MENDEL AND MEIOSIS instructional...

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MENDEL AND MEIOSIS MENDEL AND MEIOSIS Gregor Mendel – father of heredity

Transcript of MENDEL AND MEIOSIS instructional...

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MENDEL AND MEIOSISMENDEL AND MEIOSIS

Gregor Mendel – father of heredity

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MENDEL’S LAWS OF HEREDITYMENDEL S LAWS OF HEREDITY

• Heredity – branch of genetics dealing with theHeredity  branch of genetics dealing with the passing on of traits from parents to offspring

• Pea PlantsPea Plants – Easy maintenance & large #s of offspring– Allele – genetic factor that controls the expression of g pa gene

• Ex. Green & Yellow are the 2 alleles in pea plants that code for seed colorcode for seed color

• More than one allele can control a trait• Mendelian Inheritance – inheriting traits that are gcontrolled by one pair of alleles

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LAWS OF DOMINANCE & SEGREGATION

• History/Method of determining the laws– Mendel chose plants that were similar to the parents in all of the generations/offspring

• Gametes – sex cells         i.e. sperm & egg

• Inbreeding – fertilization of gametes that are from the same parent or closely related parentssame parent or closely related parents

– Results in a “pure line” of traits      i.e. dog breeds

• Outbreeding – fertilization of gametes by unrelated parents– Results in variety  ex:  Tall pea plants with short pea plants

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GENERATIONSGENERATIONS

• F1 GenerationF1 Generation– 1ST set of offspring that come from 2 non‐related parents (short plant & tall plant)parents (short plant & tall plant)

– Only 1 of the traits was noticed in the F1 offspring• Ex. Tall X Short always gave Tall offspringEx. Tall X Short always gave Tall offspring

• F2 GenerationBred members of F1 together (inbreeding)– Bred members of F1 together (inbreeding)

– The trait that was hidden in the F1, showed up sometimes in the F2sometimes in the F2

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MENDEL’S PEA PLANTSPEA PLANTS

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LAWSLAWS• Law of Dominance

Dominant Trait the observable trait in the F1– Dominant Trait  ‐ the observable trait in the F1 generation.  Represented by a capital letter (T=tall)(T tall)

– Recessive Trait – the trait that’s hidden in the F1 generation, but reappears in the F2.  Represented g , pp pby a lowercase letter (t = short)

• Law of Segregationg g– Each trait is controlled by a pair of factors (alleles) that separate during gamete formation & p g grandomly unite during fertilization

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THE PRINCESS & THE WRINKLED PEATHE PRINCESS & THE WRINKLED PEA

BLANK CROSSESBLANK CROSSES

http://biologica.concord.org/webtest1/web_labs_mendels_peas.htm

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ALLELES & GENOTYPE• Haploid = possessing ½ of the total number of chromosomes• Diploid = possessing all of the total number of chromosomes

– Humans have 46 chromosomes… what is the human haploid number?What is the human diploid number?

Z i l di l id (2N) ll h i f d h 2• Zygote = single diploid (2N) cell that is formed when 2 gametes fuse during fertilization

• Genotype = the genetic makeup or combination of alleles of h ff ithe offspring

• Phenotype = the physical appearance of the allele of the offspring– Different combinations of alleles cause different phenotypes

• Homozygous = both alleles on the chromosome for a certain trait are the same

• Heterozygous = the alleles on the chromosome for a certain trait are different (dominant allele is shown)

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CROSSES (punnet squares)CROSSES (punnet squares)

• Monohybridy– Experiment where 2 parents differ by only 1 trait– Mendel tested these traits in Pea Plants:

1 d h ROUND i kl d• 1.  seed shape = ROUND or wrinkled• 2. seed color = YELLOW or green• 3.  flower color = PURPLE or white4 fl iti AXIAL ( id ) t i l (ti )• 4. flower position = AXIAL (side) or terminal (tip)

• 5. pod color = GREEN or yellow• 6. pod shape = INFLATED or constricted

h h h• 7. height = TALL or short– All of the plants Mendel started with were true‐breeding (pure bred) for these characteristics

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What were Mendel’s lt ?results?

