. Asunción: Comité Social y Económico Menonita. 1993. 36 pp. RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Die Mennoniten in Paraguay: Vergangenheit, Gegenwart, Zukunft. Asunción: Institut Bíblico Asun-ción. 1993. 188 pp. Studienkonferenz der Mennoniten in Paraguay. Abgehalten im Instituto Bíblico vom 1.-5. Februar 1993. RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Ein Leib � viele Glieder: die mennonitischen Gemeinden in Paraguay � vielfältige Gemeinde � kämp-fende Gemeinde � begnadigte Gemeinde. Asunción/Loma Plata: Gemeindekomitee (Asociación Evangélica Mennonita del Paraguay). 2001. 359 pp. (IAI A 01/13033). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die kanadischen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 42-58 (http://www.menonitica.org/). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die paraguayischen Mennoniten in der nationalen Politik�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 5, 2004, pp. 59-92 (http://www.menonitica.org/). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Historia, fé y practicas menonitas: un enfoque paraguayo. Asunción: Instituto Biblioco Asunción, 2006, 281 pp. (soon in IAI). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Robert und Myrtle Unruh: Dienst an der Gemeinschaft mit nachhaltiger Wirkung. Die drei mennoni-tischen Kolonien in Paraguay: Menno, Fernheim und Neuland. Filadelfia, 2007, 204 pp. (soon in IAI). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: One body, many parts: the Mennonite churches in Paraguay: versatile church, militant church, gra-ciously blesses church. Kitchener, Ont.: Pandora Press. 2008. 307 pp. (soon in IAI). RATZLAFF, Heinrich: Siedlungsergebnisse im paraguayischen Chaco. s.l.:H. Ratzlaff. 1979. 87 pp. 3d edition: Asunción. 2006. 137 pp. (in German and English). RATZLAFF, Heinrich: �Zur Klärung des Begriffs �Altkolonier��. Jahrbuch zur Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 181-184 (http://www.menonitica.org/).


32

RECHTSSTELLLUNG: �Die Rechtsstellung der Mennoniten�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stutt-gart, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, p. 297 (IAI I bi 695, 1954, 4°). REDEKOP, Calvin Wall: �Religion and Society: A State Within a Church�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 47, 1973, 4, October, pp. 339-357 (SBB Zsn 2274). REGIER, Hans Theodor: �Die Altkolonier in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, 2000, pp. 39-60 (http://www.menonitica.org/). REIMANN, Artur: �Auf Landsuche in Paraguay�. In: Heimatkalender der Bessarabiendeutschen. Hannover/Stuttgart: Hilfs-komitee der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche aus Bessarabien/Landsmannschaft der Bessarabiendeutschen. 1985 (SBB Zsn 18097). REIMER, Gerhard: �The �Green Hell� Becomes Home: Mennonites in Paraguay as Described in the Writings of Peter P. Klassen. A Review Essay�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 76, 2002, 4, October, pp. 460-480 (SBB Zsn 2274; http://www.goshen.edu/mqr/pastissues/oct02reimer.html). REIMER, Jacob B.: �Unser Privilegium ist ein Vertrag�. Mennoblatt, 46, 1975,1, 1 January, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229). REIMER, Jacob B.: �Die Einwanderung der Mennoleute�. Mennoblatt, 48, 1977, 12, 16 June, pp. 4-5; 13, 1 July, pp. 3-5; 14, 16 Juliy, pp. 2-4 (IAI Z/229). RIMLAND, Ingrid: The Wanderers: the saga of three women who survived. St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House. 1977. 323 pp. (Novel) (soon in IAI). RIVAROLA, Milda: �Inmigración, religión mennonita y nación bajo el gobierno de Morínigo�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 114-124 (http://www.menonitica.org/). ROMERO, Genaro: El Paraguay como país de inmigración. Asunción: Departamento de Tierras y Colonias. 1926. 18 pp. ROMERO LÉVERA, Mario Aníbal: Las tres grandes colonias mennonitas del Chaco y su influencia sobre el desarrollo económica del Paraguay. Asunción: The Author. 2003. 198 pp. (IAI A 04/13036). RUDEL, Christian: Le Paraguay. Paris: Éditions Karthala. 1990. 249 pp. (pp. 153-166: �Les Mennonites: une poignée d�hommes incontournables�) (IAI A 92/7732). RUTH, Esther R.: The Mennonites on the Paraguayan Chaco: A Transplanted Culture on a No-Man�s Land. Cultural Geog-raphy of South America term paper, Kutztown State College. Kutztown, Pa. 1966. 39 pp. (MCC Central Files, Akron, Pa. Paraguay Mennonites). SAWATZKY, Gustav T.: �Die Verwaltung der Menno-Siedler im Chaco. Gegenwart und Zukunftsperpsektiven�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 26-41 (http://www.menonitica.org/). SAWATZKY, Peter G.: The Paraguayan Corporation. History Seminar paper, Goshen College, Goshen, Ind. 1965. 36 pp. Typescript. SCHALLEHN, Hellmut: �Wieviel Deutsche gibt es in Paraguay?� Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Aus-land-Instituts, Stuttgart, 16, 1933, pp. 332-333 (IAI 4° I gn 1). SCHALLEHN, Hellmut: �Chaco-Kultur Gesetzgebung Paraguays�. Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Ausland-Instituts, Stuttgart, 13, 1930, pp. 511 et seq. (IAI 4° I gn 1). SCHMIDT, Vernon: �Problems in the Paraguayan Colonies�. Christian Monitor, 1942, June. SCHMIDT, Vernon: �Mennonites in Paraguay�. Christian Monitor, 1942, August. SCHMIDT, Walther: �Deutsche Pionierarbeit in Paraguay. Zur 50. Wiederkehr des Gründungsjahres (1881) der ersten deut-schen Siedlung San Bernardino�. Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Ausland-Instituts, Stuttgart, 14, 1931, April, pp. 250-256 (IAI I gn 1, 1931, 4° + 8°). SCHMITZ-WINNENTHAL, F. K.: Gutachten über den Antrag der Mennonitenkolonien im paraguayischen Chaco zur Erweiterung des TH-Projektes. Bonn 1971. SCHÖNRICH, Edwin: �The Mennonite Colonies in the Paraguayan Chaco�. Unpublished manuscript, prepared for the U.S. Embassay, Asunción. 1940. 54 pp. SCHRÖDER, William/HUBERT, Helmut T.: Mennonite Historical Atlas. Winnipeg: Springfield Publishers. 1991. 133 pp. (1st edition: 1990) (SBB 4� Kart. 30516). SEIFERHELD, Alfredo M.: �Los mennonitas en el Chaco paraguayo�. In: Seiferheld, Alfredo: Economía y petroleo durante la Guerra del Chaco: apuntes para una historia económica del conflicto paraguayo-boliviano, pp. 130-150. Asunción: Insti-tuto Paraguayo de Estudios Geopolíticos e Internacionales; El Lector. 1983. 534 pp. (IAI A 84/ 768). SELTMANN, Lothar von: Gottes Raben fliegen noch: Stationen eines besonderen Lebens. Wuppertal: R. Brockhaus. 2006. 240 pp. (IAI A 07/4867). SHELLY, Andrew R.: �South American Diary�. Mennonite Life, 16, 1961, 4, October, pp. 147-171 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). SIEDLUNGEN: �Siedlungen und Gemeinden der Mennoniten in Südamerika: Paraguay�. In: Ens, Henrique/Reimer, Gustav E. (eds.): Jahrbuch der Mennoniten in Südamerika 1961, pp. 93-115. Curitiba: Tipografia Santa Cruz. 1960. 160 pp. SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Mennonitische Streusiedlungen im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 12, 1941, 3/4. March-April, p. 7; 5, May, p. 3; 6, June, p. 4 (IAI 4°Par ua 1).


33

SMITH, C. Henry: The Story of the Mennonites. Berne, Indiana: Mennonite Book Concern 1945. Fourth edition revised and enlarged by Cornelius Krahn. Newton, Kan.: Mennonite Publication Office. 1957. 856 pp. SMITH, Tony: �Paraguay Mennonites Find Success a Mixed Blessing�. The New York Times, 152, 2003, 10 August, p. 4 (SUB MA 2003-6:1-137). SMITH, Willard H.: �Pilgrims in Paraguay�. Gospel Herald, Scottdale, Pa., 38, 1945, 20 July; 3, 10, 17 and 24 August. SMITH, Willard H.: �Material Progress, Spiritual Awakening Seen in Paraguay�. The Mennonite Weekly Review, Newton, Kan., 1965, 4 November. Also published in MCC News Service, 22 October 1965. SMITH, Willard H.: �Paraguay after Twenty Years�. Gospel Herald, Scottdale, Pa., 57, 1965, 50, 28 December, pp. 1118-1120. SMITH, Willard H./SMITH, Verna Graber: Paraguayan Interlude: Observations and Impressions. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1950. 184 pp. (soon in IAI). SOSA, Horacio C.: �El desarrollo del Chaco Paraguayo�. Estudios Paraguayos, Asunción, 8, 1980, 1, June, pp. 143-258 (IAI Z/2350). STATISTIK: �Statistik der Mennonitenkolonien in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Para-guay, 1, 2000, p. 148 (http://www.menonitica.org/). STOESZ, Edgar: Like a mustard seed: Mennonites in Paraguay. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. 2008. 311 pp. (soon in IAI). STOESZ, Edgar; STACKLEY, Muriel T.: Garden in the Wilderness: Mennonite Communities in the Paraguayan Chaco, 1927-1997. Winnipeg, Man.: CMBC Publications. 1999. 219 pp. (IAI B 09/515). STOESZ, Edgar/STACKLEY, Muriel T.: El Chaco Paraguayo. Tierra de Refugio. Patria Adquerida. Un libro sobre los Mennonitas en el Chaco Central Paraguayo, 1927-1997. Asunción: Asociación Evangélica Mennonita del Paraguay. 2000. 213 pp. (soon in IAI). SUÁREZ VILELA, Ernesto: Breve historia de los menonitas: con especial referencia a su llegada a la América Latina. Buenos Aires: Comisión de Publicaciones de la Iglesia Evangélica Menonita de Argentina y Seminario Evangélico Menonita de Teología de Montevideo. 1967. 48 pp. THIESEN, John D.: Mennonite & Nazi? Attitudes Among Mennonite Colonists in Latin America, 1933-1945. Kitchener, Ont.: Pandora Press. 1999. 329 pp. (soon in IAI). THOMPSON, Reginald William: Germans and Japs in South America, being a record of my search for El Dorado and of those who have sought and found new lives. London: Faber and Faber. 1942. 360 pp. First published in 1940 as: Voice from the Wilderness (IAI 8° IV cd 58). TOEWS, Bernard: Reise-Tagebuch des Bernard Toews mit Fred Engen. Mennoniische Chaco-Expedition 1921. Vollständige Abschrift des ganzen Tagebuches, das in 2 Teilen verfasst worden ist. s.l.: Abteilung Geschichtsarchiv, Schulverwaltung der Kolonie Menno. 1997. 108 pp. TOEWS, John A.: The Mennonite Brethren Mission in Latin America. Winnipeg: The Christian Press Ltd.1955. 255 pp. TOEWS, John A.: The Mennonite Brethren Mission in Latin America. S.l.: General Conference of the Mennonite Brethren Church of North America; Board of Christian Literature. 1975. 155 pp. TOLTEN, H.: Mit uns wandert die Heimat. Roman. Potsdam: Rutten und Loening. 1938. 368 pp. (Novel) (IAI 8° Par xu 37). TÖNJES, H.: �Mennonitensiedlung in Paraguay�. Der Deutsche Auswanderer, Zeitschrift des Evangelischen Vereins für deutsche Ansiedler und Auswanderer E.V. 1930, May, pp. 90-91 (SBB 4� Sa 5923/115). TRAGÖDIE: �Die Tragödie der Mennoniten im Gran Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 46, 1975, 12, 16 June, pp. 3-4; 13, 1 July, pp. 2-3 (IAI Z/229) (earlier published in: Deutsche Rundschau, Bromberg, Poland, 9 April 1937). UNRUH, Benjamin H.: �Die Mennonitenansiedlung in Südamerika�. In: Neff, Christian (ed.): Der Allgemeine Kongreß der Mennoniten gehalten in Amsterdam, Elspeet, Witmarsum (Holland) 29. Juni bis 3. Juli 1936, pp. 74-75. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1936. 183 pp. (SBB Co 4741). UNRUH, Benjamin H.: Fügung und Führung im mennonitischen Welthilfswerk, 1920-1933. Humanität in christlicher Sicht. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1966. 64 pp. Schriftenreihe des Mennonitischen Geschichtsvereins, 8 (SBB Co 4753-8). UNRUH, John D.: In the Name of Christ: A History of the Mennonite Central Committee and its Service, 1920-1951. Scott-dale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1952. 404 pp. (SBB 19264). VOGL, Friedrich: �Paraguay als Zielland einer grossen Mennoniteneinwanderung�. Mennonitische Rundschau, Winnipeg, Man., 1928, 6 and 13 June. WÄGELE, A.: �Das Kulturleben im Chaco�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, p 22. WARKENTIN, Abe: Gäste und Fremdlinge: Hebräer 11:13. Strangers and Pilgrims: Hebrews 11-13. Steinbach, Man.: Die Mennonitische Post. 1987. 361 pp. (IAI B 94/629). WARKENTIN, Jakob: �Zur sozialen und politischen Lage in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 24, 1971, 4, April, pp. 60-61 (DNB DZb 4433). WARKENTIN, Jakob: �Zur Politik der Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 25, 1972, 3, March, pp. 42-43 (DNB DZb 4433).


