Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.
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Transcript of Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.
![Page 1: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mendel’s GeneticsMendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on
Separate Chromosomes
![Page 2: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Where are our genes?• Chromosomes are made of DNA and
contain genes that have different versions or alleles. Combinations of genes make up our traits or characteristics.
![Page 3: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 Laws Mendel Studied about our
Genes
• Law of Segregation
• Law of Dominance
• Law of Independent Assortment
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Law of Segregation
• Gametes get one copy of each homologous chromosome
• What would happen if you got less or more than one?
![Page 5: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Segregation of Sex Chromosomes
• Males are XY and Females are XX
• All eggs contain an X• Sperm either contain an X
or Y• SRY gene on Y
Chromosome makes youForm testes and appearmale
![Page 6: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Probability can be shown with a Punnett Square
• Probability is a prediction based on what is known.
• Actual results can deviate from what is expected.
• Probability resets each time.
• A couple has 5 girls and are pregnant again. What is the probability that their 6th kid is a boy?
![Page 7: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Karyotype
• Chart organizing chromosomes in developing embryo.
• Cells taken from placenta in process called amniocentesis
• See if you can determine:– Sex– Health
![Page 8: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Normal Male Normal Female
Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome) Turner’s Syndrome
![Page 9: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
More Necessary Vocabulary
• Genotype: Combination of alleles (Letters)
• Homozygous: Both letters represent same allele (aa, AA)
• Phenotype:
How and organism looks.
• Heterozygous: Hybrid, or both alleles (Aa)
![Page 10: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Law of Dominance
• Dominant (capital letters) traits overpower recessive traits (lowercase letters).
• Dominant traits are NOT more common! Example: Polydactly
![Page 11: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Punnett Square: Shows outcome of mating between to individuals
Let’s use Mendel’s Peas to Practice! Dominant Traits are shown first
![Page 12: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Easy• A smooth pea
whose genotype for seed shape WW is crossed with a seed that is wrinkled ww. – Will their offspring
be wrinkled or smooth?
– What will be the % of the genotypes of their offspring?
![Page 13: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Medium• Two tall pea plants
were crossed and they ended up with the following results:75% tall offspring; 25%
short offspring.
What are the genotypes of the parents?
![Page 14: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Hard• Two pea plants are crossed and 80 seeds are produced. Of those 80 seeds, 46 produce purple flowers and 34 produce white flowers.
Use a Punnett Square to show if this is possible.
What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents?
![Page 15: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
• Homologous chromosomes line up randomly during meiosis and therefore many different gene combinations can be produced.
![Page 16: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Back to Mendel’s Peas
• A pea homozygous recessive (wrinkly green) for the traits shape and color is crossed with a homozygous dominant (smooth yellow) plant
• What will the F1 (first generation) look like?
• What will the second generation look like?
![Page 17: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
First..Find the parental genotypes
• First Generation
– Homozygous Dominant
– Homozygous Recessive
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Second FOIL for gametes
• First Generation– Parent 1: SSYY
– Parent 2: ssyy
![Page 19: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Make a 16 box Punnett Square, one parent on each side, two letters on top of each box, 4
letters inside each box!
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Analyze Data
• What are the expected portions of each phenotype?
![Page 21: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Generation 2
• Parent 1:
• Parent 2:
![Page 22: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Foil for Gametes• Parent 1:
– F– O– I– L
• Parent 2:– F– O– I– L
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Punnett Square…2 letters above each box, 4 letters in each box
![Page 24: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Analyze for independent assortment
of phenotypes
![Page 25: Mendel’s Genetics Mendel’s Laws Apply to Genes on Separate Chromosomes.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062500/5697bff01a28abf838cbacbd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Corn Activity
• You will determine if your baby corn, belongs to the parent corn!
• The Punnett Square is hypothesis showing probability, you must determine if the actual results match the expected results!