• F1 GenerationF1 Generation– All tall

4 tall: 0 short– 4 tall: 0 short

– 4:0 ratio of tall to short

F2 G ti• F2 Generation– ¾ tall to ¼ short

– 3 tall: 1 short

– 3:1 ratio of tall to short

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• Parent A is heterozygous for seed color (useParent A is heterozygous for seed color (use the letter G), Parent B is homozygous recessive for seed color Determine therecessive for seed color. Determine the monohybrid cross and phenotype ratios for these two parentsthese two parents. 

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF INHERITANCEDIFFERENT TYPES OF INHERITANCE

• All traits do not follow simple MendelianAll traits do not follow simple MendelianInheritance– In some organisms there are traits in which the– In some organisms, there are traits in which the phenotypes are different from EITHER parent

– In other cases more than one allele is responsibleIn other cases, more than one allele is responsible for the inheritance of traits

– Some traits can also be controlled by a singleSome traits can also be controlled by a single allele!

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCEINCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

• Incomplete dominance occurs when 2 allelesIncomplete dominance occurs when 2 alleles produce three phenotypes– Ex Flower color in some plants– Ex. Flower color in some plants

• If you cross a red‐flowered plant with a white‐flowered plant… the resulting plants have PINK FLOWERS!

FrFr FwFw

FrFw FrFw FrFw FrFw

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CODOMINANCECODOMINANCE

• When 2 alleles are expressed equally in theWhen 2 alleles are expressed equally in the offspring– Ex Certain varieties of chickens– Ex. Certain varieties of chickens

• If you cross a red flower with a white flower, the resulting offspring have both red & white petals(checkered appearance)

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MULTIPLE ALLELESMULTIPLE ALLELES

• Some traits are controlled by more than oneSome traits are controlled by more than one pair of alleles– Ex Fur color in rabbits and human blood types– Ex. Fur color in rabbits and human blood types

• Multiple alleles can only be studied in populations since one individual will not be able to show all possible appearances

• There are 3 alleles for blood type in humans, but each person will only have 2 alleles for the gene whichperson will only have 2 alleles for the gene… which gives the 4 different blood types

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BLOOD TYPESTYPE (phenotype) ALLELE PATTERN

Type A IAIA or   IAi Simple/Mendelian

Type B IBIB or   IBi Simple/Mendelian

Type O ii Simple/Mendelian

Type AB IAIB CoDominance

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What’s common?Information from www.redcrossblood.org

Caucasian African A i

Hispanic AsianAmerican

O + 37% 47% 53% 39%

O ‐ 8% 4% 4% 1%

A + 33% 24% 29% 27%

A ‐ 7% 2% 2% 0.5%

B + 9% 18% 9% 25%

B ‐ 2% 1% 1% 0.4%

AB + 3% 4% 2% 7%

AB ‐ 1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1%

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SEX‐LINKED INHERITANCESEX LINKED INHERITANCE

• Autosomes = in humans 22 matching pairs ofAutosomes = in humans, 22 matching pairs of chromosomes

• Sex chromosomes = 23RD pair of chromosomes• Sex chromosomes = 23RD pair of chromosomes differ in male & female

S h d i h / d• Sex chromosomes determine the sex/gender– Female = XX

– Male = XY

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• sex‐linked genes = genes located on the sex g gchromosome that don’t determine gender

• Traits controlled by sex‐linked genes are usually associated with 1 particular sex & are inheritedassociated with 1 particular sex & are inherited with sex chromosomes– Ex. Eye color in fruit flies, hemophilia (human blood‐y , p (clotting disorder), red‐green colorblindness

• Hemophilia & RG are carried on the X‐chromosome & are recessive

• Both men & women can have the disease, but men have a greater chance than women because they only have 1 X‐chromosome

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POLYGENIC INHERITANCEPOLYGENIC INHERITANCE

• The inheritance of a trait that is controlled byThe inheritance of a trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes– Ex Hand width skin color– Ex. Hand width, skin color, 

– ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES• The genetic makeup only determines potential for dev• The genetic makeup only determines potential for dev.

• Actual growth & development is influenced by environmental factors, too

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

• Internal EnvironmentInternal Environment– Affected by factors such as age & hormones

• Ex Male & female birds differ greatly in their plumageEx. Male & female birds differ greatly in their plumage 

• Ex. Horns on rams are much heavier than ewes

• External EnvironmentExternal Environment– Temperature, nutrition, light, chemical, and infectious agents can all affect gene expressioninfectious agents can all affect gene expression

• Coat color in rabbits can be affected by temp.

• Leaf size can be affected by lighty g

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