34

WARKENTIN, Jakob: �Zur Geschichtsschreibung über die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 9-34 (http://www.menonitica.org/). WARKENTIN, Jakob: �Begegnung zwischen Neuländern und Mennos 1947/48�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 102-115 (http://www.menonitica.org/). WARKENTIN, Jakob: �Probleme und Chancen des interethnischen Zusammenlebens im Chaco�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 4, 2003, pp. 91-104 (http://www.menonitica.org/). WARKENTIN, J. W.: �Der Aufbau einer Heimat im Urwald. Bericht über die Neusiedlungen in Paraguay 1948�. Der Men-nonit, 1, 1948, 9/10, September/October, pp. 81-83; 11-12, November/December, p. 98 (DNB DZb 4433). WARKENTIN, J. W.: �Carving a Home out of the Primeval Forest�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 24, 1950, 2, April, pp. 142-148 (SBB Zsn 2274). The same article also in: Mennonite Central Committee: Proceedings of the Fourth Mennonite World Conference, Goshen, Indiana, and North Newton, Kansas, August 3-10, 1948, pp. 194-202. Akron, Pa.: MCC. 1950. 352 pp. WARUM: �Warum gerade nach Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, Basel, 1, 1948, 1/2, January/February, p. 7 (DNB DZb 4433). WEDEL, Oskar: Stückwerk. Hannover: The Author. 1985. 126 pp. WENGER, John Christian: Glimpses of Mennonite History and Doctrine. Scottdale, Penn.: Herald Press. 1947. 285 pp. 1st edition: 1940. WERNER, Franz: �Das Privilegium der Mennoniten in Paraguay. Warum war es für die Mennoniten so wichtig�. Menno-blatt, 60, 1989, 20, 16 October, pp. 3-5 (IAI Z/229). WHITE, John W.: �The Great Mennonite Immigration to Paraguay�. In: Bulletin of the Pan American Union, 61, 1927, 5, May, pp. 432-442 (IAI 8° III bi 14). WHITE, John W.: �La gran inmigración de los Mennonitas al Paraguay�. Boletín de la Unión Panamericana, 61, 1927, 6, pp. 559-569 (IAI 8° III bi 15). WIENS, Peter: Mennonitas en Paraguay. Folleto para las reuniones del Consejo General de la Conferencia Mundial Men-nonita en Filadelfia, 14-19 de Julio de 1987. Filadelfia, Colonia Fernheim: Mennonite World Conference. 1987. 15 pp. (IAI A 92/1001). WIENS, Peter: Mennonites in Paraguay: Pamphlet for the Meetings of the General Council of the Mennonite World Confer-ence in Filadelfia, July 14-19, 1987. Filadelfia, Colony Fernheim: Mennonite World Conference. 1987. 13 pp. WIENS, Peter: Mennoniten in Paraguay: Broschüre für die Sitzungen des Generalrates der Mennonitischen Weltkonferenz in Filadelfia, 14-19 Juli 1987. Filadelfia, Kolonie Fernheim: Mennonite World Conference. 1987. 14 pp. WIENS, Peter: Mennonitas en Paraguay: folleto para las reuniones del Consejo General de la Conferencia Mundial Menno-nita en Filadelfia, 14-19 de julio de 1987. Filadelfia, Kolonie Fernheim: Mennonite World Conference. 1987. 15 pp. (IAI A92/1001). WIENS, Peter: 25 Jahre Gemeindekomitee in Paraguay, 1967-1991. s.l.: Gemeindekomitee in Paraguay. 1993. 44 pp. WILHELMY, Herbert: �Deutsche Siedler am Gran Chaco�. Die Umschau, 61, 1937, pp. 1120-1123. WILHELMY, Herbert/ROHMEDER, Wilhelm: Die La Plata Länder. Argentinien, Paraguay, Uruguay. Braunschweig/Ber-lin/Hamburg: G. Westermann Verlag. 1963. 584 pp. (IAI Geo III Geogr 3). WILLIAMS, Howard: Let my People go: A peace play in three acts, using three episodes based upon historical incidents in the history of the oldest group of people to object to war for religious reasons, the people called Mennonites. North Newton, Kan.: Bethel College. 1936. 49 pp. YODER, Sanford Calvin: For Conscience Sake: A Study of Mennonite Migrations Resulting from the World War. Goshen, Ind.: Mennonite Historical Society, Goshen College. 1940. 300 pp. YODER, Sanford Calvin: �To and Fro in South America�. Christian Monitor, April 1941 to May 1942 (Weekly, 15 entries). YODER, Sanford Calvin: Down South America Way. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1943. 148 pp. YODER, Sanford Calvin: �Mennonites in Latin America�. The Mennonite 59, 1944, 1, January, pp. 5-6.

3.3 Migration to and from Canada; Canadian Mennonites AUSWANDERUNG: �Neue Auswanderung aus Manitoba nach Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 1, 1948, 1/2, January/February, p. 7 (DNB DZb 4433). BROWNING, Webster E.: �Die Mennonitenwanderung von Kanada nach Paraguay�. Die Auslese 1, 1927, 10, pp. 627-628 (SBB Ad 858/160). DUECK, Dave: To Build a Homeland: Home in a Strange Land. Winnipeg, Man.: Mennonite Historical Society of Canada. 1981. 19 pp. EPP, Marlene E.: Women without men: Mennonite inmigration to Canada and Paraguay after the Second World War. To-ronto: University of Toronto/UMI, dissertation, 1996, 498 pp. (IAI M 98/35).


35

FRIESEN, Abraham: Emigration in Mennonite History with Special Reference to the Conservative Mennonite Emigration from Canada to Mexico and South America after World War One. Winnipeg. 1960. 212 pp. M.A. Thesis in History, Univer-sity of Manitoba. FRIESEN, Cornelius W.: �Wenn Kinder auswandern. Vor 47 Jahren von Kanada nach Paraguay� Mennoblatt, 45, 1974, 16, 16 August, pp. 6-7; 17, 1 September, pp. 6-7 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Verschlampung geschichtlicher Ereignisse. Einige Gedanken zum Auszug der Menno-Leute aus Kanada nach Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 49, 1978, 6, 16 March, pp. 2-4; 7, 1 April, pp. 2-4 (IAI Z/229). HARDER, Jakob: �Zur Auswanderung aus Menno nach Kanada�. Mennoblatt, 36, 1965, 10, 16 May, p. 6 (IAI 4° Par ua 1) INTERCONTINENTAL COMPANY LTD.: Paraguay-Chaco Heimatland. Winnipeg, Man.: Intercontinental Company Ltd. 1928. 20 pp. MITCHELL, W. O.: �The Tragic Trek of the Mennonites�. Maclean�s Magazine, 1 March 1951, pp. 7-9, 54, 56, 57. OGELSBY, J. C. M.: �The Canadian Mennonite Emigrations: The Paraguayan Experience�. In: Ogelsby, J. C. M.: Gringos from the far North; Essays in the History of Canadian-Latin American Relations, 1866-1968, pp. 270-286. Toronto, Ont.: MacMillan. 1976 (soon in IAI). QUIRING, Walter: �The Canadian Mennonite Immigration into the Paraguayan Chaco, 1926-27�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review, 8, 1934, 1, January, pp. 32-42 (SBB Zsn 2274). QUIRING, Walter: �Canadische Mennoniten im Chaco von Paraguay�. Der Bote, 11, 1934, 28 February and 7 March. QUIRING, Walter: �Weltweite Wanderung; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mennonitenwanderungen der Nachkriegzeit. 1. Von Kanada nach Paraguay 2. Von Russland, Polen und dem fernen Osten nach Paraguay�. Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mittei-lungen des Deutschen Ausland-Instituts, Stuttgart, 17, 1934, 4, April, pp. 218-228 (IAI 4° I gn 1). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die kanadischen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 42-58 (http://www.menonitica.org/). WIEBE, Abraham S.: �Die Bergthaler Mennonitengemeinde aus Russland über Kanada nach Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Ge-schichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 9-25 (http://www.menonitica.org/).

3.4 Migrations from Russia; Russian Mennonites AUFSCHWUNG: �Aufschwung der russlanddeutschen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Deutsche Post aus dem Osten, Berlin, 4, 1929, 9, pp. 196-198. (SBB 4� Ue 523; N.F.). AUHAGEN, Otto: Die Schicksalswende des russlanddeutschen Bauerntums in den Jahren 1927-1930. Leipzig: S. Hirzel. 1942. 197 pp. Sammlung Georg Leibbrandt: Quellen zur Erforschung des Deutschtums in Osteuropa, 6 (SBB Ser. 1571-6). BEHRENDS, Ernst: �50-Jahr Feier der Russlanddeutschen. Bericht aus Chaco/Paraguay�. Kluter Blätter, October 1980, pp. 35-38. BENDER, Harold S.: �From Siberia to Paraguay with Russian Mennonite Refugees�. The Goshen College Record, Goshen, Ind., October 1930, pp. 1-3. The same article in Christian Monitor, Scottdale, Pa., 22, 1930, 12, December, pp. 370-371. EPP, Frank H.: Mennonite Exodus: The Rescue and Resettlement of the Russian Mennonites since the Communist Revolution. Altona, Man.: D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd/Canadian Mennonite Relief and Immigration Council. 1962. 257 pp. GERLACH, Horst: Die Russlandmennoniten � ein Volk unterwegs. Scottdale/Kirchheimbolanden: s.n. 1992. 128 pp. KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Deutsche Bauern zwischen Moskau und Fernheim�. In: Klassen, Peter P. (ed.): Die Deutschen in Russland � gestern und heute. Bonn: VDA-Verlag- und Vertriebs-GmbH. 1989. 192 pp. (SUB 91 B 27206). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Das russländische Erbe der Mennoniten in Lateinamerika�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, 2000, pp. 7-27 (http://www.menonitica.org/). KLASSEN, W.: �Die Russlanddeutschen in der neuen Heimat�. Deutsche Welt, 8, 1931, 12, pp. 1003-1004 (SBB Sa 5923/478). KLIEWER, Friedrich: �Russlanddeutsche in Paraguay�. Deutschtum im Ausland, 22, 1939, 5, pp. 294-295 (IAI 4° I gn 1). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Die Russlanddeutschen in Paraguay. Der Wanderweg der Russlanddeutschen�. 4. Jahrbuch des Deut-schen Ausland-Instituts, 1939, pp. 252-257. LÄNGIN, Bernd G.: �Grünes Licht für die grüne Hölle: die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Globus, 21, 1989, 2, pp. 3-17 (DNB DZb 14341). LÄNGIN, Bernd G.: �Grünes Licht für die grüne Hölle: die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. In: Klassen, Peter P. (ed.): Die Deut-schen in Russland � gestern und heute. Bonn: VDA-Verlag und Vertriebs-GmbH. 1989. 192 pp. (SUB 91 B 27206). LOEWEN, Abram J.: ...Vor vielen wie ein Wunder: Führungen durch 85 Jahre meines Lebens. n.p., author, 1983, 93 pp. (IAI A 09/690). MENNONITAS: �Los 370 Mennonitas que han llegado al Paraguay�. El Liberal, Asunción, 3 March 1932. 2 pp. NEUES: �Neues von den russlanddeutschen Flüchtlingen in Südamerika�. Der Deutsche Aussiedler, 70, 1932, pp. 41-43. (Elberfeld: Evangelische Gesellschaft für die protestantischen Deutschen in Südamerika.)


