MEMORY & INTELLIGENCE. MEMORY: The input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or...
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Transcript of MEMORY & INTELLIGENCE. MEMORY: The input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or...
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MEMORY &
INTELLIGENCE
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MEMORY: The input, storage, and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
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Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine what to pay attention to.
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SPOT THE REAL PENNY
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MAINTENANCE vs. ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
Even though you live in the United States and probably see hundreds of pennies a week, it is difficult to identify the real one from fake ones. Mere repetition, such as seeing something over
and over again does not guarantee a strong memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal = repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal = linking new information to material that is already known Improves your chances of remembering it!!!!
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Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!!
Chunking = Grouping items to make them easier to remember
Working with information…..
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Short-Term or Working Memory Use it or lose it!!!!!
Mnemonic Devices = Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
Working with information…..
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Long-Term Memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic memory – memory of our own life (Personal facts)
Semantic memory – knowledge of language, including rules, words, and meanings
Declarative memory – Stored knowledge called forth consciously as needed; includes episodic and semantic
Procedural memory – Storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection
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Memory and the Brain
We are still learning about the role of the brain in MEMORY. To what extent the brain isinvolved is still beingdetermined.
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Retrieving Information Key = Organization of info in LTM
Recall: the ability to bring back and integrate many specific learned details
Recognition: the ability to pick the correct object or event from a list of choices
Reconstructive Processes: the alteration of a recalled memory depending on experiences and attitudes
The brain IS NOT a video recorder
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Photographic memory – ability to form sharp, detailed visual images of a picture or page and to recall exactly what you saw.
FACT: 59-year-old Akira Haraguchi recited from memory the first 83,431 decimal places of pi, earning a spot in the Guinness World Records.
FACT: Super card sharks can memorize the order of a shuffled deck of cards in less than a minute
FACT: According to evidence, it's impossible to recall images with near perfect accuracy
DOES IT EXIST?
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• Eidetic Memory – The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
5% of children
Very rare in adults
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• Eyewitness Testimony• It is often wrong• Involves recognition • Memory of event is often distorted• Eyewitnesses can be misled by questioning
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FORGETTING
Types
Decay – fading away of memory over time
Amnesia – loss of memory as a result of a blow to head or brain damage. Other causes: Stress/Drugs
Interference – blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retrieval cue
•Proactive Interference: prior learning interferes with learning new information• Retroactive Interference: newly learned information interferes with previously learned information
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DID YOU KNOW!Flashbulb Memories are vivid recollections of events that are shocking or emotional
The SQ3R method of studying improves your ability to recognize and recall information
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INTELLIGENCE:IQ & TESTING
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INTELLIGENCEThe ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations.
Different views on Intelligence exist
Two-Factor Theory: Intelligence includes a general ability (g) level and specific mental abilities (s)
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory: Numerous (8) and unrelated intelligences
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions.
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INTELLIGENCE TESTMeasure IQ, or a standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale of which 100 is average
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: • Originally meant for children; adapted for adults• Groups test items by age level• 100 is average for given age
Wechsler Tests: • More common today• Three versions (2-6, 6-16, 16-89)•More detailed scoring
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IQ SCORES – What do they mean?
Average score is 100
Traditionally 70 or below = mentally handicapped
Good indicator of success in school
Do not predict success in the real world
Nature v. Nurture: Both genetic factors & the environment play a role in IQ. The % each contributes is debatable.
Cultural Bias: wording used in questions may be more familiar to people or one social group than to another group