BHS 499-07 Memory and Amnesia History of Memory Research and Early Memory Models.
Memory and Models of Memory
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Transcript of Memory and Models of Memory
Memory and Models of Memory
Introductory Psychology
What is Memory?
• Mental ability to retain and recall past experience
• Based on mental processes of– Learning– Retention– Recall and Retrieval
The Basic Memory Process
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Part 1 - Encoding
The process of converting physical stimuli into a form that the brain’s memory system
can interpret and use
Physical stimuli Encoding
Types of Encoding
1) Acoustic: Sounds, spoken words
2) Visual: Images, “mental snapshots”
3) Semantic: “General meanings”– Concepts and ideas
• Dual Coding: Using 2+ types of encoding– More effective
What type of encoding would be used to memorize this picture?
Visual encoding, of course!
How about this problem…?
Semantic encoding – the idea of addition is conceptual
What about this last one…?
Trick question! It’s visual AND acoustic (dual coding)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMzlm9OVpvU&feature=plcp&context=C3f0f838UDOEgsToPDskKvmmlg5165l9EZxd1uYEaK
Part 2 - Storage
The process of keeping memories intact in the brain’s memory system over time
Types of Memories
1) Episodic – Specific events or “episodes”
2) Procedural – Information on how to do things– Repetition is key– How to ride a bike, tie shoes, walk, etc
3) Semantic – Generalized knowledge of concepts– NOT based on specific events
Checkpoint! What types of memories are described in the following?
1) Knowledge of how to take a shower– Procedural memory
2) Information about Newton’s three laws of motion– Semantic memory
3) Memory of going to Disneyland the summer before 3rd grade?– Episodic memory
Part 3 – Retrieval
The process of “locating” specific memories in storage and bringing
them into consciousness
Types of Retrieval
1) Recall – Unaided retrieval of memories– Free response questions, oral exams
2) Recognition – Retrieval with help of hints– Easier than recall–Multiple choice tests
Categories of Memories Retrieved
• Explicit – Deliberately remembered
• Implicit – Unintentional recollection– Influence of prior experiences– Unconscious, you have no control over
this– “Good guys” and “bad guys”
Models of Memory
1. Levels of Processing (LoP)
States that the quality of memory is based on the degree that information is processed
• More examples• Last night’s TV show
Quality means that memories are… – Properly stored– Easily recalled– Not quickly forgotten
Two Types of Rehearsal
• Rehearsal – Mental techniques used to remember information
• Maintenance – Repeating information over and over– No connections – Rote memorization of facts
• Elaborative – Relating new and old information– Builds connections– More effective over time
Connection Questions
Consider the following situation…
Questions: 1. What type of rehearsal is each student using?
2. Who will (most likely) remember the prefixes longer?
3. How can you use your knowledge of rehearsal and the LoP model to study more effectively?
2. Transfer Appropriate Processing (TaP)
States that memory quality increases if retrieval process matches original encoding process
3. Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)
Memories exist in a “network.” New experiences alter this network and change one’s knowledge
base
Birds
Lay Eggs
Mammals
Robin
PlatypusParrot
Roadrunner
Flamingo Elephant
Squirrel
Crocodile
PDP Model, Continued
• More connections, information stored longer
• Parallel processing – Portions of network activate simultaneously– Helps draw inferences
Birds
Lay Eggs
Mammals
Robin
PlatypusParrot
Roadrunner
Flamingo Elephant
Squirrel
Crocodile
4. Information Processing Model
Stimuli must pass through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory in
order to be stored well in memory
StimuliSTM Sensory LTM
Stage 1 – Sensory Memory
• Holds large amounts of information very briefly
• Sensory Registers – Store incoming stimuli long enough for further processing– 1 or 2 seconds
• Perception – When information is encoded– Forgotten if not percepted
• Selective Attention – Focusing mental resources to specific stimuli – Filter– Prevent against brain overload
Memorize the following sequence in 10 seconds…
• 1, 5, 3 • 2, 7, 9, 3• 2, 1, 3, 5, 6, 0, 7• 5, 3, 2, 1, 7, 9, 8, 9, 9• 2, 0, 3, 2, 9, 8, 7, 5, 3, 2, 8, 9, 5, 2
Stage 2 – Short Term Memory (STM)
• 7 +/- 2 item memory span
• Chunking – Grouping items meaningfully– Thinking of two 9’s as one item– Increases STM capacity
• 18 second duration
• Uses mainly acoustic and partially visual encoding
Stage 3 – Long Term Memory (LTM)
• Unlimited capacity (hypothetically)
• Duration: 18+ seconds to forever
• Mainly semantic, partially visual encoding
Serial Position EffectRelating STM and LTM
• Serial means “in order” • Given a list of items in a certain order…
Why?
Serial Position Effect, continued
• Primacy Effect – Good recall for 1st few items– More time to commit to LTM
• Recency Effect – Good recall for final items – Item still accessible in STM– Not as strong as primacy effect– “Cramming”
So which model is correct…?
• What do you think?
• Most likely, each theory has some truth
Tune in next class for “Remembering and Forgetting”
The End
SourcesImage, slide 1: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-stpf5Ne2Qds/TmofNF_Cz8I/AAAAAAAADec/gR26IbT6oQ0/s1600/Pump+memory.jpg
Image, slide 6: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Keqs_young_european_hedgehog1.jpg
Video (created by me), slide 8: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMzlm9OVpvU&feature=plcp&context=C3f0f838UDOEgsToPDskKvmmlg5165l9EZxd1uYEaK
Image, slide 9: http://www.learningsuccess.com/memory_bank1.jpg
Image, slide 14: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PVAImJGSvbE/TrXfdH9Cj3I/AAAAAAAAAH0/ah4rnlfwVEQ/s1600/badguy_snidelywhiplash.jpg
Image, slide 15: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_b3zeGvTktAU/TUvgDANyjJI/AAAAAAAABec/lquwRVNzLog/s1600/Cogs+memory.jpg
Graph, slide 27: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/94/Serial_position.png
Note: Pictures on slides 4, 7, 11, 12, 17, and 18 are Microsoft Office clip art pieces