36

QUIRING, Walter: �The Colonization of the German Mennonites from Russia in the Paraguayan Chaco�. The Mennonite Quarterly Review. Goshen, 8, 1934, 2, April, pp. 62-72 (SBB Zsn 2274). QUIRING, Walter: �Weltweite Wanderung; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mennonitenwanderungen der Nachkriegzeit. 1. Von Kanada nach Paraguay 2. Von Russland, Polen und dem fernen Osten nach Paraguay�. Der Auslandsdeutsche, Mittei-lungen des Deutschen Ausland-Instituts, Stuttgart, 17, 1934, 4, April, pp. 218-228 (IAI I gn 1, 1934, 4° + 8°). QUIRING, Walter: �Russländische Mennoniten im Chaco von Paraguay�. Der Bote, 11, 1934, 11, 18 and 25 April. QUIRING, Walter: �Russlanddeutsche von gestern�. Deutsche Post aus dem Osten, 9, 1937, 1-2, January/February, pp. 13-17; 3, March, pp. 16-17; 4, April, pp. 8-10 (SBB 4� Ue 523; N.F.). QUIRING, Walter: Russlanddeutsche suchen eine Heimat; die deutsche Einwanderung in den paraguayischen Chaco. Karls-ruhe: Verlagsdruckerei Heinrich Schneider. 1938. 192 pp. (IAI Par gn 18). REGEHR, Walter: �Russlanddeutsche Mennoniten finden in Paraguay eine neue Heimat�. In: Stump, Karl (ed.): Heimatbuch der Deutschen aus Russland, pp. 92-100. Stuttgart: Landmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland. 1963 (SBB Zsn 10562). RIFFEL, J.: Die Russlanddeutschen, insbesondere die Wolgadeutschen, am La Plata (Argentinien, Uruguay und Paraguay): Festschrift zum 50jährigen Jubiläum ihrer Einwanderung (1878-1928). Buenos Aires: The Author. 1928. 130 pp. (IAI 8° IV gn 2, Aufl.2). UNRUH, Benjamin H.: �Ansiedlung der deutsch-russischen Bauern in Kanada, Brasilien und Paraguay�. Auslandswarte, Darmstadt, 11, 1931, pp. 213-216 (SBB 4� Sa 5923/401). WIEBE, Abraham S.: �Die Bergthaler Mennonitengemeinde aus Russland über Kanada nach Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Ge-schichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 9-25 (http://www.menonitica.org/). WIEBE, Heinrich: Vom Bauernjungen der Ukraine zum Schulrat in Paraguay: Heinrich Wiebe erzählt uns seinen Lebens-weg. Kirchlinteln: Kienzle, 84 pp. (IAI A 05/9861).

3.5 Menno ATLAS: Atlas der Kolonie Menno. Loma Plata: Schulverwaltung der Kolonie Menno. 166 pp. 1987. 2nd edition: Ebenfeld: Buchhandlung �Libreria Loma Plata� unter der Schirmherrschaft des Schulvorstandes der Kolonie Menno. 214 pp. 1991 (IAI B 92/480). BRAUN, Jacob A.: Im Gedanken an jene Zeit. Mitteilungen zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Kolonie Menno. s.l.: Geschichts-komitee der Kolonie Menno. 2001. 119 pp. (soon in IAI). FRIESEN, Andres T. (ed.): Jubiläumsschrift PARATODO 1948-1998. Asunción/Loma Plata: Jubiläumskomitee Paratodo. 1998. 114 pp. FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Kolonie Menno. Anfang und Entwicklung�. Der Mennonit, 5, 1952, 7, July, pp. 100-102 (DNB DZb 4433). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Vierzig Jahre Menno-Kolonie Chortitzer Komitee. Ein Überblick über den wirtschaftlichen Werde-gang der Kolonie�. In: Epp, Bruno (ed.): Mennonitisches Jahrbuch für Südamerika 1968-69, pp. 21-25. Curitiba: Verlagsko-mitee der Mennonitengemeinden in Südamerika. 1968. 120 pp. (III ua 57, 8°). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Vor 50 Jahren. War die Sprache der Grund zur Auswanderung? Zur Geschichte der Kolonie Menno, Chaco�. Mennoblatt, Zeitschrift, 42, 1971, 13, 1 July, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). FRIESEN, Martin W.: 50 Jahre Kolonie Menno, Chaco-Paraguay, 1927-1977: eine Gedenkschrift zum fünfzigjährigen Jubi-läum. Asunción: Artes Gráficas Zamphirópolos. 1977. 173 pp. (IAI A 88/2427). FRIESEN, Martin W.: Mennonitas canadienses conquistan un desierto: bodas de oro de la Colonia Menno, Chaco Paragua-yo, 1927-1977. Obra conmemorativa para su quinquagésimo aniversario. Colonia Menno: Industrial Gráfico Comuneros. 1985. 144 pp. FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Menno � erste mennonitische Kolonie in Paraguay�. In: G. Ratzlaff (ed.). Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay: Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, Asunción, 2, 1989, pp. 40-44 (IAI Z/6549). FRIESEN, Uwe: Unter der heissen Sonne des Südens. 75 Jahre Kolonie Menno. Erste mennonitische Siedlung in Südamerika 1927-2002. Lomo Plata, Kolonie Menno: Geschichtskomitee der Kolonie Menno. 2002. 228 pp. (soon in IAI). HARDER, Erdmann: �Erinnerungsbericht aus der Kolonie Menno � Aus der Sicht der 3. Siedlergeneration�. In: Tolksdorf, Ulrich (ed.): Jahrbuch für ostdeutsche Volkskunde, Marburg, 27, 1984, pp. 307-325 (SBB Zsn 10359). HIEBERT, Abram W./FRIESEN, Jacob T. (eds.): Eine bewegte Geschichte�die zu uns spricht. Materialien zur Entwick-lungsgeschichte der Kolonie Menno. Ein Beitrag zur 75. Gedenkfeier, Juni 2002. Loma Plata: Chortitzer Komitee. 2002. 320 pp. KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Das Verhältnis der Bewohner der Kolonien Menno und Fernheim zueinander�. Jahrbuch für Ge-schichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 83-101 (http://www.menonitica.org/). REIMER, Jacob B.: �Die Menno-Kolonie im Chaco/Paraguay. Ein kürzer Bericht über die Gründung und Entwicklung der Kolonie�. Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, Lahr, 89, 1974, pp. 58-62 (DNB DZs 7540). REIMER, Jacob B.: �Menno Colony in Paraguay. From Canada to the Chaco�. Mennonite Life, 29, 1974, 3, September, pp. 54-56 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/).


37

REIMER, Jakob: �Menno im Chaco feiert Geburtstag�. Der Bote, 34, 1957, 9, 16, and 23 January. SOCIEDAD Cooperativa Colonizadora Chortitzer Komitee (Loma Plata, Paraguay): Protocolozación de estatutos de la Sociedad Cooperativa Colonizadora Chortitzer Komitee. Loma Plata, Colonia Menno: Sociedad Cooperativa Colonizadora Chortitzer Komitee. 1962. 20 pp.

3.6 Fernheim BALZER, Agnes/DÜCK, Lieselotte (eds.): Schönbrunn. Geschichten, Erlebnisse und Erinnerungen aus den 75 Jahren unse-res Dorfes Schönbrunn, Nr. 8 der Kolonie Fernheim. s.l. s.n. 2005. 326 pp. BORRINI, Héctor R./BECK, Hugo H.: �Colonias Castelli y Fernheim: dos ejemplos de organización del espacio en el Gran Chaco�. XX Encuentro de Geohistoria Regional. Resistencia, 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 141-156 (IAI A 02/8102: 20,1). COLONIA. Colonia Fernheim 1930-2000. Fernheim, Cooperativa Colonizadora Multiactiva Fernheim, 2000. n.p. (IAI C 07/80). DUEK, David/DUEK, Toni: Heimat für Heimatlose: dramatisierte Dokumentation über ein Siedlungsunternehmen von Mennoniten im Gran Chaco in Paraguay; hergestellt im Auftrag von fernheim zum 50jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie 1930-1980. 1980, Video, 76 min. (IAI VD-2003/86). DÜRKSEN, Hans/HARDER, Jacob: Fernheim 1930-1980: documento ilustrado sobre la vida de una colonia en el Chaco. Bilderbericht über das Leben einer Siedlung im Chaco. Filadelfia: Administración de la Colonia Fernheim. 1980. 135 pp. (IAI B 81/830). DÜRKSEN, Heinrich: �Geschichte der Mennonitengemeinde in Fernheim�. Mennoblatt, 30, 1959, 22, 16 November, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4°Par ua 1). FERNHEIM: Fernheim: conmemorando a sus vecinos del Chaco Central paraguayo. Filadelfia, Sociedad Cooperativa Co-lonizadora Fernheim, 1991. n.p. (IAI D 07/4). FERNHEIM: �Fernheim nach der Abwanderung. Ein wenig Statistik zum 1. Oktober 1937�. Mennoblatt, 8, 1937, 10, Octo-ber, p. 4 (IAI 4°Par ua 2). FERNHEIM: �Fernheim � Bevölkerung und Wirtschaftsleben�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March/April, p. 26 (DNB DZb 4433). FRIESEN, Heinrich B.: �Das Fernheimer Waisenamt�. Mennoblatt, 2, 1931, 7, July, p. 4 (SBB 4�Co4710). FRIESEN, Martin W.: Kanadische Mennoniten bezwingen eine Wildnis. 50 Jahre Kolonie Menno, Chaco, Paraguay: eine Gedenkschrift zum fuenfzigjaehrigen Jubiläeum, herausgegeben von der Verwaltung der Kolonie Fernheim, Chaco, Para-guay, 1927-1977. Asunción: Artes Gráficas Zamphirópolos. 1977. 173 pp. (IAI A 88/2427). FUNK, J. J.: �Aus der Colonie Fernheim. Bericht von dem Vorsitzenden des Fernheimer Central Komitees�. Mennoblatt, 1, 1930, 12, December, p. 4; 2, February 1931, pp. 2-3; 5, May, p. 4; 6, June, p. 4 (SBB 4�Co4710). GLÜCK, Theo: Helfende Bruderliebe: 50 Jahre Karlsruher und Durlacher Beuiehungen zur rußlanddeutschen Mennoniten-kolonie Fernheim und den Nachbarsiedlungen im Gran Chaco Paraguays; Erinnerungen. Karlsruhe-Durlach: authot. 1979, 26 pp. HARVEY, Reuben: The Russian Mennonites and Indians of Colonia Fernheim: they were left to die, 1930: Mennoniten Kolonien of Central Chaco, República del Paraguay, South America. Filadelfia: Harvey. 1982. 130 pp. HEINRICHS, Franz: �Etliches über das Verfassungswesen und die Fortentwicklung der Kolonie Fernheim�. Mennoblatt, 2, 1931, 7, July, pp. 1-2 (SBB 4�Co4710). InfoBlatt. Filadelfia, Cooperativa Colonizadora Multiactiva Fernheim. 2004, Sept.- (IAI Z/6910). Informationsblatt. Filadelfia, Sociedad Cooperativa Colonizadora Fernheim. 1991, 4 � 2004, 8 (IAI Z/6910). ISAAK, Albert: �50 Jahre Blumental�. Mennoblatt, 69, 1998, 10, 16 May, pp. 6-7 (IAI Z/229). ISAAK, Jakob: �Die mennonitische Ansiedlung in Paraguay. Fernheim vom Standpunkt des Ansiedlers gesehen�. Der Men-nonit, 1, 1948, 9-10, September/October, pp. 80-81 (DNB DZb 4433). ISAAK, Jakob: �Bericht aus Fernheim�. Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, Newton, Kan., 69, 1954, p. 28. KAUENHOVEN, Kurt: �Die Sippen der russlanddeutschen Siedlung Fernheim im Gran Chaco, Paraguay�. In: Sippenkunde des Deutschtums im Ausland, Jahrbuch 3, 1938, pp. 149-155. Stuttgart: Deutsches Ausland-Institut (IAI 8° I gn 125). KLASSEN, Peter: �Kolonie Fernheim, Paraguay�. Der Bote, 11, 1934, 22 and 29 August. KLASSEN, Peter: �Jugend und Jugendarbeit in Fernheim�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March/April, pp. 31-32 (DNB DZb 4433). KLASSEN, Peter: �Die Schulen der Kolonie Fernheim�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, p. 314 (IAI I bi 695, 1954, 4°). KLASSEN, Peter/THIELMANN, Walter: Die Verfassung der Kolonie Fernheim. Filadelfia, Paraguay: s.n. 1970. 34 pp. Typescript. KLASSEN; Peter P. (ed.): Glückwunsche und Grüsse zum 50jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie Fernheim, 1930-1980, aus aller Welt. Kolonie Fernheim: s.n. 1980. 67 pp.


