Memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin, (1968) classic model of memory

Baddeley, (1992) ‘modern’ model of memory

Ebbinhaus’ retention curve

GOV, NUV, LOM, KEL

Serial Position Effect

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect

Next-in-line Effect

Encoding

MnemonicsPeg wordMethod of lociChunking

1776, 1812, 1861, 1898, 1917, 1941, 1950, 1963, 1991

Storage: Sensory Memory

Short-Term/Working MemoryOn the next slides you will see a

series of numbers. I will also say the numbers out loud. After I say the last number, the numbers will disappear.

Silently, write the numbers, in the exact order, on your paper.

2831

74139

497215

5183926

16953472

362514798

6154983287

89316427513

STM – The Magic #7 +/- 2• Short-Term Memory – memory that

holds onto about seven sensory inputs for about twenty seconds

• An experiment in STM:• Look at each of the following words –

one at a time – for ONLY two seconds. Silently repeat the word as I say it out loud.• When we have gone through all 15

words, then try to reproduce the words, in the correct order, on the piece of paper.

Peach

Book

Sword

Car

Enemy

Mirror

Shoe

Thermometer

Clock

Brick

Bed

Salt

Flower

Calendar

Airplane

Reproduce the list of words in the correct order

1. Peach

2. Book

3. Sword

4. Car

5. Enemy

6. Mirror

7. Shoe

8. Thermometer

9. Clock

10. Brick

11. Bed

12. Salt

13. Flower

14. Calendar

15. Airplane

Long-Term Memory

A Quick Exercise in LTM

Answer the following questions about everyday things that should be in your LTM

1. Whose portrait is on the ten dollar bill?2. What two letters do not appear on a

standard land phone?3. What is the color of the top stripe of the

American flag? 4. The bottom stripe? 5. How many red and how many white

stripes does the flag have?

FeatureSensoryMemory

Working Memory

LTM

Encoding Copy Phonemic Semantic

Capacity Unlimited7±2

ChunksVery Large

Duration 0.25 sec. 20 sec. Years

RetrievalRecall vs. Recognition, Part 1

◦Write down the number of any word that you believe is misspelled.

1. Acomplishment2. Acheivement3. Consolidate4. Consistant5. Reccommend6. Maintainance

Write out the word with the correct spelling.

Recall vs. Recognition, Part 1I

1. Accomplishment2. Achievement3. Consolidate4. Consistent5. Recommend6. Maintenance

More recall vs. recognitionOn the sheet of paper, write

down as many of the names of the seven dwarfs from the Disney version of Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs.

Snow White and the 7 DwarfsSniffy Ziggy Happy

Skippy

Dopey Stumbly DocGiggly

Scooby GrumpyStubby Goofy

Bashful ScrappySleepy Snoozy

Bossy SneezyWheezy Giggles

Watch and listen carefully . . .

G X C O T R L M B W Q

Silently, begin counting backwards by threes from 100 until I tell you to stop.

100 . . . 97 . . . 94 . . .

• G X C O T R L M B W Q

Proactive or Retroactive Interference?

Proactive – (forward-acting) the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Retroactive – (backward-acting) the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information