38

KLASSEN, Peter P.: Die deutsch-völkische Zeit in der Kolonie Fernheim, Chaco, Paragay, 1933-1945. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der auslandsdeutschen Mennoniten während des Dritten Reiches. Bolanden-Weierhof: Mennonitischer Ge-schichtsverein. 1990. 148 pp. (IAI A 92/3032). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Das Verhältnis der Bewohner der Kolonien Menno und Fernheim zueinander�. Jahrbuch für Ge-schichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 83-101 (http://www.menonitica.org/). KLIEWER, Friedrich: �Brief aus Paraguay (mit Satzungen des Bundes deutscher Jungmennoniten der Kolonie Fernheim)�. Mennonitische Jugendwarte, 13, 1933, 5, October, pp. 121-124 (DNB ZA 12653). KOLONIE FERNHEIM: 50 Jahre Kolonie Fernheim. Ein Beitrag in der Entwicklung Paraguays, hrsg. von der Kolonie Fernheim. Asunción: Imprenta Modelo. 1980. 318 pp. (IAI A 81/5324). KRAUS, Hertha: International Relief in Action, 1914-1943, Selected Records with Notes. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1944. 248 pp. (contains a few pages on the Mennonites in Fernheim) (DNB EB 97/114). MARTENS, Victor P.: Filadelfia: aus dem Alltag einer Mennonitensiedlung = Filadelfia: la vida cotidiana de menonitas en el Paraguay � ein Bildbericht von Victor P. Martens. Asuncion: Kilgus, Video, 1996, 90 min. (IAI VD 2009/3). NEUFELD, Korny: Unsere Stadt Filadelfia. Zum 75. Jubiläum der Kolonie Fernheim. Im Auftrage des Stadtrates ersteltt von Korny Neufeld. Mitarbeiter Ronald Unruh, Artur Klassen. Filadelfia: s.n. 2005 124 pp. POSTMA, Johann: �Fernheim: fernes Heim oder heimlose Ferne�. Unpublished MS. n.p. Typescript in Walter Quiring Col-lection (nr 136), pp. 135-202. 1948. RAHN, Peter: �75 Jahre Kolonie Fernheim. 1. Ankunft bei Trebol. 2. Das Koloniezentrum 3. Aus der Zeit des Chacokrieges 4. Abwanderung nach Ostparaguay�. Mennoblatt, 76, 2005, 5, 1 March, p. 3; 6, 16 March, p. 3; 7, 1 April, pp. 3-4; 8, 16 April, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229). REGIER, Hans Theodor: Educación en la Colonia Fernheim, 1930-1945. Asunción: Academia Paraguaya de la Historia. 1999. 55 pp. ROHKOHL, Kai: Die plautdietsche Sprachinsel Fernheim/Chaco (Paraguay). Dokumentation des Sprachverhältnis einer russlanddeutschen Mennonitenkolonie. Marburg: Elwert. 1993. 160 pp. Schriftenreihe der Kommission für ostdeutsche Volkskunde in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde e.V., 64 (IAI A 94/6652). SEIFERT, R. W.: �Bericht über die Reise des Herzogs Adolf Friedrich von Mecklenburg nach der Mennonitenkolonie Fern-heim im Chaco�. Deutsche Post aus dem Osten, 8, 1936, 6-7, August/September, pp. 32-34 (SBB 4� Ue 523; N.F.). SIEBZIG: 70 Jahre M.B.G.-Fernheim. Ein Überblick über die Zeit 1930-2000. s.l.: M.B.Gemeinden-Fernheims. 2000. 69 pp. SIEMENS, Jakob W.: �Weitere Siedlungsmöglichkeiten in Fernheim�. Mennoblatt, 10, 1939, 1, January, p. 5 (IAI 4° Par ua 2). SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Nachrichten aus der Kolonie Fernheim�. Mennoblatt, 2, 1931, 2, February, p. 4 (SBB 4�Co 4710). SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Geistliches Leben in Fernheim�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March/April, pp. 20-21 (DNB DZb 4433). THIESEN, John D.: �The Mennonite Encounter with National Socialism: The Example of Fernheim�. Mennonite Life 46, 1991, 2, June, pp. 4-9 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). VERFASSUNG: �Die Verfassung der Kolonie Fernheim�. Filadelfia: s.n. 1970. VERWALTUNG der Kolonie Fernheim: Mennonitische Kolonisation im paraguayischen Chaco unter Gesetz Nr. 514. s.l.: Verwaltung Kolonie Fernheim. 1984. 36 pp. WIENS, Peter: �50 Jahre Kolonie Fernheim, 1930-1980�. Mennoblatt, 51, 1980, 2, 15 January, pp. 1-2; 3, 1 February, pp. 1-3; 4, 16 February, pp. 1-2; 5, 1 March, pp. 2-3; 6, 16 March, pp. 1-2; 7, 1 April, pp. 1-2; 8, 16 April, pp. 1-3; 9, 1 May, pp. 1-3; 10, 16 May, pp. 1-3 (IAI Z/229). WIENS, Peter: �60 Jahre Kolonie Fernheim im Chaco von Paraguay�. In: Ratzlaff, Gerhard (ed.): Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay:Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, Asunción, 3, 1990, pp. 22-29 (IAI Z/6549). WIENS, Peter: Geschichte der Mennonitengemeinde Fernheim 1930-1990. Fernheim: Mennonitengemeinde Fernheim. 1990. 124 pp. WIENS, Peter: Die K.f.K. Fernheim. Ein geschichtlicher Überblick, 1931-1991. Asunción: K.f.K Fernheim. 1992. 136 pp. WIENS, Peter/KLASSEN, Peter (eds.): Jubiläumsschrift zum 25jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie Fernheim, Chaco-Paraguay. Winnipeg, Man.: Echo Verlag. 1956. 72 pp. Historische Schriftenreihe des Echo Verlags, Buch 12/1956 (SBB SA 20453- 12).

3.7 Neuland BARTEL, Alex: Wie ich den Weg zu den Indianern fand. 25 Jahre Kolonie Neuland. Karlsruhe. 1972. DERKSEN, Peter: �Statistische Daten der Kolonie Neulad. Mennoblatt, 30, 1959, 9, 1 May, p. 7 (IAI 4°Par ua 2). DERKSEN, Peter: �Zwölfeinhalb Jahre Kolonie Neuland�. Mennoblatt, 31, 1960, 9, 1 May, pp. 6-7 (IAI 4°Par ua 2). Also published in Der Bote, 1960, 17 and 24 May. DERKSEN, Peter: �Daten der Kolonie Neuland. Stand zum 31. Dezember 1962�. Mennoblatt, 34, 1963, 10, 16 May, p. 7 (IAI 4°Par ua 2)


39

FÜNFUNDZWANZIG: �Zum 25 Jährigen Bestehen der Kolonien Volendam und Neuland. Flüchtlinge aus dem Osten�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 14, 16 July, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4°Par ua 2) GOERING, Ed. J.: �Über das Schulwesen in der Kolonie Neuland, Chaco, Paraguay�. Mennonitische Auslese 1, 1951, 1, pp. 31-32. KLASSEN, C. F. et al.: �Volendam � 25 Jahre � Neuland�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 13, 1 July, pp. 1-4 (IAI 4°Par ua 2) KOLONIE-AMT NEULAND (ed.): �Informationsblatt der Kolonie und Kooperative Neuland�, 1985-. Neu-Halbstadt. REGEHR, Walter (ed.): 25 Jahre Kolonie Neuland, Chaco, Paraguay (1947-1972): eine Gedenkschrift zum fünfundzwanzig-jährigen Jubiläum. Hrsg. im Auftrag der Kolonie Verwaltung von Walter Regehr. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1972. 152 pp. (IAI Par gn 27, 8°). REMPEL, Hans: �Bericht aus Neuland�. Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, Newton, Kan., 69, 1954, pp. 29-30. STATUTEN: Statuten der Kolonie Neuland/Estatutos de la Colonia Neuland. s.l. s.n. 1989. 10 pp. WARKENTIN, Jakob (ed.): 50 Jahre Kolonie Neuland, Chaco, Paraguay. Asunción: Artes Gráficas Zamphirópolos. 1997. 225 pp.

3.8 Two urban centers: Filadelfia, Loma Plata KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Die Entwicklung der Stadt Filadelfia�. Mennoblatt, 69, 1998, 5, 1 March, pp. 3-5; 6, 16 March, pp. 5-6; 7, 1 April, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229). LOMA: �Loma Plata. Centro Mennonita�. La Tribuna, Asunción, 24 July 1966, p. 9. LÖWEN, Klaus: �Aus unserer Geschichte. Zur Gründung von Filadelfia�. Mennoblatt, 72, 2001, 15, 1 August, pp. 3-4; 16, 16 August, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229). QUIRING, Walter: �Philadelphia, die Stadt�. Deutsche Post aus dem Osten, Berlin, 8, 1936, 6-7, pp. 29-30 (SBB 4� Ue 523; N.F.). WIEBE, Rudy H.: �The Peter Neudorfs of Filadelfia, Paraguay�. Christian Living, A Magazine for Home and Community, 11, 1967, 5, May, pp. 4-6. WILHELMY, Herbert/BORSDORF, Axel: �Filadelfia�. In: Die Städte Südamerikas. II: Die urbanen Zentren und ihre Regi-onen, pp. 257-258. Berlin/Stuttgart: Gebrüder Borntraeger. 1985. 486 pp. Urbanisierung der Erde, Band 3/2 (IAI Geo-III Bev 11/2).

3.9 Colonies in Eastern Paraguay KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Die Mennonitenkolonien in Ostparaguay: Ostparaguay und der Chaco � zwei Großlandschaften Para-guays�. Jahrbuch für ostdeutsche Volkskunde, Marburg, 29, 1986, pp. 274-291 (SBB Zsn 10359). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die mennonitischen Siedlungen in Ostparaguay�. Mennoblatt, 48, 1977, 3, 1 February, pp. 2-4; 4, 16 February, pp. 2-4; 5, 1 March, pp. 2-4; 6, 16 March, pp. 3-4; 7, 1 April, pp. 2-3; 8, 16 April, pp. 2-3; 9, 1 May, pp. 3-4; 10, 16 May, pp. 2-3; 11, 1 June, pp. 2-3; 12, 16 June, pp 3-4; 13, 1 July, pp. 5-6 (IAI Z/229). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die konservativen amerikanischen Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 1, 2000, pp. 28-38 (http://www.menonitica.org/). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Die Mennonitensiedlungen in Ostparaguay. Asunción: s.n. Mimeo.

3.10 Friesland FAST, Alfred: �25 Jahre Kolonie Friesland. 1937-1962�. Mennoblatt, 33, 1962, 22, 16 November, pp. 2-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1) FAST, Alfred: Friesland, Paraguay. Prospectus for the Economic Development. S.l. s.n. 9 pp. HARDER, Abraham A.: �Das Schulwesen in der Kolonie Friesland�. Der Mennonit 3, 1950, 5-6, May-June, pp. 46-47. Also published in Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 33-35 (DNB DZb 4433). HARDER, Abraham A.: �Die Schule in Friesland�. Mennonit Welt, 1951, September, pp. 3-4. HILDEBRANDT, K.: �Unsere Schulen in Friesland�. Mennoblatt, 29, 1958, 18, 16 September, pp. 3-4 (IAI 4°Par ua 1) KLIEWER, Fritz: �Die Mennoniten-Kolonie Friesland in Ostparaguay�. Mennonitische Geschichtsblätter, Weierhof, 3, 1938, 1/2, December, pp. 56-60. Also published in Mennoblatt, 65, 1994, 19, 1 October, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229) MATTIES, Evangeline: �Ein Besuch in Volendam und Friesland�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 41-43. PAULS, Hildebert: �Die Mennonitenschulen in Friesland�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, p. 313 (IAI I bi 695, 1954, 4°). RATZLAFF, Gerhard (ed.): Auf den Spuren der Väter. Eine Jubiläumsschrift der Kolonie Friesland in Ostparaguay, 1937-1987. Asunción: Verwaltung der Kolonie Friesland/Cromos. 1987. 248 pp. (IAI A 88/2431).


40

RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Kolonie Friesland in Ost-Paraguay�. In: Ratzlaff, Gerhard (ed.): Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay: Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, Asunción, 1, 1988, pp. 47-57 (IAI Z/6549). RATZLAFF, Helmut: Geschichte der Kolonie Friesland. Asunción: Instituto Bíblico. 1985. 45 pp. REGIER, Hans Theodor: Die Mennonitenkolonie Friesland in Ost-Paraguay. Friesland: Verwaltung der Kolonie Friesland. 1993. 21 pp. Mimeo. TEICHMANN, Carlos: �La colonia Mennonita Friesland�. Revista de Agricultura y Ganadería, Asunción, 1, 1938, 6-7, March-April, pp. 12-15. TEICHMANN, Carlos: �Die Mennonitenkolonie Friesland in Curuzú�. Der Bote, 15, 1938, 22 June (Earlier published in Deutsche La Plata Zeitung, 5 April 1938) (IAI F ZZ/225).

3.11 Volendam DYCK, Hans: �Krankendienst in der Kolonie Volendam�. Der Mennonit, 6, 1953, 11, November, pp. 164-165 (DNB DZb 4433). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �MEDA in Action � at Volendam�. Christian Living, A Magazine for Home and Community, 10, 1963, July, pp. 20-21.22 FÜNFUNDZWANZIG: �Zum 25jährigen Bestehen der Kolonien Volendam und Neuland. Flüchtlinge aus dem Osten�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 14, 16 July, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1) FUNK, Abram (ed.): 25 Jahre Volendam: 1947-1972. Im Auftrag des Komitees für kirchliche Angelegenheiten in Volendam, Paraguay. Curitiba/Paraná: Tipografia Santa Cruz. c.1972. 118 pp. (IAI 8° Bra gn 274). FUNK, Abram (ed.): 50 Jahre Kolonie Volendam. Jubilaeum 1947-1997. Volendam: Verwaltung der Kolonie Volendam. 1997. 247 pp. KLASSEN, C. F. et al.: �Volendam � 25 Jahre � Neuland�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 13, 1 July, pp. 1-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1) MATTIES, Evangeline: �Ein Besuch in Volendam und Friesland�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 41-43. REDEKOPP, Jakob: �Etwas über das Schulwesen in Volendam�. Der Mennonit 5, 1952, 8, August, p. 117 (DNB DZb 4433). REDEKOPP, Jakob: �Zehn Jahre Volendam�. Bibel und Pflug, 4, 1957, 15, 1 August, pp. 5-6; 16, 16 August, pp. 5-6; 17, 1 September, p. 4. REDEKOPP, Jakob: Volendam. Der Weg in der Wildnis: von 1947-1995. Lage: Logos Verlag. 1995. 112 pp. (DNB 2000 A 17876). REMPEL, Hermann H.: �Das Schulwesen in der Kolonie Volendam�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March/April, pp. 27-28 (DNB DZb 4433). SNYDER, William T.: �Volendam, a Pioneer Mennonite Settlement�. Mennonite Community, 3, 1949, 12, December, pp. 20-23. THIESSEN, Jack: �Die Mennoniten-Colonie Volendam in Ostparaguay�. Jahrbuch für ostdeutsche Volkskunde, Marburg, 27, 1984, pp. 333-352 (SBB Zsn 10359). WARKENTIN, J. W.: �Volendam, Paraguay�. Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, Newton, Kan., 64, 1949, pp. 20-23.

3.12 Sommerfeld and Bergthal FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Bergthal, eine Siedlung im Urwald bei Caaguazú�. Mennoblatt, 28, 1957, 3, 1 February, pp. 2-3; 4, 15 February, p. 3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GESCHICHTSBILDBAND: Geschichtsbildband zum 50jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie Sommerfeld, 1948-1998. Zusammen-gestellt: einige Brüder der E.M.G. Sommerfeld: Verwaltung der Kolonie Sommerfeld. 1998. 94 pp. WIEBE, Abraham S.: �Die Bergthaler Mennonitengemeinde aus Russland über Kanada nach Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Ge-schichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 9-25 (http://www.menonitica.org/).

3.13 Mennonites in Asunción BOSCHMANN, Erwin: Mennonites at Work in Asunción. Mennonite History term paper, Bethel College, North Newton, Kan. 1962. 25 pp. Copy in COM Files. BOSCHMANN, David: �Die Mennoniten in Asunción�. Mennoblatt, 34, 1963, 2 (16 January), through 10 (16 May). 1 or 2 pp. in each number (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GEMEINDEBEGRÜNDUNG: �Gemeindebegründung in Asunción�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 19-20.

22 MEDA (= Mennonite Economic Development Associates): A North America based association of Mennonite colonists

established to raise the standard of the colonies in Paraguay in cooperation with some Mennonites of the latter country.


41

HARDER, Ernst: �Jugend und Jugendarbeit in Asunción�. Der Mennonit 4, 1951, 3, March, pp. 44-45 (DNB DZb 4433). MENNONITENBESUCH: �Mennonitenbesuch in Asunción�. Mennoblatt, 3, 1932, 2, February, p. 4 (SBB 4�Co4710). MENNONITENGEMEINDE: Mennonitengemeinde Concordia. 50 Jahre Unterwegs zum Ziel. Asunción: Mennonitenge-meinde Concordia. 2000. 146 pp. (soon in IAI). SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Auf der Reise nach Asunción�. Mennoblatt, 3, 1932, 2, February, pp. 2-3 (SBB 4�Co4710). SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Mennoniten in Asunción�. Der Mennonit, 1, 1948, 5/6, May/June, pp. 38-39 (DNB DZb 4433).

3.14 Economy; Cooperatives ANFANG: �Der Anfang einer kleinen Industrie im Chaco, Paraguay�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, p. 36. DANA, Leo-Paul/DANA, Teresa E.: Collective entrepreneurship in a Mennonite community in Paraguay. Latin American Business Review, Binghamton, NY: International Business Press, 8, 2007, 4, pp. 82-96 (IAI Z/9178). De FEHR, C. A.: �Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Mennoniten-Kolonien im Chaco�. Der Mennonit, 1, 1948, 3/4, May-June, p. 45 (DNB DZb 4433). De FEHR, C. A.: �Zur Wirtschaftslage im mennonitischen Paraguay�. Der Bote, 36,1959, 4, 9 March, pp. 5-6, 12; 10, 11 March, pp. 5-6,12; 11, 18 March, pp. 9, 12. FADLALA, Emilio: �Las colonias mennonitas en el desarrollo regional�. Vida Económica, Asunción, 2, 1956, April, pp. 60-64 (IAI). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen und Möglichkeiten im Chaco von Paraguay�. Der Bote, 37, 1960, 26 April and 3 May. FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Kooperation im paraguayischen Chaco�. Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, Newton, Kan., 70, 1955, pp. 30-32. FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Entwicklung des Genossenschaftwesens in der Kolonie Menno�. Mennoblatt, 45, 1974, 3, 1 February, pp. 7-8; 4, 16 February, pp. 5-6 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). KREIDER, Carl: Helping Developing Countries. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1968. 47 pp. (Gives a description of various MEDA projects, including those in Paraguay). PHILIPSEN, Renate: Die Entwicklung der Wirtschaftsstruktur der Mennonitischen Kolonien im Chaco Boreal Paraguayo, 1960-1973. Freiburg. 1976. 126 pp. Typescript. SCHLICHTING, Emma: �Industry in the Paraguayan colonies�. Mennonite Weekly Review, Newton, Kan., 20 and 27 No-vember 1952. WIRTSCHAFTSLEBEN: �Aus dem Wirtschaftsleben/Unser Wirtschaftsleben�. Mennoblatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Kolonie, 27, February 1956, through 40, 1969 (less regularly in the latter year). From 1 december 1969 for some time contin-ued under the title: �Der landwirtschaftliche Berater� (short articles dealing with a wide range of subjects, written by different authors) (IAI 4° Par ua 1).

3.15 Arable farming, livestock production and forestry; ecology ALUMNOS del 2° Año Escuela de Economía (UNA): La agro-industria en el Chaco: experiencia en las Colonias Mennoni-tas. San Lorenzo: Universidad Nacional. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Administrativas y Contables, Cátedra de Econo-mía de las Empresas. Fundación Hans Seidel. 1987. 214 pp. BALZER, Eduard: �Ackerbau vor 40 Jahren�. Mennoblatt, 72, 2001, 19, 1 October, p. 4 (IAI Z/229). BALZER, Eduard: �Viehzucht vor 40 Jahren�. Mennoblatt, 72, 2001, 20, 16 October, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229). CAMPAL, E. F.: �Some Aspects of Agricultural Activity of the Mennonite Colonies in the Chaco (Algunos aspectos de la actividad agropecuaria de las colonias mennonitas del Chaco) �. Vida Económica, Asunción, 2, 1956, April, pp. 54-60 (IAI). DYCK, Cornelius J.: �The Paraguayan Chaco Water Situation�. In: Bradford, William E. et al.: The Paraguayan Chaco. Asunción: U.S. Operations Mission to Paraguay. 1955. 116 pp. (IAI 4° Par ua 1). ECKERT, Jakob: �Vor 25 Jahren. Die ersten Pferde für die Kolonie�. Mennoblatt, 28, 1957, 12, 15 June, p. 6 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). FAST, A.: �Vom Tschumaken zum Weizenbau�. Unser Blatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus, Curitiba, 1967, 1 and 16 July, pp. 2-3 (DNB DZt 943). FRANKE, Louis: �La agricultura en las colonias mennonitas del Chaco paraguayo�. In: BRADFORD, William E/FISHER, Frederic R./ROMITA, Joseph W./DARROW, Thomas S. y otros miembros de la Misión. El Chaco Paraguayo. Asunción: Misión de Operaciones de los Estados Unidos de América en el Paraguay. 1955. 115 pp. Also published in English: The Paraguayan Chaco. Asunción: U.S. Operations Mission to Paraguay. 1955. 115 pp. FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Geschichte der Baumwolle in der Kolonie Menno�. Mennoblatt, 44, 1973, 20, 16 October 1973, pp. 6-7 (IAI 4° Par ua 1).


42

FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Der schwierige Weg in die Wildnis. Vor 67 Jahren. Die erste Ackerbausiedlung im paraguayischen Chaco � 1927�. Mennoblatt, 65, 1994, 12, 16 June, pp. 3-4 (IAI Z/229). GIESBRECHT, Wilfried: �Ökologische Aspekte in der Entwicklung der Mennonitenkolonien im Chaco�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 4, 2003, pp. 25-40 (http://www.menonitica.org/). GOERZEN, Rosali: �Landnutzung in den mennonitischen Kolonien im Chaco unter dem Blickwinkel der Forst- und Um-weltgesetze in Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 4, 2003, pp. 41-76 (http://www.menonitica.org/). GREILING, Frank: �Auswirkungen und Konsequenzen aus der Dürrekatastrophe für die Viehwirtschaft im Gebiet der Cha-cokolonien�. Mennoblatt, 41, 1970, 24, 16 December, pp. 7-9 (4° Par ua 1). HECHT, Alfred: �The Agricultural Economy of the Mennonite Settlers in Paraguay�. Growth and Change, Lexington, Ky, 6, 1975, 4, pp. 14-23. HECHT, Alfred: �The Agricultural Economy of the Mennonite Settlers in Paraguay: Impact of a Road�. Ekistics, reviews on the Problems and Science of Human Settlement, Athens, Greece, 42, 1976, 248, July, pp. 42-47 (SBB Zsn 18055). HECHT, Alfred: Food Production under Conditions of Increased Uncertainty: The Chaco Example. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfried Laurier University. 1977. 42 pp. KEMPSKI, Karl E.: Die Landwirtschaft im Paraguayischen Chaco. Buenos Aires: Imprenta Mercur. 1931. 148 pp. (IAI Par na 3;a 8°). KEMPSKI, Karl E.: �La agricultura en el Chaco Paraguayo�. Guarania, Revista Americana de Cultura, Buenos Aires, 1, 1948, 2, pp. 173-317 (IAI 8° Par bi 36). Also published as book: Buenos Aires: Librería del Plata. 1948.156 pp. KLASSEN, Peter: �Adventures in Chaco Agriculture�. Mennonite Life, 7, 1952, 4, October, pp. 152-156 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). KLASSEN, Peter J.: �Aufforstung im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 24, 1953, 12, December. pp. 3-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). KLIEWER, Marion: �Paraguayan Experiment Farm�. Mennonite Community, 7, 1953, 5, May, pp. 8-9, 21. KOHLHEPP, Gerd: �Strukturwandel und Beharrungsvermögen der Mennoniten im paraguayischen Chaco. Zur wirtschaftli-chen Entwicklung religiöser Gruppensiedlungen an der agronomischen Trockengrenze�. In: Heydenreich, Titus/ Schneider, Jürgen (eds.) Paraguay � Referate des 6. interdisziplinären Kolloquiums der Sektion Lateinamerika des Zentralinstituts 06, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, pp. 255-286. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag. 1984. Lateinamerika Studien 14 (IAI S/744:14). LÖWEN, Peter: �Vor 25 Jahren. Maultiere statt Ochsen�. Mennoblatt, 28, 1957, 16, 15 August, p. 6 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). PETERS, Abram: �Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstation�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March-April, p. 26 (DNB DZb 4433). SCHMIEDER, Oskar/WILHELMY, Herbert: Deutsche Ackerbausiedlungen im südamerikanischen Grasland. Pampa und Gran Chaco. Leipzig: Ferdinand Hirt und Sohn. 1938. 132 pp. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Mu-seums für Länderkunde, N.F., Band 6. 148 pp. (IAI 4° I ca 105). UNRUH, Robert C.: �Colonization and agriculture in the Paraguayan Chaco�. In: Gorham, J. Richard (ed.): Paraguay: Eco-logical Essays, pp. 105-107. Miami, Florida: Academy of the Arts and Sciences of the Americas. 1973. 296 pp. (IAI B 07/3085).

3.16 Transport; the Trans Chaco Road CHANGE: �Change comes to the Chaco. A new road is opening a frontier in Paraguay and linking isolated Mennonites with city markets�. Lamp Journal, New York, 46, 1964, 2, pp. 20-23. FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �The Trans-Chaco Highway�. Mennonite Life 15, 1960, 1, January, pp. 22-25, 29 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �The Trans-Chaco Road�. Christian Living, A Magazine for Home and Community, 7, 1960, Feb-ruary, pp. 4-7, 31. HARDER, Jacob: �Transport, Absatz und Außenwelt. Ein siedlungsgeschichtlicher Rückblick auf das Transportwesen im paraguayischen Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 59, 1988, 15, 1 August, pp. 6-9 (IAI Z/229). HECHT, Alfred: Changes in Agricultural Activities of the Mennonites in the Chaco Region of Paraguay: The Result of the Ruta Trans-Chaco Road: A Report. Waterloo, Ont.: s.n. 1974. 35 pp. HECHT, Alfred: The Agricultural Impact of the Paraguayan Trans-Chaco Highway. A Report. Waterloo, Ont.: s.n. 1975. 15 pp. NEUFELD, K. K.: �Wir und der Transchacoweg�. Mennoblatt, 32, 1961, 8, 16 April, pp. 5-7 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Die Ruta Transchaco � wie sie entstand. Asunción: s.n. 1998. 266 pp. (soon in IAI). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: La Ruta Transchaco: proyecto y ejecución; una perspectiva menonita. Asunción: Author. 1999. 189 pp. (IAI A 99/10553). SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Verkehrsverhältnisse in Paraguay�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 27-28.


43

3.17 Education23 BOSCHMANN, David: Pionier-Lehrer der Kolonie Fernheim 1930-1932. Hillsboro, Kan.: Multi Busines Press, Inc. 1989. 97 pp. DESARROLLO: �El desarollo económico-social y educacional de las colonias mennonitas en nuestro país�. Revista Crítica y Análisis, 1, 1963, 5, pp. 35-36. DIEKERT, Ulrich: �Die Schulen der deutschen Siedlungen in Paraguay�. Der Deutsche Lehrer im Ausland, Hannover, 17, 1970, 2, pp. 33-38, 74-76, 131-135 (IAI 8° I vg 19). DÜRKSEN, Hans: Fortbildung mennonitischer Studenten in Asunción. Eine Untersuchung der Probleme. Filadelfia: Aus-schuss �Fortbildung in Asunción�. 1973. 31 pp. + 29 pp. Annexes Typescript (Archive Bolanden-Weierhof). F. K.: �Feier der paraguayischen Unabhängigkeitstage in der Fernheimer Zentralschule�. Mennoblatt, 4, 1933, 3, May, p. 5 (SBB 4�Co4710). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Mennonitische Schule einst und jetzt. Wandlungen in der Kolonie Menno, im Chaco von Paraguay�. Mennonitischer Gemeinde-Kalender 1963, pp. 61-65 (DNB DZs 7540). GOERING, Ed. J.: �Über das Schulwesen in der Kolonie Neuland, Chaco, Paraguay�. Mennonitische Auslese 1, 1951, 1, pp. 31-32. HARDER, Abraham A.: �Das Schulwesen in der Kolonie Friesland�. Der Mennonit 3, 1950, 5-6, May-June, pp. 46-47 (DNB DZb 4433). Also published in Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 33-35. HARDER, Abraham A.: �Die Schule in Friesland�. Mennonit Welt, 1951, September, pp. 3-4. HIEBERT, Waldo: �Mennonite Education in the Gran Chaco�. Mennonite Life, 2, 1947, 4, October, pp. 28-32 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). HILDEBRANDT, K.: �Unsere Schulen in Friesland�. Mennoblatt, 29, 1958, 18, 16 September, pp. 3-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). KLASSEN, Peter: �Die Schulen der Kolonie Fernheim�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, p. 314 (IAI 4° I bi 695). KLASSEN, Peter Jr.: �Unsere Schulen in Südamerika und die Universität in Europa�. Der Mennonit,8, 1955, 3, March, pp. 43-44 (DNB DZb 4433). KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Schule zwischen Tradition und Integration. Das Schulwesen der Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Mennoniti-sches Jahrbuch, 1976, pp. 77-79 (DNB DZs 7540). KLIEWER, Fritz: �Die Entwicklung des deutschen Schulwesens�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stutt-gart, 4, 1954, 11-12, November-December, pp. 310-313 (IAI 4° I bi 695). LINNERT, Rudolf: �Von der Schule unterm Flaschenbaum bis zur heutigen Ausbildungsstätte�. Unser Blatt, Zeitschrift für Gemeinde und Haus, Curitiba, 1967, 1 and 16 July (DNB DZt 943). NEUFELD, Peter J.: �Unsere Schulen bestimmen unsere Zukunft�. Der Bote, 33, 1956, 19, 9 May, p. 4. PAULS, Hildebert: �Die Mennonitenschulen in Friesland�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, p. 313 (IAI 4° I bi 695). QUIRING, Walter: �Wie vor hundertfünfzig Jahren. In einer russlanddeutschen Altväterschule im Chako (!) von Paraguay�. Deutsche Post aus dem Osten, 8, 1936, 8, August, pp. 12-14 (SBB 4� Ue 523; N.F.). QUIRING, Walter: �Wie vor hundertfünfzig Jahren. In einer russlanddeutschen Altväterschule im Chaco von Paraguay�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 136-140 (http://www.menonitica.org/); (Earlier published in: Post aus dem Osten, August 1936) (SBB 4� Ue 523; N.F.). REGIER, Hans Theodor: �Identitätsfragen in der Erziehungspolitik�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 2, 2001, pp. 59-85 (http://www.menonitica.org/). REMPEL, Hans: �In Paraguay brauchen wir Sonntagschulen�. Der Mennonit, 5,1952, 8, August, p. 114 (DNB DZb 4433). SAWATZKY, Andreas F.: �Der Einfluss der Schulen im internen Wandel der Kolonie Menno in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren�. Jahrbuch für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay, 3, 2002, pp. 59-82 (http://www.menonitica.org/). WARKENTIN, Jakob: �Die mennonitischen Siedlerschulen in Paraguay zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit�. In: Studien-konferenz der Mennoniten, Asunción, pp. 89-101. Asunción: s.n. WARKENTIN, Jakob: Die deutschsprachigen Siedlerschulen in Paraguay im Spannungsfeld staatlicher Kultur- und Ent-wicklungspolitik. Münster etc.: Waxmann. 1998. 444 pp. (IAI A 98/12001). WARKENTIN, Jakob: Erziehung und Bildung im Raum der Schule. Vorträge, Aufsätze, Reden (1985-2007). Asunción: Verein für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay. 2007. 387 pp. (Band 1) (soon in IAI). WARKENTIN, Jakob: Erziehung und Bildung im Raum der Kolonie. Vorträge, Aufsätze, Reden (1985-2007). Asunción: Verein für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay. 2007. 424 pp. (Band 2) (soon in IAI)..

23 See also the Bibliography in Warkentin (1998) (this section).


44

WARKENTIN, Jakob: Erziehung und Bildung im Raum der Gemeinde. Vorträge, Aufsätze, Reden (1985-2007). Asunción: Verein für Geschichte und Kultur der Mennoniten in Paraguay. (Band 3) (soon in IAI). WIENS, Peter: �Unsere Schulen�. Der Mennonit, Basel, 3, 1950, 3/4, March/April, pp. 21-22 (DNB DZb 4433). WIENS, Peter: �Das mennonitische Schulwesen in Paraguay�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 28-30.

3.18 Health and health care BREUNINGER DE GUENTHER, Regine: Geburtshilfe in der Anfangszeit der Kolonie Menno: von der Ansiedlung 1927/28 bis zur Entstehung des Krankenhauses Ende der 1940er Jahre. Loma Plata: Geschichtskomitee der Kolonie Menno. 2004. 104 pp. DIENSTE: �Im Dienste der Liebe�, 1951-, Asunción. Centro de Salud. DOLLINGER, Erika: �Als Arztfrau im paraguayischen Busch�. Der Bote, 1956, 33, 15 August, p. 9; 34, 29 August, p. 9; 35, 5 September, p. 9. DOLLINGER, Gerhard: �Das Fernheimer Krankenhaus Bethesda�. Der Mennonit, 5, 1952, 11, November, pp. 170-171 (DNB DZb 4433). DOLLINGER, Gerhard: �Deutsche Ärzte in Paraguay�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 4, 1954, 11/12, November/December, pp. 316-317 (IAI 4° I bi 695). DOLLINGER, Gerhard: �Die mennonitischen Krankenanstalten im Gran Chaco�. Der Mennonit, 9, 1956, 8, August, pp. 124-125 (DNB DZb 4433). DOLLINGER, Gerhard: �Unser mennonitischer Patient�. Der Bote, 1956, 2 May through 6 June 1956 (Weekly). DOLLINGER, Gerhard: Ein Landarzt erzählt. Stuttgart: J. F. Steinkopf. 1991. 144 pp. (DNB D 92/7642). DYCK, Hans: �Krankendienst in der Kolonie Volendam�. Der Mennonit, 6, 1953, 11, November, pp. 164-165 (DNB DZb 4433). DYCK, Rudolf: Aus dem Leben eines Arztes im Chaco: Erlebnisse, vielseitige Erfahrungen und Schlussfolgerungen aus meinem Leben. Asunción. 2007 (soon in IAI). EPP, Hans: �Ärztliche und schulische Betreuung der Indianer im Chaco�. Der Mennonit 23, 1970, 5, May, p. 74 (DNB DZb 4433). EPP, Hans: �Medizinische Betreuung der Indianer im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 42, 1971, 6, 16 March, pp. 3-4; 8, 16 April, p. 3; 9, 1 May, pp. 2-3; 10, 16 May, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GAEDE, Alvin W.: �Hookworm Diasease in the Paraguayan Chaco�. The Journal of the American Medical Association 149, 1952, June 28, p. 887 (SBB Zsn 2198). HOLST, Jens: Krankenversicherungsstrukturen der Mennoniten im paraguayischen Chaco. Eschborn, GTZ, 2004, 7 pp. (www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/de-mennoniten-chaco-py.pdf). ISAAK, Suse: �Kulturerbe als Brücke�. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Auslandsbeziehungen, Stuttgart, 1956, 1/2, Janua-ry/February, pp. 81-82 (IAI 4° I bi 695). KLAASSEN, Gert: �Als Arzt in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 24, 1971, 8, August, pp.123-124 (DNB DZb 4433). RAKKO, W.: �Aus der Arbeit des Arztes im paraguayischen Busch�. Der Bote, 33, 1956, 44, 7, November, p. 5; 45, 14 November, pp. 5-6; 46, 21 November, p. 6. RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Hospital Mennonita km 81: Liebe die tätig wird; Eine Festschrift zum 50jährigen Bestehen. Asunci-ón: Gemeindekomitee (Asociación Evangélica Mennonita del Paraguay). 2001. 143 pp. (IAI A 01/13034). SCHARTNER, Gerhard/SCHMIDT, John R./DYCK, Cornelius J.: �Lepramission in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit, 4, 1951, 10, October, pp. 154-155 (DNB DZb 4433). SCHMIDT, John R.: The Practice of Medicine for our Mennonites in the Chaco, Paraguay. Newton, Kan.: Women�s Home and Foreign Missionary Association, General Conference Mennonites of North America. 1942. 11 pp. SCHMIDT, John R.: �Medical Service Under Pioneer Conditions�. Mennonite Life, 2, 1947, 3, July, pp. 13-16 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). SCHMIDT, John R.: �Helping Lepers in Paraguay�. Mennonite Life, 13, 1958,1, January, pp. 20-22 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Krankendienst in den Chaco-Kolonien�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951, 1, pp. 23-26. WÄGELE, A.: �Der Gesundheitszustand im Chaco�. Der Mennonit, 3, 1950, 3/4, March/April, p. 23 (DNB DZb 4433). WIENS, Peter: Centro de Salud Mennonita Km 81. Jubiläumsschrift zum 25 jährigen Bestehen von Km 81, 1951-1976. Fern-heim: Gemeindekomitee. 1976. 50 pp.


45

3.19 Mennonites and the Chaco War ABERCROMBIE, Roland K.: �Peaceful Pawns in the Chaco Conflict�. Mennonite Weekly Review, Newton, Kan., 25 Octo-ber 1933. KLASSEN, Peter P. (ed.): Kaputi Mennonita. Arados y fusiles en la Guerra del Chaco. Asuncion: Imprenta Modelo. 1976. 218 pp. (IAI A 81/5323). KLASSEN, Peter P. (ed.): Kaputi Mennonita. Eine friedliche Begegnung im Chacokrieg: Kurzberichte aus 40 Jahrgängen des Mennoblattes. Asunción: Imprenta Modelo. 1976; 3d edition 1980. 166 pp. (IAI A 81/5322). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: �Die Mennoniten und der Chaco-Grenzkonflikt zwischen Paraguay und Bolivien�. In: Ratzlaff, Ger-hard (ed.). Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay: Geschichte, Kultur, Unterhaltung, 3, 1990, pp. 30-44 (IAI Z/6549). RATZLAFF, Gerhard: Entre dos fuegos: los Menonitas en el conflicto limítrofe entre Paraguay y Bolivia, 1932-1935. Asun-ción: s.n. 1993. 32 pp. (IAI A 04/5331). RATZLAFF, Gerhard (misspelled as RATZALAFF): Cristianos evangélicos en la Guerra del Chaco: 1932-1935, Asunción: Instituto Bíblio Asunción. 2008. 156 pp. (IAI A 09/5796) STOESZ, Edgar: �Mennonites and the Chaco War�. Economic History of Latin America term paper, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 1969. 16 pp.

3.20 Indians and Mennonites ASOCIACIÓN de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita: Estatutos de la Asociación de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita, ASCIM. Filadelfia, Chaco-Paraguay Filadelfia: ASCIM. 1980. 54 pp. ASOCIACIÓN de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita: Archivo de Culturas Indígenas Chaqueñas. Lista de mate-riales archivados en la Oficina Central de la ASCIM en Filadelfia. Incluye libros, ensayos diversos publicados en revistas contemporáneas y fotocopias de publaciciones diversas y agotadas. Lista preparada por el Sr. Coen Schaap. s.l. s.n. ASOCIACIÓN de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita (ASCIM): En busca de una subsistencia agraria. Filadel-fia: ASCIM. 1993. ASSOCIATION: �Association of Mennonite-Indigenous Co-operation Services (ASCIM) �. In: Projects with the Indigenous Peoples of Paraguay: Past and Future, pp. 8-9. Survival International Document VIII. s.l.: Survival International. 1980. 26 pp. CHASE-SARDI, Miguel: �The Present Situation of Indians in Paraguay�. In: Dostal, W. (ed.): The Situation of Indians in South America: contributions to the study of inter-ethnic conflict in the non-Andean regions of South America, pp. 173-217. Geneva: World Council of Churches. 1972. 435 pp. Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für Ethnologie der Universität Bern, 3 (IAI A Stfl Ethn 1). CHASE-SARDI, Miguel: La situación actual de los indígenas en el Paraguay. Asunción: Centro de Estudios Antropológi-cos, Universidad Católica �Nuestra Señora de la Asunción�. 1972. 111 pp. (IAI 8° Par ge 77). DIOS: Dios quiere que todo los hombres sean salvos: indígenas mennonitas: obra espíritual y servicio de desarrollo en el Chaco central. Filadelfia: ASCIM. 1984. 20 pp. DITTMER, Dörte/FULLRIEDE, Ulrike: Como agua y aceite: zum Verhältnis von Mennoniten und Indígenas in der multi-ethnischen Gesellschaft im paraguayischen Chaco. Berlin/Hamburg/Mannheim: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag. 1996. 232 pp. (IAI A 97/ 5741). DITTMER, Hans: Um Glauben und Heimat. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1939. 184 pp. (pp. 126-130: �Unter Mennoniten und deutschsprechenden Indianern�) (soon in IAI). DORN, Georgette Magassy: �Three Mennonite Colonies and the Indigenous Communities in the Central Chaco�. In: Grover, Mark L. (ed.): Religion and Latin America in the twenty-first century: libraries reacting to social change; Rockville, Mary-land, May 17-21, 1997, pp. 78-84. SALALM (Seminar on the Acquisition of Latin American Library Materials) Papers, 42 (IAI S 127:42). DUERKSEN, Marvin: �Radio Mission in the Multicultural Gran Chaco�. In: Götz, Diether/Kreider, Loretta (eds.): Mennon-ite World Handbook 1990, Mennonites in Global Witness, pp. 223-226. Carol Stream, Ill.: Mennonite World Conference. 440 pp. EPP, Bruno: �Mennonitische Mission unter den Indianern des paraguayischen Chaco�. Bibel und Pflug, 10, 1963, 6-13, 16 March. through July 1 (Weekly). EPP, Hans: �Ärztliche und schulische Betreuung der Indianer im Chaco�. Der Mennonit 23, 1970, 5, May, p. 74 (DNB DZb 4433). EPP, Hans: �Medizinische Betreuung der Indianer im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 42, 1971, 6, 16 March, pp. 3-4; 8, 16 April, p. 3; 9, 1 May, pp. 2-3; 10, 16 May, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). ESPÍNOLA BENÍTEZ, Ebelio: �Algunas anotaciones en torno a �Indios y Mennonitas en el Chaco Paraguayo� de Henk Hack�. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción, XVI, 1981, 2, Diciembre, pp. 213-226 (IAI Z 2489). FIEBRIG, C.: �Deutsche Missionsarbeit im Chaco (Paraguay)�. Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv, 11, 1937/1938, no. 1, pp. 92-97 (IAI 8° Par ud 36).


46

FRANZ, Jacob H.: �Mission unter den Indianern im paraguayischen Chaco�. Der Mennonit 9, 1956, 8, August, pp. 125 (DNB DZb 4433). FRANZ, Jacob H.: �The Indian Brotherhood in the Chaco of Paraguay�. In: DYCK, Cornelius J. (ed.) (1967): The Witness of the Holy Spirit: Proceedings of the eighth Mennonite World Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 23-30, 1967, pp. 114-118. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite World Conference. 423 pp. FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �Indian Episodes on a 20th Century Frontier�. Mennonite Weekly Review, Newton, Kan., 13, 1951, September. FRETZ, Joseph Winfield: �The Paraguayan Indians�. Mennonite Life, Vol. XVII, 2, April 1962, pp. 87-88 (http://www.bethelks.edu/mennonitelife/). FRIESEN, Martin W.: �Unsere Lengua-Indianer � einst und jetzt�. Der Mennonit 17, 1964, 5, May, pp. 74-76 (DNB DZb 4433). FRIESEN, Martin W: �Indianer und Mennoniten im paraguayischen Chaco�. Menno-blatt, 49, 1978, 21, 1 November, pp. 2-4; 22, 16 November, pp. 2-4; 23, 1 December, pp. 3-5 (IAI Z/229). GIESBRECHT, Gerd G.: Ich sah der Lengua Hütten. Erfahrungen und Beobachtungen in der Missionsarbeit. 2000. Asun-ción: s.n. 275 pp. (soon in IAI). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: Bericht ueber die 15jährige Missionstätigkeit unter den Lenguaindianern im Gran Chaco. S. l.: s.n. 1950. GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Licht den Indianern�. Der Mennonit 4, 1951, 1, January, pp. 10-11; 2, February, pp. 22-23 (DNB DZb 4433). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Indianermission im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 23, 1952, 7, Juli, pp. 1-2 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Etwas über unsere Indianermission�. Mennoblatt, 24, 1953, 1-2, January-February, p. 4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Lengua-Mission in Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 24, 1953, 6, June, pp. 1-2 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Indianersiedlung�. Mennonitische Rundschau, Winnipeg, Man., 79, 1956, 10, 7 March, p. 2. (DNB ZC 6638). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Wir und unsere Lenguaindianer�. Der Bote, 33, 1956, 38, 26 September, p. 9; 39, 3 October, p. 9; 40, 10 October, p. 9. GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Die Zukunft unsrer Indianer�. Mennoblatt, 29, 1958, 12, 16 June, pp. 2-3; 13, 1 July, p. 2; 14, 15 July, p. 2 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Neue Wege in der Missionsarbeit im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 32, 1961, 15, 1 August through 22, 16 November. (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GIESBRECHT, Gerhard B.: �Die ersten 15 Jahre der Missionstätigkeit im paraguayischen Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 43, 1972, 24, 16 December, pp. 2-5; 44, 1973, 1, 1 January, pp. 4-5; 2, 16 January, pp. 4-5; 3, 1 February, pp. 3-4; 4, 16 February, pp. 3-4; 5, 1 March, pp. 3-4; 6, 16 March, pp. 3-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). GOTT: Gott will dass alle Menschen geholfen werden � Indianer, Mennoniten: Gemeindebau und Entwicklungsdienste im zentralen Chaco. Filadelfia: Indianer-Beratungs Behörde/ASCIM. 1984. 20 pp. GRABER, Christian L.: The Coming of the Moros; from Spears to Pruning Hooks. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. 1964. 91 pp. (IAI 8° Par ge 59). GRABER, Ken et al.: An Economic Evaluation of the ASCIM Land Settlement Program. Filadelfia: s.n. 1980. 87 pp. HACK, Henk: �Akkulturation bei den Lengua im paraguayischen Chaco�. Akten des 34. internationalen Amerikanistenkon-gresses, Wien 18.-25. Juli 1960, pp. 644-652. Horn-Wien:Verlag Ferdinand Berger. 1962. 874 pp. (IAI 8° III be 7: 34, Hauptw.). HACK, Henk: �Van jagers tot boeren. Veranderingen in de cultuur van de Chaco-Indianen�. Geografisch Tijdschrift, Nieuwe Reeks, 9, 1975, 5, pp. 374-387 (SBB Zsn 24454). HACK, Henk: Indianer und Mennoniten im paraguayischen Chaco. Amsterdam: Centrum voor Studie en Documentatie van Latijns Amerika (CEDLA). 1976. 161 blz. CEDLA Incidentele Publicaties, 7 (IAI B 77/383). HACK, Henk: �Indios y Mennonitas en el Chaco Paraguayo�. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción, XIII, 1978, 1-2, pp. 207-260; XIV, 1979, 1-2, pp. 201-248; XV, 1980, 1-2, pp. 45-137 (IAI Z 2489). HACK, Henk: �Land problems in the Paraguayan Chaco�. Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, Amsterdam, 34, 1983, pp. 99-115 (IAI Z 969:34, 1983). HEIN, David (ed.): Die Ayoreos, unsere Nachbarn: Anfänge der Mission im nördlichen Chaco. Filadelfia/Asunción: David Hein/Imprenta Modelo. c. 1988. 216 pp. (IAI A 90/773). HEIN, David (ed.): Los Ayoreos � nuestros vecinos; comienzos a la misión del norte del Chaco. Filadelfia/Asunción: David Hein/Imprenta Modelo. 1990. 228 pp. (IAI A 90/ 7056). HIEBERT, Peter Cornelius: �Hilfswerk und Kolonisation der Mennoniten seit 1930�. In: Neff, Christian (ed.): Der Allgemei-ne Kongreß der Mennoniten gehalten in Amsterdam, Elspeet, Witmarsum (Holland) 29. Juni bis 3. Juli 1936, pp. 146-151. Karlsruhe: Heinrich Schneider. 1936. 183 pp. (SBB Co 4741). INDIANER-Beratungsbehörde: Jahresberichte des Exekutiv-teams. I.B.B., 1977-, Filadelfia.


47

ISAAK, Kornelius: �Werdegang der Chulupimission�. Mennoblatt, 28, 1957, 6, 15 March, pp. 1-2; 7, 1 April, pp. 1-2; 8, 15 April, p. 2; 9, 1 May, p. 2 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). ISAAK: �Kornelius Isaak, Missionary Martyr to the Moros�. Christian Leader, 1958, 9 September through 7 October (Weekly). ISERT, Jorg: �Die Indianer und die Mennoniten in Paraguay�. Der Mennonit 24, 1971, 6, June, pp. 90-92 (DNB DZb 4433). JANZEN, Abraham E.: The Moro�s Spear. Hillsboro, Kan.: Board of Missions of the Conference of the MB Church. 1962. 51 pp. KLASSEN, Peter P.: �Begegnung von Indianern und Mennoniten in christlicher Verantwortung�. In: Dulon, Günter (ed.): Evangelium in indianischen Kulturen: Referate und Ergebnisse einer Arbeitstagung im März 1979 in Dorfweil/Ts. Hamburg: Evangelische Pressestelle für Weltmission. 1980. 119 pp. (DNB D 86/46975). KLASSEN, Peter P.: Die Mennoniten in Paraguay. 1: Reich Gottes und Reich dieser Welt. 2: Begegnung mit Indianern und Paraguayern. Bolanden-Weierhof: Mennonitischer Geschichtsverein. 1988/1991. 383 + 376 pp. (IAI A 90/774). 2nd edition, Vol 1: 2001. 480 pp. (soon in IAI). KLASSEN, Tinchen: �Ach, diese Indianer!�. Der Bote, 1960, 12 and 19 April, 10 and 17 May. KLIEWER, Fritz: �Mennoniten in Indianerland�. Mennonitische Jugendwarte, 15, 1935, 3, June, pp. 77-80 (DNB ZA 12653). KONNERT, Walter: �Indianermission in Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 34, 1963, 17, 1 September, pp. 2-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). KROEKER, Peter J.: Lenguas and Mennonites. A Study of Cultural Change in the Paraguayan Chaco, 1928-1970. Wichita, Kan.: Wichita State University. 1970. 178 pp. Thesis. Typescript. LOEWEN, Jacob A.: Research Report on the Question of Settling Lengua and Chulupi Indians in the Paraguayan Chaco. Akron. Pa.: Mennonite Central Commitee. 1964. 117 pp. Typescript. Also in German. LOEWEN, Jacob A.: Wissenschaftliche Untersuchung über die Frage der Ansiedlung der Lengua- und Chulupi-Indianer im Chaco von Paraguay. Hillsboro, Kan. 1964. c. 120 pp. Typescript. Also in English. LOEWEN, Jacob A.: �A Mennonite Encounter with the �Innermost� of the Lengua Indians�. The Mennonite Quarterly Re-view, 39, 1965, 1, January, pp. 40-67 (SBB Zsn 2274). LOEWEN, Jacob A.: �Missionaries and Anthropologists Cooperate in Research�. Practical Anthropology, 12, 1965, July-August, pp. 158-190 (SUB ZA 21860). LOEWEN, Jacob A.: �The Way to First Class: Revolution or Conversion�. Practical Anthropolgy, 12, 1965, September-October, pp. 193-209 (SUB ZA 21860). LOEWEN, Jacob A.: �Mennonites, Chaco Indians, and the Lengua Spirit World�. Mennonite Quarterly Review, 39, 1965, 4, October, pp. 280-306 (SBB Zsn 2274). LOEWEN, Jacob A.: �Lengua Festivals and Functional Substitutes�. Practical Anthropolgy, 14, 1967, January-February, pp. 15-36 (SUB ZA 21860). MARCZYNSKI, Provost Martin: �Unter Mennoniten und deutschsprechenden Indianern�. Der Bote, 13, 1936, 15 April (Earlier published in Deutsche La Plata Zeitung of 9 December 1935) (IAI FZZ/225). MENNONITE Brethren Church: Mennonite Brethren Mission to the Chaco Indians. Hillsboro, Kan.: Board of Foreign Mis-sions of the Mennonite Brethren Church. 1950. 59 pp. MENNONITISCHES Missionskomitee von Paraguay: Sende mich. 1973. 16 pp. MENNONITISCHES Missionskomitee von Paraguay: Jahressammlung der Behörde für Indianersiedlungen im Chaco; am 16 Januar 1974. Neu-Halbstadt, Paraguay: Mennonitisches Missionskomitee von Paraguay. 1974. 47 pp. NEUFELD, Alfred: Die ersten dreissig Jahre der mennonitischen Indianermission im zentralen Chaco von Paraguay. Fres-no, California. 1981. Typescript. NÜBLING (Pastor): �Das Evangelium bei den Chaco-Indianern�. Der Mennonit 8, 1955, 7, July, pp. 100-101 (DNB DZb 4433). QUIEN: Quien es mi projimo?: acción misionera entre los indígenas del Chaco central paraguayo, 1936-1986 � Wer ist mein Nächster?: Indianermission im zentralen Chaco von Paraguay, 1936-1986. Filadelfia: Luz a los Indígenas, Asociación de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena Mennonita. 1986. 79 pp. (IAI B 90/634). QUIRING, Walter: �Unter Indianern im Chaco�. Der Bote, 11, 1934, 14 April. RATZLAFF, Abram: �Der Anfang der Missionsarbeit unter den Lenguas im Juli 1935, Chaco, Paraguay�. Mennoblatt, 47, 1976, 4, 16 February, pp. 2-3; 5, 1 March, pp. 3-5; 6, 16 March, pp. 1-3; 7, 1 April, pp. 2-4 (IAI Z/229). REDEKOP, Calvin Wall: Mennonite Mission in the Paraguayan Chaco. Geneva: World Council of Churches. 15 pp. (Re-print from: International Review of Missions, 62, 1973, 247, July, pp. 302-317) (SBB Zsn 1434). REDEKOP, Calvin Wall: Strangers become Neighbours: Mennonites and Indigenous Relations in the Paraguayan Chaco. Scottdale, Pa.; Kitchener, Ontario: Herald Press; 1980. 305 pp. Studies in Anabaptist and Mennonite History, 22 (IAI A 81/2470). REDEKOP, Calvin Wall: Mennonite Displacement of Indigenous Peoples. An Historical and Sociological Analysis. Calgary, Alb.: Research Centre for Canadian Ethnic Studies at the University of Calgary for the Canadian Ethnic Studies Association. 1982. 90 pp.


48

REGEHR, Verena: Chacoindianer gestern und heute. Weierhof, Germany: Internationale Mennonitische Organisation. 1975. 16 pp. REGEHR, Verena: Indian handycrafts from the Paraguayan Chaco. Colonia Neuland, Chaco: s.n. 1990. 9 pp. REGEHR, Walter: Die lebensräumliche Situation der Indianer im paraguayischen Chaco. Humangeographisch-ethnolo-gische Studie zu Subsistenzgrundlage und Siedlungsform akkulturierter Chacovölker. Basel: Geographisch-Ethnologische Gesellschaft Basel. In Kommission bei Wepf & Co Verlag. 1979. 436 pp. Basler Beiträge zur Geographie, 25 (IAI A 80/691). REIMER, Jacob B.: �Mennoniten und Indianer im zentralen Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 51, 1980, 19, 1 October, pp. 4-6 (IAI Z/229). REIMERT, Walter: �Die Ansiedlung der Indianer im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 38, 1967, 9, 1 May, pp. 2-3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). REIST, Ilse: �Indianersiedlung im Chaco. Das MCC unterstützt diese Arbeit�. Mennoblatt, 33, 1962, 7, 1 April, pp. 2-4 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). RENNERT, Walter: �Indianermission im Gran Chaco�. Mennonitischer Gemeinde-Kalender, 1965, pp. 59-66 (SBB Co 4576). SAWATZKY, Martin H.: �Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Lengua im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 33, 1962, 1, 1 January, p. 2 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). SAWATZKY, Peter: Bericht über das Wachstum der Indianerbevölkerung im Siedlungsgebiet der Mennonitenkolonien. Neu-Halbstadt, Chaco. 1972. Typescript. SCHARTNER, Sieghard: Licht den Indianern 1935-1985. Filadelfia. 1985. SCHMIDT, John R.: �The Mennonite Mission in the Chaco�. The Mennonite, 1946, 24 September. SERVICES: Services of Inter-Ethnic Cooperation. Filadelfia: Asociación de los Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita. 1978. 57 pp. SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Im Indianerland�. Mennonitische Auslese, 1, 1951,1, pp. 37-39. SIEMENS, Nikolai: �Im Indianerland�. Mennoblatt, 23, 1952, 8, August, pp. 2-3; 9/10, September-October, pp. 2-3; 12, December, p. 3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). STAHL, Wilmar (ed.): Guided Social Change in the Paraguayan Chaco: Cooperation in a Land Development Scheme by Indigenous Farmers. Filadelfia: Indian Settlement Excecutive Committee. 1973. 50 pp. STAHL, Wilmar (ed.): Informe sobre los establecimientos agrícolas de los indígenas en el área de las colonias Mennonitas. Filadelfia: Comité Ejecutivo de los Establecimientos Indígenas. 1973. 42 pp. STAHL, Wilmar: �Cinco establecimientos agrícolas indíenas en el Chaco Central; un estudio de cambio social guiado�. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción, IX, 1974, 1-2, pp. 111-152 (IAI 8° Par ge 64). STAHL, Wilmar: Escenario Indígena Chaqueño, Pasado y Presente. Filadelfia: Asociación de Servicios de Cooperación Indígena-Mennonita. 1983. 144 pp. (IAI B 83/582). STAHL, Wilmar: �Interethnic cooperation in the Chaco�. In: Götz, Diether/Kreider, Loretta (eds.): Mennonite World Hand-book 1990, Mennonites in Global Witness, pp. 233-236. Carol Stream, Ill.: Mennonite World Conference. 440 pp. STUNNENBERG, Petrus Walterus: Entitled to Land. The Incorporation of the Paraguayan Chaco and Argentinean Gran Chaco and the Spatial Marginalization of the Indian People. Saarbrücken/Fort Lauderdale: Verlag Breitenbach Publishers. 1993. 277 pp. Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change, 15. (pp. 178-197 deal with the Lengua of Colonia Armonía) (IAI A 93/8577). STOESZ, Edgar: �A Structural Analysis of the Relationship between the Mennonites and the Indians in the Paraguayan Chaco�. Rural Sociology term paper, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 1969. 15 pp. (MCC Central Files, Akron, Pa. Paraguay Indians). STOESZ, Edgar: Indian Settlement Program: Chaco, Paraguay. Akron, Pa. 1970. 35 pp. Machine copy edition by MCC. (MCC Central Files). WIENS, Hans J.: Dass die Heiden Miterben seien. Die Geschichte der Indianermission im paraguayischen Chaco. Geschrie-ben im Auftrag des Missionskomitees �Licht den Indianern�. Filadelfia: Konferenz der Mennonitischen Brüdergemeinde in Paraguay. 1989. 238 pp. (IAI A 09/8811). WIENS, Peter: �Indianersiedlungen im Chaco�. Mennoblatt, 38, 1967, 20, 16 October, pp. 5-6 (IAI 4° Par ua 1). UNRUH, Murtle: �Indianersiedlungen im Chaco. Wo sind wir in Wirklichkeit?�. Mennoblatt, 40, 1969, 21, 1 November, pp. 2-3; 22, 16 November, p. 3; 23, 1 December, pp. 3-4; 41, 1970, 1, 1 January, pp. 4-5; 4, 16 February, p. 3 (IAI 4° Par ua 1).

Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay

Documents

Transcript of Mennonite Colonies in Paraguay